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ЯЗЫКОВЫЕ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ И КОММУНИКАТИВНЫЕ СТРАТЕГИИ В ДИСКУРСИВНЫХ ПРАКТИКАХ
LANGUAGE TRANSFORMATIONS AND COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES IN DISCURSIVE PRACTICES
Original Paper
DOI: 10.29025/1994-7720-2021-1-237-245
Emotional and Expressive Connotation of Regional Media Vocabulary
Eleonora V. Egorova1*, Ekaterina I. Krasheninnikova2, Natalia A. Krasheninnikova3
i, 2, 3uiyanovsk State University, 42 Leo Tolstoy Str., Ulyanovsk, Russian Federation, 432017 1ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9731-8386; Scopus Author ID: 57208033100
2ORCID ID: 0000-0001-7507-255X 3ORCID ID: 0000-0002-7234-4705; Scopus Author ID: 57202430929 *e-mail: eleanor_63@mail.ru
Abstract: This article focuses on the peculiarities of emotional and expressive aspects of the regional media vocabulary (Ulyanovsk region newsportals). The authors analyzed publications from the leading sites of Ulyanovsk newsportals - ulpravda.ru, ulgrad.ru, ultoday73.ru, and ulpressa.ru from July 2020 to January 2021. The authors examined the regional broadcasting language, characteristics of printed media and lexical connotation of provincial publications. To study the emotional and expressive peculiarities of the regional newspapers, we analyzed about 100 pages of various newspaper articles (180,000 printed characters with spaces). The conducted content analysis revealed five basic types of vocabulary with emotional and expressive coloring. The results of the analysis showed the dominance of metaphors, epithets, phraseological units, personification, and allusion. According to quantitative estimation, the most widely-used group of vocabulary with emotional and expressive connotation are epithets (250 lexical units). It proves that epithets still remain the leading linguistic tool to express emotions. Within the group of metaphors most lexical units were connected to the forthcoming New Year. Phraseological unit are also widely-spread in regional news portals, as they underline brightness and expressiveness of the language and contribute to its expressiveness. Personification and allusion are used less often. The most examples of allusion refer the readers to the Bible.
* © Егорова E.В., Крашенинникова E.И., Крашенинникова H.A., 2021.
ф I This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https:// ¿¿^^■□a^B creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4.0/
Keywords, emotional and expressive connotation, regional media, metaphor, epithet, phraseological units, personification, allusion.
For citation. Egorova E.V., Krasheninnikova E.I., Krasheninnikova N.A. Emotional and Expressive Connotation of Regional Media Vocabulary. Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics. 2021, no 1, pp. 237-245 (In Russ.).
Оригинальная статья УДК 81-38
DOI: 10.29025/1994-7720-2021-1-237-245
Эмоциональная и экспрессивная окраска лексики региональных СМИ
Э.В. Егорова1*, Е.И. Крашенинникова2, Н.А. Крашенинникова3
1,2,3 Ульяновский государственный университет, 432017, Ульяновск, Российская Федерация, ул. Льва Толстого, 42 1ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9731-8386; Scopus Author ID: 57208033100
2ORCID ID: 0000-0001-7507-255X 3ORCID ID: 0000-0002-7234-4705; Scopus Author ID: 57202430929 *e-mail: eleanor_63@mail.ru
Резюме: В настоящей статье рассматриваются особенности эмоциональной и экспрессивной окраски лексики региональных СМИ (на примере новостных порталов Ульяновской области). Авторы провели анализ комплекса публикаций ведущих Ульяновских новостных порталов - Улправда, Улград, Ульяновск сегодня и Улпресса в период с июля 2020 г. по январь 2021 г. Авторы проанализировали язык газетных СМИ, особенности печатной публицистики и лексической окраски региональных изданий. Для исследования эмоциональной и экспрессивной окраски слов в региональных газетах мы проанализировали порядка 100 страниц статей различной направленности, которые содержат 180 000 печатных знаков с пробелами. Проведённый контент-анализ позволил выявить пять основных типов стилистических приемов СМИ, придающих лексике эмоциональную и экспрессивную окраску. По результатам анализа выявлено доминирование метафор, эпитетов, фразеологических единиц, олицетворения и аллюзии. Согласно количественному подсчету, наибольшее число тропов насчитывает эпитет (250 примеров), что еще раз доказывает превосходство эпитета как лингвистического средства для формирования художественного образа. В рамках группы метафор большинство примеров были связаны в предстоящим Новым годом. Фразеологические единицы также широко используются на новостных порталах, поскольку придают образам яркость и содействуют выразительности текста. Наименее используемыми стилистическими приемами в СМИ являются персонификация и аллюзия. Большинство примеров аллюзии дают читателям отсылки на библейские тексты.
Ключевые слова: эмоциональная и экспрессивная окраска, региональные СМИ, метафора, эпитет, фразеологизмы, персонификация, аллюзия.
Для цитирования: Егорова Э.В., Крашенинникова Е.И., Крашенинникова Н.А. Эмоциональная и экспрессивная окраска лексики региональных СМИ. Актуальные проблемы филологии и педагогической лингвистики. 2021. №1. С. 237-245.
Introduction. The study of regional media vocabulary is a very urgent problem today. First of all, the relevance of the study can be confirmed by the fact that the influence function of local media is constantly increasing. Thus, regional newspapers and news portals are a powerful means to form the public opinion. Secondly, Internet versions of newspapers and magazines make it possible to cover a wide range of population, from
youth to elderly people. Moreover, people are more interested in reading about their region and the events in it. In addition, modern regional media also cover significant events in other regions and even the whole world, which attracts even more readers to them. Another characteristic of modern media vocabulary is the mixture of different layers, which has not been observed before, as well as the use of various lexical layers of the Russian language, from literary to colloquial.
The aim of the article. Science needs new research on the modern media vocabulary. The authors have already conducted a study on stylistic connotation of media vocabulary [1], the purpose of this paper is to consider the emotional and expressive connotation regional media vocabulary.
Research Methods. We collected study material from the articles published on such regional information portals as "Ulpravda", "Ulgrad", "Ulyanovsk Today" and "Ulpressa". The chronological scope of the study is limited by the second half of 2020 and early 2021. All in all, the analyzed material covered nearly 180, 000 printed characters.
The specificity of the analyzed material and the goal of the paper determined our choice of research methods. Methods of research included general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, description, observation, etc. While studying the theoretical material on the topic we used the methods of analysis, synthesis, and comparison. We collected our data from the articles in accord with continuous sampling method. Contextual analysis was necessary to analyze language units as a part of a context, as many lexical units show their stylistic coloring only within a certain context. Quantitative method was necessary for statistical processing of the material and accounting for the numerical ratio of different stylistic devices.
A Review of the Literature. The media is considered to be the Fifth Estate of our society. "A journalist .. .performs a moderating function of announcing the interactive subject, setting the outlines of the discussion area" [2: 13], he or she is a mediator between official structures and the population itself, since the latter does not have immediate contact with the authorities. Moreover, "political media communication is characterized by the development of mechanisms for dialogical interaction based on the rejection of the opposability of the leaders of the branches of government in the mass media" [3]. Emotional and expressive connotation of the language helps journalists in achieving their goals. Most researchers consider the emotional and expressive coloring as a single system, without delimiting these concepts. However, in this study we will try to consider separately the emotional connotation and the expressive connotation of the language.
The word is an expression of the concept of an object or phenomenon existing in the social realm. Each word has a lexical meaning, by which one should mean its content, i.e. correlation between the literal-sound shell of the word and the object or phenomenon of the reality, which is historically fixed in the minds of speakers. This correlation is formalized according to the grammatical laws of a given language and is an element of the general semantic system of its vocabulary.
The meaning of a word can be of three types. presentive and logical, denominative, and emotional.
The presentive and logical meaning of a word reflects the general concept of an object or phenomenon. The denominative meaning names an object or phenomenon. Emotional meaning reflects various emotions caused by a given object or phenomenon. It is the emotional meaning of a word that makes it possible to highlight emotional connotation in lexis.
Emotionally colored vocabulary is characterized by high frequency, normativity and regularity of usage. Since emotionality can be distinguished in a certain speech segment, it constitutes its own individual level in the lexical language system.
Speaking about emotionally colored vocabulary, it is necessary to characterize the phenomenon of stylistic connotation. K.I. Demidova states that connotation includes "emotional-evaluative and expressive components of a usual (fixed in the linguistic system) or occasional (individual) character, additional to the main subject-conceptual meaning of the word" [4. 180].
E.M. Storozheva notes that the emotional connotative component reflects the stylistic coloring of a word associated with the perception and assessment of a situation or an object in terms of its positivity, negativity or neutrality [5. 116].
Emotional connotation is closely related to the expression of any attitude of the speaker to the subject of speech, with the expression of his/her feelings and emotions. In this regard, it is necessary to consider the concept of emotion.
From the point of view of psychology, emotion is a reflection by the human or animal brain of any urgent need (its quality and amount) and the likelihood (possibility) of its satisfaction, which the brain assesses based
on genetic and previously acquired individual experience. Physically, emotions are reflected in the form of feelings, human experience, pleasant or unpleasant, as well as a person's attitude towards other people and the world as a whole.
From the point of view of linguistics, human emotions are manifested in language through the expression of the so-called emotive code, which is a semiotic system of correlations between the mental states (emotions) of communicants and their conceptualization (systematization, verbalization, etc.). Through the emotive code, there appears an emotive denomination, which is a speech product of various emotional symbols and language signs.
Based on the above-mentioned definitions, emotion is an expression of a person's attitude to an object or phenomenon. In this regard, the close correlation between emotionality and evaluativity is undeniable. Moreover, these concepts are so close that some researchers combine them into a single concept of emotional and evaluative linguistic connotation. For example, N.A. Lukyanova does not distinguish between these concepts, claiming that evaluativity, which is the correlation of a word with an estimate, and emotionality, which is a reflection of emotions and feelings, are equal, i.e. do not constitute two different components of the word meaning.
A.N. Kozhin declares that evaluativity is the correlation of a word with an assessment, as a special linguistic category expressing an emotional attitude in a person's speech caused by the prevailing opinion about the statement subject and associated not only with the psyche, but also with the mental activity of a person.
I.B. Golub also speculates on the merging of emotionality and evaluativity, analyzing emotional-evaluative vocabulary, which emotional connotation overlaps with the lexical meaning of the word. As a result, evalua-tivity is added to the denominative function of the word in the form of the speaker's attitude to the designated word [6: 69].
Most often, the stylistic emotional connotation is manifested in the form of the very meaning of the word. In the Russian language manifestation of the emotional coloring of the word is possible due to the word-formation system of the modern Russian language. This refers to the system of evaluative suffixes, for example, -ок (сучок), -ек (пенек), -очек (дружочек), -ечек (пенечек), -еньк (хорошенький), -оньк (плохонький), -ищ (силища), -ун (драчун), -ак (гуляка), etc..
According to T.P. Pleshchenko's terminology, emotional words expressing positive assessment cover ame-liotory vocabulary, and words expressing negative assessment relate to pejorative vocabulary.
Thus, the emotional meaning is one of the word meanings, along with the presentive-logical and denominative meanings. The main characteristic of emotional vocabulary is its high frequency, normativity and frequency of its use in our speech. Emotionality is expressed in the language with the help of an emotive code, which is a semiotic correlation system between communicants' emotions and their verbal expression. Being a lexical category, emotionality also manifests itself in the word-formation models of the Russian language.
Emotionality as a stylistic connotation of a word reveals a close connection with evaluativity, which expresses the speaker's attitude to the utterance or its subject.
Emotional vocabulary can be of several types: neutral vocabulary, ameliotory vocabulary (solemn, rhetorical, approving, and diminutive vocabulary) and pejorative vocabulary (dismissive, contemptuous, disapproving, ironic, and abusive vocabulary), reflected through words with neutral lexical units, polysemy and subjective evaluation suffixes.
Expressively colored words are words containing a special expression (Latin expression). Expressiveness is a special semantic category, which is embodied in "one or another qualifying connotation that contributes to the objective content" [7: 102]. In other words, expressiveness is a property of a certain set of linguistic units that ensures their ability to convey the speaker's subjective attitude to the speech content.
As already noted, the concepts of "emotionality" and "evaluativity" are perceived by many researchers as a single whole. The same can be said about the category of expressiveness, which is also a reflection of a certain assessment. However, some researchers still consider these concepts to be different. They note that emotive-ness is what is expressed, expressiveness is how it is expressed, and evaluativity is how the speaker refers to it: approvingly or disapprovingly.
Many words in the Russian language can get expressive connotation. D.N. Shmelev states that the expressive-evaluative coloring of a word includes information that contains some indication of the speaker's attitude to the phenomena indicated by these words, it underlines the conditions of communication, which can characterize the speaker in various ways.
Considering expressiveness at the lexical level, it can be understood as an addition to the denominative meaning of a word. For example, expression can be found in such Russian words as восхитительный (glorious), прекрасный (splendid), used instead of a neutral word хороший (good) [6: 69].
In this regard, in the Russian language one can find a wide expressive synonymy, in which a neutral word receives several expressive synonyms that differ in their degree, for example, несчастье (misfortune) - горе (trouble) - катастрофа (catastrophe) - бедствие (disaster) [6: 69].
Storozheva E.M. supposes that expressive connotation of a word can be found in a wide range of meanings, from abusive and rude to diminutive [5: 116].
Taking into account the fact that classification of words according to their emotional and expressive connotation is rather formal, we concluded that the expressive coloration of a word is clearly manifested when the word is used within the framework of any stylistic means. As K.I. Bylinsky notes, many words can be expressive depending on their direct meaning, but others perceive an expressive coloring only in various combination [8: 79].
Consequently, it is necessary to consider the main stylistic means which help to acquire an expressive coloring, i.e. stylistic devices, which may be words, phrases, sentences and traditionally name one object or phenomenon. Such devices are used in a certain speech patterns to designate another object or phenomenon, which is associated with the first by some form of semantic relationship.
Results and Discussion. In the course of the study the authors analyzed lexical units with expressive stylistic coloring found on Ulyanovsk news portals. It should be mentioned that lexical units obtain an expressive connotation only as part of some stylistic device.
According to the results of the new portal analysis, the following stylistic techniques containing lexical units with expressive coloring are used in the regional media more often: phraseological unit, epithet, personification, metaphor, and allusions.
The metaphor is "a semantic phenomenon caused by the superposition of an additional meaning on the direct meaning of a certain word, which then becomes the main meaning for the word" [6: 210]. In fact, it is a figurative reflection of an object or phenomenon by analogy with another similar phenomenon. In a metaphor, a neutral word is used figuratively, and acquires an expressive meaning. G.N. Sklyarevskaya calls the metaphor "a secondary indirect denomination with the mandatory preservation of semantic duality and a figurative element" [9: 12].
Personification (personalization, impersonation, prosopopeia) is a device attributing the qualities of animate objects to inanimate ones. Among them we can find speech, the ability to negotiate or behave as humans. Through personification the word gains new characteristics, and, thus, becomes more expressive.
A phraseological system is a homogeneous mass of units endowed with similar systemic properties. Phraseological units are vivid expressive elements of any language, and therefore the compounding words also receive an expressive connotation.
An epithet is a word or several words attached to the usual name of an object in order to enhance its expressiveness, to emphasize one of its characteristics. Epithets help neutral words to acquire an expressive (or evaluative, emotional) connotation, since epithets endow an object or phenomenon with its own individual characteristic, make it picturesque, reveal the hidden meaning or assessment of the speaker, and contribute to an emotionality. Besides, epithets usually include only those words that are used in a figurative meaning, and not precise definitions used in a direct meaning. Hence, the bright expressiveness of the epithets is obvious. An epithet can emphasize, highlight or enhance a certain characteristic of an object denoted by one word or another. Through the epithet, a macro- or micro-image is created, the word becomes picturesque, reveals its hidden meaning, assessment, and expressiveness. It is through the epithet, that the speaker refers to the word as to "intellectual, emotional and aesthetic perception.
Allusion is understood as a way of extended transfer of the properties and qualities of mythological, biblical, historical characters and events to those referred to in a certain statement. Indirect indication by means of a word or phrase to any well-known fact / work / situation makes it possible to use words in a more expressive meaning, since allusion gives the word additional characteristics.
Thus, expressiveness is a such a quality of words that allows them to convey the speaker's subjective attitude to the utterance. Despite the fact that many researchers consider emotionality, evaluativeness and expressiveness to be identical, we believe that it is reasonable to separate them, since the emotional connotation of a word shows what is expressed, expressive coloring highlights how it is expressed, and evaluativeness characterizes the speaker's attitude to what is expressed.
Now let us consider some examples found on Ulyanovsk news portals.
Lexical units obtain an expressive connotation being a part of a phraseological unit. In the analyzed articles, we observed the following phraseological units: бить по кошельку (strain the wallet), с пылу с жару (piping hot), от мала до велика (every man and his dog), львиная доля (the lion S share), держать на плаву (head above water), etc.
По информации начальник управления по развитию исторической части города Ларисы Зубковой, по состоянию на 10 августа «горячая линия» приняла 142 обращения. Львиная доля касается социальных вопросов, большая часть из них по материальной помощи (ByAugust 10, the "hot line" has received 142 appeals, states Larisa Zubkova, the head of the departmentfor the development of the historical part of the city. The lion's share concerns social issues, most of them are related to subsistence support) [10].
Phraseological unit львиная доля (the lion's share) means "the majority of". It has been known since ancient times, as Aesop, an ancient Greek fable writer, used it in his fables. As part of a phraseological unit, each of its components (lion's and share) acquire a more expressive and emotional meaning.
Epithets also give expressive coloring to words. As noted earlier, an epithet is a figurative characteristic of an object or phenomenon, which helps to describing it. In the analyzed articles of regional news portals, we observed many epithets: трескучий (мороз) (bitter cold), беспристрастное (жюри) (impartial jury), уникальный (поезд) (unique train), уютный (дом) (snug home), наболевшие (проблемы) (burning issues), etc. For example:
Моя подруга Венера выходила замуж почти 8 лет назад, как сейчас помню, какой трескучий мороз стоял 26 января 2013 года (My friend Venus got married almost 8years ago, as I remember now, it was bitter cold on January 26, 2013) [11].
The epithet "bitter" indicates the severity of frost, severe cold. When you are reading this phrase, you get the image of a creak of breaking snowflakes under your feet, which can be heard at low temperatures.
During our analysis, we observed the use of personification as imparting the properties of a human to an inanimate object or phenomenon:
Каждый, кто приезжают в Москву на экскурсии, стремится посетить Красную площадь и Кремль. Еще бы, ведь это сердце нашего государства, квинтэссенция его истории (Everyone who comes to Moscow wants to visit Red Square and the Kremlin. Indeed, this is the heart of our state, the quintessence of its history) [12].
In the example above, the toponym Kremlin is personified. Thanks to the personification in the phrase "in the very heart", the toponym acquires a vivid expression, similarity with a living sole, which is not surprising, since we are describing the symbol of our country and the place visited by the majority of Russian and foreign tourists.
Добровольчество дарит не только много положительных эмоций, но и новые знакомства, друзей, а также большое желание излучать тепло и доброту (Volunteering gives you not only a lot of positive emotions, but also new acquaintances, friends, as well as a great desire to radiate warmth and kindness) [13].
In these examples, the noun volunteering is subject to personification, as it is attributed to the action of an animate being through the verb «дарить» "to give". In the process of personification, inanimate nouns are able to perform some actions, thereby becoming similar to a human being.
Metaphor as a way of giving expressive meaning to a word was also quite popular in the analyzed articles. Moreover, metaphors describing the main symbol of the holiday, namely, the Christmas tree, were very popular on the eve of the New Year.
"Какую елку вы поставите на этот Новый год?". Участникам предлагается указать, предпочитают они живую или искусственную ель. Пока в голосовании лидируют поклонники натуральных зеленых красавиц "What tree will you decorate this New Year?" The respondents are asked to indicate whether they prefer a real or an artificial spruce. For the moment, real green beauties are at the top of the list [14].
In the analyzed examples, the word Christmas tree was replaced by figurative periphrases зеленая красавица/новогодняя красавица (green beauty/New Year's beauty), thus, a neutral noun gains an expressive meaning within the metaphor. Moreover, due to emotional noun "beauty" the metaphor gains an additional emotional and evaluative connotation.
We also noted the following examples of metaphors: учителя-словесники (verbalists), прикоснуться к истории (connect with history), отдать голос (give vote), вынырнуть из ностальгического плена (emerge from nostalgic captivity), поток молодыхульяновцев (a stream of young residents of Ulyanovsk). For example,
15 января в 12.00 в Центральной городской библиотеке имени И.А. Гончарова в рамках спецкурса "Литературный Симбирск и современный читатель " состоится первый творческий семинар для педагогов-словесников города и области (The first creative seminar for the city and region verbalists is held in the Central City Library named after I.A. Goncharov, January 15, 12.00. It is organized as a part of a unique program "Literary Simbirsk and Modern Readers" [15].
The noun словесник (verbalist), according to T.F. Efremova dictionary, is an outdated word meaning "a person who has received a philological education". Thanks to the metaphorical renaming of language and literature teachers into verbalists, the phrase gets more expression and evaluativity.
While analyzing regional news portals, we observed several examples of allusion, i.e. indirect indication of a well-known historical, literary or other fact. Through allusion, a word or phrase acquires a completely new stylistic coloration. For example,
Дирекция портовой зоны же, напротив, умывает руки, утверждая, что для транспортировки своих грузов использует исключительно флот, а грузополучатель приезжает за товаром самостоятельно (Indeed, the port area administration washes hands, claiming that it uses only fleet to transport its goods, and the cargo receivers picks it up by themselves) [16].
In this example, the expression умывать руки (wash hands) is a biblical allusion to the actions of Pontius Pilate during the trial of Jesus. It indicates the innocence of the doer. So, the river port administration refuses to admit its fault in cracks on the roads that could appear, because of the heavy trucks were carrying gravel there.
Нашелся добрый самаритянин, который начал призывать шакалов к совести и зафиксировал номера автомобилей мародеров», сообщает телеграм-канал «Бушующий мир» (At last there appeared a good Samaritan, who began to appeal to the jackals' conscience and put down rascals' licence plate numbers, reports the Telegram channel "Roaring World") [17].
The expression добрый самаритянин (a good Samaritan) is also a reference to a biblical story that indicates the need to help all people, regardless of their faith.
Conclusion. In the article, we have studied the texts of regional media news portals in Ulyanovsk region and analyzed the words with emotional and/or expressive connotations. We analyzed nearly 180,000 printed characters. The analysis showed that the vocabulary used in the regional media has an emotional or expressive connotation.
Such connotation is found in the words belonging to phraseological units, epithets, personifications, metaphors and allusions. The epithet was used in the regional press much more often than other stylistic devices (33%). Then goes metaphor (23%), which proves again that it is an important part of media discourse [18; 19]. Phraseological units (20%) are also frequently used on the news portals, personification (16%) and allusion (8%) are less often.
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История статьи:
Получена: 26.01.2021
Принята: 12.02.2021
Опубликована онлайн: 25.03.2021
Article history:
Received: 26.01.2021
Accepted: 12.02.2021
Published online: 25.03.2021
Bionotes:
Eleonora V. Egorova, PhD in Philology, Associate Professor, Department of the English Language for Professional Activity, Ulyanovsk State University Ulyanovsk, Russian Federation; e-mail: Eleanor_63@mail.ru.
Ekaterina I. Krasheninnikova, master student of Department of the English Linguistics and Translation, Ulyanovsk State University, Ulyanovsk, Russian Federation; e-mail: katekrash98@mail.ru.
Natalia A. Krasheninnikova, PhD in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of the English Language for Professional Activity, Ulyanovsk State University, Ulyanovsk, Russian Federation;
e-mail: kna.73@mail.ru.
Сведения об авторах:
Егорова Элеонора Валериевна, кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры английского языка для профессиональной деятельности, Ульяновский государственный университет, Ульяновск, Российская Федерация; e-mail: Eleanor_63@mail.ru.
Крашенинникова Екатерина Ивановна, студент магистратуры кафедры английской лингвистики и перевода, Ульяновский государственный университет Ульяновск, Российская Федерация; e-mail: katekrash98@mail. ru.
Крашенинникова Наталья Александровна, кандидат технических наук, доцент, заведующий кафедрой английского языка для профессиональной деятельности, Ульяновский государственный университет, Ульяновск, Российская Федерация; e-mail: kna.73 @mail.ru.
