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46EMIGRATION FROM VIETNAM AND REMITTANCES MANAGEMENT
Nguyen Dac Hung
Hung Yen University of Technology and Education, Hung Yen, Vietnam E-mail: ndhungsbv@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.19181/demis.2022.216
For citation: Nguyen Dac Hung. Emigration from Vietnam and Remittances Management. DEMIS. Demographic Research. 2022. Vol. 2. No. 1. Pp. 69-79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19181/demis.2022.2X6
Abstract. The migration of Vietnamese people abroad to live and do business there is associated with the transfer of money back home to relatives and family members, which is commonly known as remittances. Over the past 100 years, Vietnam has witnessed many waves of population migration abroad with many different causes and conditions. As a result of Vietnamese migration abroad, remittances increased. Remittances make up a considerable part of Vietnam's GDP, and they are not only an important source of income for many families but also an important source of foreign currency capital to ensure the balance of payments. In general, remittances contribute significantly to promoting the economic and socio-economic growth of developing countries like Vietnam. In the context of the current trend of economic integration and globalization, the fact that Vietnamese people migrate abroad, live and do business there transferring money back home is a positive point for the country. Taking into account the important role of remittances, accurate identification of their sources is extremely important for appropriate management solutions. The article builds some general theoretical bases on migration and remittances, analyzes the major trends in Vietnamese migration abroad over the past 50 years, and clarifies the current situation with the money transfers from migrants. Also, the author makes some recommendations on managing migration on remittances.
Keywords: migration, remittances, Vietnam, labor export, economic integration, management, policy recommendations.
Introduction
Vietnam is an emerging economy in Asia, which is now integrating into the world economic community. Currently, Vietnam is implementing 17 multilateral and bilateral agreements on economic cooperation with different organizations, countries, and territories. Therefore, more and more foreigners are coming to Vietnam to settle, work, study and do business in the country. On the other hand, there is a sharp increase in the number of Vietnamese people who go abroad to stay there short-term, medium-term, or long-term for different purposes, such as improving living standards, family reunification, working and doing business [1]. That is, becomes more and more Vietnamese who currently work, study or train overseas. The migration of foreigners to Vietnam, as well the migration of Vietnamese abroad promotes the development of Vietnam's labor market and helps the country to integrate quickly into the economy of the region and the world and attract foreign capital to invest into the national economy. Therefore, studying the relationship between migration and remittances is of great consequence today for developing, relevant policy recommendations.
Research methods
The article analyzes the relationship between Vietnamese migration abroad and migrant workers' remittances from a practical standpoint. To implement the goal of the research, the author uses qualitative research methods based on data collections and documents published by foreign and domestic organizations to synthesize, analyze, compare and evaluate the materials and make policy recommendations according to the research objectives. The research does not have conditions to use quantitative research
methods, build models or functions, design questionnaires, and conduct surveys or interviews.
Theoretical basis of the research
The concept of migration
International migration is the movement of people from one country to another. People migrate abroad for many reasons such as increasing employment opportunities or improving their quality of life. Migration affects the economies of the countries involved both in positive and negative ways, depending on the current state of the economies of the countries.
When people leave a country, that country's labor force and consumer spending also decrease. If a migrant-sending country has a surplus of the labor force, this can have a positive effect on reducing unemployment. On the other hand, host countries tend to benefit from more available workers. Migrant workers also contribute to the host countries' economies by spending money. Most countries strictly regulate the number of foreign migrants and create strict rules and protocols for migration [2].
The financial impact ofmigration
When people migrate to live and work in a foreign country, they pay taxes to this country based on their incomes and other factors. They also have to pay value-added taxes (VAT) when buying goods and services. Migrants may also be eligible for social services provided by that country, such as education for children, health care, and other services depending on the country. Each country should ensure that new tax revenues are matched with the additional costs of social services provided to migrants and their families [3].
The impact ofmigration on the job market and wages
When a large group of migrants enters the job market in their destination country, there is an effect on the number of jobs available and the salary one can ask for a particular job. The host country needs enough employment opportunities to support migration without sacrificing the opportunities of the local workforce to find a job. In addition, if migrants take certain job positions with a lower salary than local people do, it can lead to a reduction in wages for both migrants and permanent residents [4].
The impact ofmigration on remittances
Although there are many concepts of remittance, we would like to give two interpretations. According to the World Bank, "personal remittances comprise personal transfers and compensation of employees. Personal transfers consist of all current transfers in cash or in kind made or received by resident households to or from nonresident households. Compensation of employees refers to the income ofborder, seasonal, and other short-term workers who are employed in an economy where they are not resident"16. In the simplest terms, remittance is the movement of money from people living and working abroad to their relatives in their homeland. Thus, with both of the above concepts, it means that the money sent by individuals from abroad to family and relatives in the country are considered as remittances.
Migrants who move from emerging countries to advanced markets provide an important source of remittances for their relatives at home, improving the current living standards. Remittances are also an important source of capital for investment in the socio-
16 Personal remittances, paid (current US$) / Metadata Glossary // The World Bank DataBank. URL:
https://databank.worldbank.org/metadataglossary/Jobs/series?search=remittance (accessed on 19.11.2021).
economic development of the country. The cases of India, the Philippines, Nigeria, Vietnam, etc. clearly illustrate this trend. Moreover, migration also boosters the development of human capital in migrant-sending countries as migrants attract their children to study abroad in the developed countries where they reside [5].
Major waves of Vietnamese migration and sources of remittances
According to the above concept, in general, there have been three major waves of Vietnamese migrants who currently live abroad and remit money back through different channels as follows:
1. Past generations ofVietnamese people who migrated before 1945 and before 1975
Before 1945, quite many Vietnamese people migrated abroad, mainly to France and
French colonies. Broadly speaking, they had three major reasons for migration: (1) travel for work; (2) staying overseas after service in the French Army; (3) staying abroad after studying in France. Besides, a part of Vietnamese people migrated to China, Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand to do business. Most of those who resettled before 1945 are already dead now.
Before 1975, many people also emigrated from the South of Vietnam to the US, France, Australia, and some other developed countries. There were generally three reasons for this wave of migration: (1) staying abroad for work after studying there; (2) going abroad to do business there; (3) other personal reasons. Likewise, the majority of pre-1975 emigrants are dead or very old by now [6].
Therefore, the above-mentioned migrant families are now mainly their descendants, most of whom are called 'overseas Vietnamese.' Most of these people were born and raised abroad, they studied there and have foreign citizenship, but the vast majority still has relatives in Vietnam. Since they have family relationships with people in Vietnam, they often send money back home to support their close ones. Some others send money to Vietnam for investment and business. However, the amount of money currently transferred by overseas Vietnamese to Vietnam for investment is not that considerable.
2. The current generation ofoverseas Vietnamese
By 1980, after two long wars, a large number ofVietnamese people strived for migrating abroad due to objective reasons. In South Vietnam, people continued to leave the country, often travelling by boat and crossing the borders illegally in a bid to reach the US and other developed countries.
During the period of the subsidized bureaucratic economy, from 1975 to 1990, especially in the late 1970s and in the 1980s, the flow of Vietnamese people going abroad continued to increase. There were many different channels for emigration, but the biggest ones were labor export cooperation and studying in the socialist (former socialist) countries, such as the former Soviet Union, the German Democratic Republic, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, etc. [7]. After graduation, some people returned home, while a large number of others stayed overseas to live, work or do business there. They gradually adapted to the business, legal, and cultural environment of the host countries, so many Vietnamese became large business owners by now.
These people are still regularly sending money back home, not only for the purpose of helping their relatives but for investment and asset movement. Currently, this business trend increases and becomes more prominent. However, such capital flow depends, on the one hand, on overseas Vietnamese's income and the state of business environment abroad, but on the other hand, on the policies and developments in the national markets of Vietnam. In 2002-2010, large sums of money from such overseas Vietnamese were transferred to
Vietnam to invest in big real estate projects, equitize SOEs, buy shares in commercial banks, public and joint-stock companies, invest in the commercial deposit market, etc.17
Also, after 1975, some Vietnamese continued to migrate to economically developed countries such as the US, Canada, UK, France, Germany, etc. in search of a better life [8]. Most of them have already naturalized overseas, but migrants of this type seek all ways to provide material support to their relatives in the country, including sending them money in order to support them and improve their living as well. However, remittances for the purpose of repatriating income, investing, saving, moving assets for resettlement or inheritance, or dividing assets among relatives in the country are quite rare.
In general, the post-1975 generation of overseas Vietnamese is in the age of retirement now. They are enjoying pensions and social benefits, but still sending money back to their relatives in their homeland. Most often they bring cash when visiting the country, but the amount of money they bring each time is not big. A small share of this generation is large business owners (like Mr. Pham Nhat Vuong, the Chairman of Vingroup JSC, or some shareholders of Masan, Techcombank, MSB, VIB, etc.) who invest in commercial projects in Vietnam. Another small share of overseas Vietnamese transfer money to buy houses, land, and properties to repatriate in old age, or divide inheritances among their children who are still in Vietnam. But this source of remittances is not large, and the number of people doing such transfers does not increase.
3. The new generation of overseas Vietnamese
The outflow of the Vietnamese population abroad continues, so there are many younger people currently living abroad. Some of them moved there as children with their parents and families. Many have already graduated, work hard and have a decent income, or effectively run businesses. They send remittances to help their relatives, but the sums are not big and the transfers are not regular. However, such younger overseas Vietnamese often do domestic investment. The amount of money they invest into the Vietnamese national economy depends on the interest rate policy, the state of the foreign currency market and the stock market, regulations on foreign exchange management, equitization processes, the development of real estate market, and tourist facilities, etc. in the country.
A lot of money is sent back home by overseas Vietnamese, but a certain amount is, on the contrary, transferred to foreign countries where they live in different ways when recovering investment capital, transferring income, withdrawing investment capital, etc. Foreign currency deposit interest rates in Vietnam are about 4-6% a year, but VND deposit interest rates are up to 9-16% a year, so many overseas Vietnamese remit their money to the country to deposit in banks. Commercial banks enjoy high interests due to the large difference compared to deposits at banks abroad.
4. Labor migrants
After the US lifted the embargo against Vietnam in 1993 and the country resumed normal relations with international monetary and financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank (WB), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), etc. and started to implement the policy of renewal and open doors followed by integration and participation in international agreements and commitments, the number of Vietnamese going abroad for different purposes continued to increase, and the spatial differentiation of their migration flows largely expanded. The number of Vietnamese
17 Reports on foreign direct investment // Ministry of Planning and Investment of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam [site]. URL: https://www.mpi.gov. vn/en/Pages/chuyenmuctin.aspx?idcm=122&hvb=0 (accessed on 25.10.2021).
working abroad has especially increased since Vietnam officially became a member of the World Trade Organization WTO in 2007. A big proportion of such people resides overseas.
Today more and more Vietnamese people go abroad to work or study. Many of them then stay in the host countries or resettle to other foreign countries. Those who work overseas are sometimes employed in big Vietnamese enterprises or joint venture companies. Others choose jobs depending on the developments in the job markets of the host countries or go freelance. Some people work for branches or representative offices of foreign enterprises in Vietnam, thus technically being employed abroad as well.
The number of labor migrants from Vietnam is constantly increasing. Thus, in 20082010 about 50,000-60,000 Vietnamese went to work abroad officially, and in 2013-2014 their number reached 70,000-80,000 people. In 2015, Vietnam sent more than 100,000 people to work abroad, exceeding the initial target by 15%. In 2016-2019, the number of Vietnamese employed in foreign countries reached an average of 130,000 people18. In reality, these numbers might be considerably higher, as self-employed, freelance, or undocumented workers cannot be accounted for.
Another important trend is that the employment structure of Vietnamese migrants is improving. More and more Vietnamese people are able to find a job in new labor markets with high and stable incomes. Similarly, Vietnamese who stay abroad after graduating there are also getting better and better job positions. On the other hand, remittances from overseas Vietnamese repatriating to the country are on the rise. To go abroad, most families have to take out a loan, so they have to transfer money back to pay the debt and also aid their families if they stay in the country. And migrants with higher incomes take part in investment promoting the country's economic development.
General quantitive assessment of remittances
Overall, up to now, Vietnam has about 4.5 million people living and working abroad, of whom about 3 million are considered overseas Vietnamese and mainly concentrated in developed countries with high per capita income. About 1.5 million Vietnamese are concentrated in the US, about 350,000 live in France, Canada hosts about 200,000, and 250,000 are settled in Australia; the rest are scattered throughout other countries around the world19.
Due to the combination of the above-mentioned factors, the overall amount of remittances transferred to Vietnam has increased continuously, from 44 million USD in 1997 to 1.75 billion USD in 2000, to more than 2.6 billion USD in 2003, and up to 4 billion USD in 2005 (equivalent to over 8% of Vietnam's GDP, and equal to the total registered foreign direct investment (FDI) that year). By the early 2000s, on average, an overseas Vietnamese sent home about 1,000 USD a year. These capital inflows had a great impact on the wealth of individuals receiving this money and even more importantly, on the country's socioeconomic development in general.
Since then, the amount of remittances to Vietnam has continuously increased at a growing pace. By 2006, it increased by over 30% compared to 2005, reaching 5.2 billion USD, and in 2007, reached 6.7 billion USD accounting for nearly 10% of Vietnam's GDP.
18 Statistics [So lieu thong ke] // Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs of Vietnam [Bo Lao dong, Thuong binh va Xa hoi] [site]. URL: http://thongke.molisa.gov.vn/ (accessed on 22.11.2021). (In Viet.)
19 International migrant stock 2019 // United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division [site]. URL: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/ estimates2/estimates19.asp (accessed on 28.09.2021).
Especially, it peaked at USD 8 billion in 2008. The amount of remittances in 2008 was 180 times larger than in 1991, an average annual increase of over 35%20.
In 2009, the amount of remittances transferred to Vietnam decreased due to the world financial crisis, which originated in the US and then spread to a number of other countries. But by 2010, the amount of remittances repatriated to the country recovered again along with the recovery of the world economy, and the number of Vietnamese going abroad for work started to increase again. Therefore, in 2010, remittances exceeded expectations and reached a new record of nearly 8.2 billion USD. They amounted to 9.6 billion USD in 2011. In 2012, although the world economic growth slowed down and the EU countries suffered a public debt crisis, the amount of remittances to Vietnam was estimated to 11 billion USD and generally followed a rising trend ever since (11.2 billion USD in 2013; 12 billion USD in 2014; 14 billion USD in 2015; 15.4 billion USD in 2016; 14 billion USD in 2017; 18.9 billion USD in 2018;16.7 billion USD in 2019; 17.2 billion USD in 2020)21.
However, these remittances do not have much impact on the economy. In fact, the vast majority of them are used by families of migrants for living needs, such as buying food and necessities, paying for their children's education and medical treatment, etc. Often remittances are used to pay off bank loans. Remittances for investment in production and business are not common, so they have not really promoted job creation and income improvement in Vietnam.
Policy analysis and recommendations
Migration policy of the Government ofVietnam
Over the years, the Government of Vietnam has not prohibited Vietnamese people from moving abroad if they travel in accordance with Vietnamese law, are accepted by the Government of the host country, have a passport and an appropriate immigrant visa. The Vietnamese Government also encourages Vietnamese people to study abroad by finding scholarships and taking scholarships from foreign governments or going to study abroad on their own, etc. A part of the people who went abroad to study or train then stayed and settled there. They become a part of migrant social networks promoting and attracting their relatives and friends in the country to come to foreign countries. In addition, the Government of Vietnam also promotes the expansion of labor export and creates favorable conditions for Vietnamese people to live, work and do business abroad legally. However, in addition, a part of Vietnamese labor migrants still move illegally, causing many risks to themselves and their families both in terms of their security and finance.
Therefore, the Government of Vietnam should continue to affirm its commitment to migration management based on the legitimate rights of workers. Only when the rights of migrant workers are respected, their journey is safe, they can improve their skills and get a higher income, while their families and the whole society can benefit from remittances.
Illegal labor migration is the movement of people outside the framework of laws, regulations, or international agreements related to the entry and exit from the country of origin, the country of transit, or destination country [9]. Labor migration without proper channels puts migrant workers at risk of exploitation, limiting their access to support and justice while abroad. Illegal workers have little control over the success or failure of their migration, no matter what channel they decide to use.
20 Personal remittances, received (current US$) // World Bank Data. URL: https://data.worldbank. org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.CD.DT (accessed on 15.11.2021).
21 Ibidem.
One of the issues is that Vietnamese workers have to pay higher costs compared to other countries of the region to work abroad. Workers and their families have to borrow large sums of money and work for longer terms (on average up to 11-12 months or longer) to repay the debt and cover the costs of their journey.
The Vietnamese Government should consider amending the law related to the management of migrant workers abroad. This is an important opportunity to improve the legal framework for labor migration and to make legal migration channels more attractive to people.
The Government of Vietnam should proactively promote cooperation with migrant-sending, transiting, and receiving countries to enhance and secure legitimate migration options, especially for female workers, and ensure the needs of demand for decent work. The Vietnamese Government also needs to promote the development of legal migration channels that are less costly, time-consuming, and less complicated. Although currently, legal migration can increase the likelihood of positive outcomes, the benefits are greatly diminished by the current high costs of legal migration and the long duration of the procedures, which induces migrants to choose more accessible routes, including through illegal brokers.
The Vietnamese Government needs to direct relevant agencies to negotiate and amend regulations on transferring recruitment costs from workers to employers. In accordance with the ILO's general principles and fair employment practices guidelines, workers or job seekers are not subject to any recruitment fees or related costs [10]. The Government also needs to expand access to legal assistance for migrant workers, especially female workers who face abuse, assault, and exploitation more often than male employees both at home and abroad [11]. The ability of migrant workers to access grievance mechanisms for abuse during recruitment and employment is critical to ensuring equitable and responsive remedies.
The Government should direct functional ministries to take measures to require schools to improve the quality of vocational skills training in line with the requirements of employers, without creating additional burdens on time and finance for employers when hiring with migrant workers. This benefits both employers and migrants, contributing to increased labor productivity, improved wages and working conditions. Right from the school level, it is necessary to strengthen foreign language training for students. Also, students should get more career counseling when they are still in high school. Vocational schools need to improve the quality of training according to international standards, especially by professions that are in demand in the world today, such as nurses, midwives, elderly care workers, domestic helpers, mechanics, information technology, construction staff, etc. [12].
The Government of Vietnam also needs to expand services for migrant workers and their families to assist them in their return home and reintegration into the community, to ensure that migrant workers can successfully reintegrate both socially and economically, smooth difficulties in finding a new job in Vietnam.
Financial monetary policy and banking services
Regarding interest rate policy, as mentioned above, during the period when the interest rates on foreign currency and especially VND deposits in Vietnam were high, a large amount of money was transferred from abroad to invest in the deposit market of domestic banks. There are no exact statistics, but implicit data evidence that this amount matters to the national economy. The money can be remitted in many different ways, with a significant proportion being then transferred abroad again, and a fair share left in Vietnam for investment and asset purchase. Currently, the Government ofVietnam is steadfast in its
goal of anti-dollarization of the economy, so the USD deposit interest rate is zero (0%), and at the same time, the VND deposit interest rate is gradually entering a stable position. Thus, it is impossible to rely on interest rate policy changes to attract remittances22.
Regarding the exchange rate policy, which also pursues the consistent goal of reducing dollarization in the economy, the Government of Vietnam does not encourage depositing foreign currency in banks for interest, as well as hoarding or storing in foreign currencies. Besides, the operating goal of the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV) is to stabilize the exchange rate and improve the position of VND. Over the past 8 years, the VND/USD exchange rate has increased only by 1-2 % a year, and according to numerous forecasts, in the next few years, it is likely to be still within that range. Therefore, the exchange rate policy cannot be expected to attract remittances as well23.
Regarding financial policies and banking services, the recipient of foreign exchange is not required to pay income tax, and the sender is free to transfer to any foreign currency. Besides, commercial banks are competing fiercely with each other to expand remittance services. Many commercial banks now have remittance services for recipients at home addresses, etc.
In terms of credit policy, the Government needs to expand the scale of preferential credit sources to lend loans to people going abroad to work, with a loan level that meets their needs, including the costs of learning foreign languages and vocational training before the departure. The preferential loan interest rate should be only V of the lending interest rate for production and business capital of commercial banks; the recommended loan period is from 5 to 10 years. The Government needs to increase the scale and actively allocate capital for migrant workers at the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies (VBSP), including loans for learning languages or vocational training, increase loan amount and loan term, and conduct more flexible policies on handling the credit risk in this field.
Labor export policy associated with education and training policy reform
Labor export policy and training policy are closely related but have specific goals. Both policies aim to renew and improve the quality of education and training in order to integrate more deeply into the international labor market, but still each policy also has specific targets and tasks.
Labor export policy requires synchronous participation from the Government, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs, etc. in negotiating agreements, building diplomatic relations, clearing contract contents in labor market development promotion activities. These governmental bodies should work together to protect the interests of migrant workers, develop policies to encourage enterprises to find new labor export markets, stimulate Vietnamese to go abroad for work by themselves, and to implement measures to protect Vietnamese citizens abroad.
Education and training policies should pursue the goal to innovate synchronously general education, vocational training, professional training, academic education, and other related activities. In that direction, it is necessary to improve the quality of teaching English and other foreign languages, information and technological literacy, as well as vocational training for Vietnamese citizens.
22 Interest rate [Lai suât] // State Bank of Vietnam [Ngân hàng Nhà nuâc Viêt Nam] [site]. URL: https://www.sbv.gov.vn/webcenter/portal/vi/menu/rm/ls (accessed on 15.11.2021). (In Viet.)
23 Exchange rate [Ty gia] // State Bank of Vietnam [Ngân hàng Nhà nuâc Viêt Nam] [site]. URL: https://www.sbv.gov.vn/TyGia/faces/TyGia.jspx (accessed on 15.11.2021). (In Viet.)
The Government needs to work together with the VBSP to detect the preferential capital sources and expand vocational training loans for potential labor migrants. Currently, there is a number of non-refundable state budget investment programs and projects arranged by the Ministry of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, etc. [13]. If they are transferred to the VBSP for preferential credit loans, it might help to reduce interest rates, extend loan terms, introduce more flexible risk management mechanisms, and minimize negative impacts on education and labor export.
The investment budget plan for the rural vocational training program needs to be evaluated for effectiveness in a comprehensive way, on that basis, a part of the funding might be diverted to the VBSP to expand lending to the main target audience. The Government should closely evaluate the effectiveness of this program in order to make adjustments for the sake of labor market development in the context of the global integration trend.
The state budget should actively allocate capital for the VBSP with a growth rate of at least 15-20% to expand loan lending under the current credit programs, especially the low-income credits for businesses in crisis situations, poor households, people going to work abroad, students, households in disaster areas, etc.
The Government, relevant ministries and sectors should commit international funding, official development assistance (ODA), etc. through the VBSP to transfer capital to policy beneficiaries. To achieve this effect, it is necessary to strengthen the mobilization and propaganda, so that donors would understand the new model and see the unique creative ways of the policy implemented by the Party and Government of Vietnam.
Conclusion
International integration in the labor market is a very important field of international economic integration. To seize the opportunities, Vietnam needs to actively participate in fierce competition in this market and promote legal migration. And policies in this field should be evaluated from the practical perspective in terms of their relevance to international experience. Relevant ministries and government sectors should implement the policies synchronously and responsibly. When the COVID-19 pandemic is contained, Vietnamese migration abroad will continue to increase as more people resettle or go temporarily to developed countries. Thus, the influx of remittances will increase again, contributing to expanding the country's financial capacity, creating more investment opportunities, and improving the living conditions of the families of international migrants. After the pandemic, the amount of remittances to Vietnam is forecasted to reach over 20 billion USD per year, which is a considerable sum of money to promote the development of Vietnam's economy and its faster integration into the international community.
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Bio note:
Nguyen Dac Hung, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Hung Yen University of Technology and Education, Hung Yen, Vietnam.
Contact information: e-mail: ndhungsbv@gmail.com; ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9599-7653.
Received on 05.11.2021; accepted for publication on 11.01.2022. The author has read and approved the final manuscript.
ЭМИГРАЦИЯ ИЗ ВЬЕТНАМА И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ДЕНЕЖНЫМИ ПЕРЕВОДАМИ
Нгуен Дак Хунг
Технологический и образовательный университет Хун Йена, Хун Йен, Вьетнам
E-mail: ndhungsbv@gmait.com
Для цитирования: Нгуен Дак Хунг. Эмиграция из Вьетнама и управление денежными переводами // ДЕМИС. Демографические исследования. 2022. Т. 2. № 1. С. 69-79. DOI: https://doi.org/l0.1918l/demis.2022.2.1.6
Аннотация. Миграция вьетнамцев за границу с целью проживания и ведения там бизнеса связана с переводами денег на родину родственникам и членам семьи, что составляет такой объект научных исследований, как «денежные переводы мигрантов». За последние сто лет имели место быть несколько крупных волн миграции населения из Вьетнама, которые происходили по разным причинам и при разных обстоятельствах. По мере роста контингента вьет-
намцев, проживающих за границей, объем денежных переводов от них также увеличивался. Сегодня денежные переводы мигрантов составляют значительную часть ВВП Вьетнама и являются не только важным источником дохода для многих семей, но и важным источником капитала в иностранной валюте для обеспечения платежного баланса в стране. В целом денежные переводы вносят значительный вклад в содействие экономическому и социально-экономическому росту таких развивающихся стран, как Вьетнам. В контексте современной тенденции экономической интеграции и глобализации тот факт, что вьетнамцы мигрируют за границу, живут и ведут там бизнес, переводя деньги домой, является позитивным моментом для страны. Принимая во внимание, насколько велика роль денежных переводов для Вьетнама, идентификация их источников чрезвычайно важна для принятия соответствующих управленческих решений. В настоящей статье обобщены теоретические основы современных подходов к научному осмыслению миграции и денежных переводов мигрантов, проанализированы основные тенденции миграции вьетнамцев за границу за последние 50 лет, охарактеризована текущая ситуация с денежными переводами. Также автор дает некоторые рекомендации по государственному управлению миграцией и денежными переводами мигрантов.
Ключевые слова: миграция, денежные переводы, Вьетнам, экспорт рабочей силы, экономическая интеграция, управление, политические рекомендации.
Сведения об авторе:
Нгуен Дак Хунг, доктор наук, доцент Технологического и образовательного университета Хун Йена, Хун Йен, Вьетнам.
Контактная информация: e-mail: ndhungsbv@gmail.com; ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9599-7653.
Статья поступила в редакцию 05.11.2021; принята в печать 11.01.2022.
Автор прочитал и одобрил окончательный вариант рукописи.
