CC BY
126
DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-2019-14-1-102-112
Emergency plans and safety regulations during physical education lessons
in private primary schools in Kenya
Stella N. Wayong'o1, Francis M. Mwangi*1, Lucy-Joy M. Wachira1, Elijah G.
Rintaugu2
department of Physical Education, Exercise & Sports Science Kenyatta University, Kenya 2Department of Recreation & Sports Management Dean, School of Hospitality, Tourism & Leisure Studies, Kenyatta University, Kenya ORCID: 0000-0003-1065-4238, stellawayongo@gmail.com ORCID: 0000-0003-0147-9140, mwangi.francis@ku.ac.ke*, frmwa@gmail.com* ORCID: 0000-0003-2805-5997, wmlucyjoy@gamil.com ORCID: 0000-0003-1241-5046, elijahgitonga2001@yahoo.com, rintaugu.elijah@ku.ac.ke
Abstract
Background: A quality physical education (PE) program offers the best opportunities to provide physical activity (PA) to all children and to acquire the skills and knowledge needed to establish and sustain a physically active lifestyle. The law imposes a legal duty on teachers and schools to take care of the safety and well-being of pupils under their care. The teacher has the duty to establish a safe and healthy environment by ensuring availability of emergency plans, proper condition of the equipment and apparatus as well as display of rules and regulations. The purpose of this study was to determine if emergency plan and safety regulations related to PE lessons were in place and if they were being observed in private primary schools in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Methods: Cross-sectional analytical research study design was used that engaged participants from 20 stratified and randomly selected primary private schools in five sub-counties within Nairobi City County. A sample of 60 randomly selected pupils and 40 randomly selected physical education teachers from 20 proportionally, Data collection was Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data from PE teachers, Interview guides were used to collect information from pupils and Observation checklists were used to obtain first-hand information. The statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 was used to code and analyze the data. Chi square and Spearman's Rho were used to test the relationship between different variables at a significant level of 0.05. Results: The study results indicate that a higher proportion of PE teachers reported to have had emergency programs (34 [85%]), and insurance covers (31 [77.5%]) in their schools. Chi Square analyses showed that there was significant association between types of school (in favor of high cost schools) and presence of emergency programs (X2=7.059; p = .029), availability of insurance covers (X2 =11.613; p = .003), wearing of PE kits during PE lessons (X2= 13.535; p < 0.001), and the attention given to the pupils during PE lessons (X2 = 53.860; p < 0.001). Conclusion: The type of private primary school in Nairobi City County determined the adherence to safety rules by both pupils and PE teachers. Not all private primary schools in Nairobi City County had proper emergency awareness programs for PE lessons. While most of high cost private primary schools are keen in implementation of emergency plans and safety regulations for PE lessons, most low and medium cost private primary schools are not, and may expose the pupils to higher risks. The ministry of education should enforce the safety requirements in schools more firmly across social-economic spectrum. Keywords: Emergency plans, safety rules and regulations, Physical education lessons.
For citation: Stella N. Wayong'o, Francis M. Mwangi, Lucy-Joy M. Wachira, Elijah G. Rintaugu. Emergency plans and safety regulations during physical education lessons in private primary schools in Kenya. The Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2019; 14(1): 88-98. DOI 10.14526/20704798-2019-14-1-102-112
Introduction
A quality physical education program offers the best opportunities to provide physical activity (PA) to all children and to teach them the skills and knowledge needed to establish and sustain a physically active lifestyle (Barb, 2005). Physical Education (PE) is a great way to introduce children to PA such as sports and games they would otherwise never participate in. PE provides the opportunity for them to use equipment and access various facilities at school (Foresters Company, 2013). Children spend more time at school where they need to feel secure in order to learn properly (National Crime Prevention Council, 2015).
According to Kenya-Advisor (2014), there are three types of schools in Kenya: public, private and Harambee schools. Tooley and Dixon (2005) explain that private schools are both privately managed and privately funded. They note that Private education is not only concerned with serving the elite or middle classes, but even the poor. According to Globe Media (2014), private schools are superior to public schools due to additional funding from school fees though the cost varies from school to school. They noted that private schools offer a good range of facilities and extracurricular activities for students which have the inherent danger. According to Wanyama (2011), and other anecdotal sources, public primary schools do not asses PE as a subject hence they tend not to take it seriously unlike in most private schools where it is taken seriously.
Nationwide Children's (2009) state that PE in schools is one of the main tools used to increase Physical Activity (PA) and to prevent childhood obesity but it may also increase the risk of injury. Ministry of Education (2008) demands that all schools in Kenya adhere to the safety guidelines found in the safety manual. Kamenju, Kiganjo and Mwathi (2006) explain that learners in schools should be warned of potential dangers and risks and be advised of rules and reasons for having rules during PE lessons. They recommend that safety rules should be posted near areas of increased risks like changing rooms as well as in shower rooms. Macharia (2012) found out that safety rules and regulations in the playgrounds provided the preschoolers and teachers with the opportunity to participate in enhancing playground
safety. Wanjiru (2011) discovered that most preschools in Thika west district had no safety rules and regulations; this was implied by the result of 30(62.5%), 45(93.8%) teachers who indicated that there were no safety rules in the schools. Wanjiru (2011) discovered that most preschools in Thika West had not put in place adequate measures to ensure emergency preparedness when teaching. The teachers cited that there were no emergency awareness programs in their preschools. These finding corresponded with Women Educational Researchers of Kenya [WERK] (2011) report where only four out of ten schools had the recommended safety manual. It is apparent that large proportion schools in Kenya do not have enough strategies in place to reduce the risk of emergencies, especially the risk associated to the needs of increasing participation in physical activity. Hence there is need of continuously evaluating the implementation of safety precautions. The purpose of the current study was to establish if emergency plan and safety regulations related to PE lessons were in place and if they were being practiced among private schools.
Methods
Study design, population and sampling
The study adopted the cross-sectional analytical research design to assess the implementation of the recommended emergency plans and safety rules and regulations practices observed during physical education lessons. The study involved a representative sample of PE teachers and pupils of classes/ grades five, six and seven in high, middle and low cost private primary schools in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Nairobi City County was purposively selected for the study as it has a large number of private schools which have students and teachers from diverse areas and economic status. The sample size for this study was obtained using proportional stratified random sampling procedure. Stratified random sampling was used to select the three strata: high, medium and low cost private primary schools from five purposely chosen sub counties (56%). Proportions were used to get sample sizes for schools. Classes, pupils and PE teachers were randomly picked from these schools. Out of the 40 PE teachers sampled, 50% were male and 50% were female. Out of 60 sampled pupils 51.7% were male
and 48.3% were female.
Research approval and permission to conduct the study was obtained from the Kenyatta University and County Education Officer while ethical clearance was given by the Kenyatta University Ethical review Committee. A research permit was also obtained from National Council for Science and Technology. Informed consent from physical education teachers, parents/ guardian and assent of pupils were obtained.
Variables, definitions and statistical analyses
The study's dependent variable was safety precautions. The Independent variables were; presence of emergency programs in schools, insurance cover in schools, Conversance of the PE teacher with the procedures of the school insurance cover, access to communication device, Presence of fire assembly points, availability of safety rules and regulations during PE lessons, Presence or absence of the teacher during the PE lesson, Wearing of PE kits by pupils, attention to pupils during the PE lesson, presence of safety gadgets during the PE lesson, execution of correct warm up during the PE lesson and presence of cool down during the PE lesson.
Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data from PE teachers. Interview guides were used to collect information from pupils while observation checklists were used to obtain firsthand information. The statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 was used to code and analyze the data. Chi square and Spearman's Rho were used to test the relationship between different variables at a significant level of 0.05.
Results and Interpretation Socio demographicfactors This study involved a representative sample of PE teachers and pupils of classes/ grades five, six and seven in high, middle and low cost private primary schools in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Out of the 40 PE teachers sampled, 50% were male and 50% were female. Out of 60 sampled pupils 51.7% were male and 48.3% were female. This comprised 100% of the sampled respondents.
Presence of an Emergency Program
The study findings as presented in Table 1, indicate
that a higher proportion of 34(85%) of PE teachers reported to have had emergency programs in their schools while 6(15%) of PE teachers reported that they did not have emergency programs in their schools. Chi Square value of X2=7.059; p = .029 showed that there was significant association between the presence of emergency programs and the types of school (in favor of high cost schools). Access to Communication Device in time in case of an emergency
Out of the 40 respondents (PE teachers) sampled, 38(95%) of them reported that they were able to access communication devices in case of an emergency, while 2(5%) reported that they were not able to access to communication devices in case of an emergency. Chi Square value of X2= 8.453; p = .076 revealed that there was no significant association between access to communication device by the PE teacher and the types of school (in favor of high cost schools).
Insurance Covers in Private Primary Schools
Results of the study as reported by the PE teachers indicate that most schools had insurance covers 31(77.5%). High cost schools 8(100%) and middle cost schools 12(100%) all had insurance covers while low cost schools with insurance covers registered a percentage of 11(55%). Chi Square value of X2 =11.613; p = .003 showed that there was significant association between the availability of insurance covers for pupils and the types of school (in favor of high cost schools).
Conversance with the Procedures of the School Insurance Covers It is evident from the study findings as presented in Table 1, that PE teachers with an average level of being conversant with insurance cover procedures registered the highest proportion of 12(30%).
PE teachers with an excellent level of conversant with insurance cover procedures registered the lowest proportion of 1(2.5%). Chi Square value of X2=24.409; p = .007 showed significant association between conversance of insurance cover and the types of school (in favor of high cost schools).
Table 1: Emergency Programs in Private Primary Schools in Nairobi City County (PE teachers' response)
Variable
Categories of schools High cost Middle cost Low cost 8(20) 12(30) 20(50)
/ (%)
f (%)
f (%)
Total 40(100)
F (%)
Chi square p-value
Presence of
Yes
an emergency program in the No
school
8(100.0) 12(100.0) 14(70.0) 34(85.0)
0(0.0) 0(0.0) 6(30.0) 6(15.0)
p = .029
Total
School has Insurance cover Total
Conversance
of the PE teacher with the procedures of the school insurance cover
Total
Yes No
Below Average Average
Good Very good Excellent
Not applicable
8(100.0) 12(100.0) 20(100.0) 40(100.0)
8(100.0) 11(100.0) 12(55.0) 31(77.5)
0(0.0) 0(0.0) 9(45.0) 9(22.5)
8(100.0) 12(100.0) 20(100.0) 40(100.0)
2(25.0) 1(8.3) 4(20.0) 7(17.5)
3(37.5) 4(33.3) 5(25.0) 12(30.0)
3(37.5) 2(16.7) 2(10.0) 7(17.5)
0(0.0) 4(33.3) 0(0.0) 4(10.0)
0(0.0) 1(8.3) 0(0.0) 1(2.5)
0(0.0) 0(0.0) 9(45.0) 9(22.5)
8(100.0) 12(100.0) 20(100.0) 40(100.0)
P = -003
p = .007
Pupils' Knowledge of the Fire Assembly Poi nt
Majority of pupils (52%) assembled at the fire assembly point during an emergency followed by 40% of pupils who were reported to have assembled in the open field during emergency. Chi Square value X2 of = 29.159; p <.001 revealed that there was significant association between the pupils assembling at the designated fire assemble place and the type of school (in favor of high cost schools). Availability of Safety Rules and Regulations It is evident from the findings of the study that 33(85%) of the PE lessons conducted in private primary schools had safety rules displayed. Only 6(15%) did not have safety rules displayed. Computed Chi Square value of X2 =7.464; p = .024 showed that there was significant association between the availability of safety regulations during PE lessons and the type of school, with high cost schools associated with most schools having displayed safety regulations and low cost associated with the least schools having safety regulations displayed.
Wearing of the PE Kit by Pupils during PE lessons
From the study findings, a higher proportion of pupils 33(55%) had PE kits during PE lessons while 27(45%) did not have PE kits during PE lessons. To find out if there was a relationship between the type of school and wearing of PE kits by pupils during PE lessons, the Chi Square value of X2= 13.535; p < .001 revealed that there was significant association between the types of school pupils attended and the wearing of PE kits during PE lessons (in favor of high cost schools) (see Table 2). Presence and absence of the PE Teacher during PE lessons
Out of the 60 PE lessons observed as evident in Table 2, all (100%) were reported to be under the supervision of a PE teacher or PE teachers.
Attention to the pupils during PE lessons A higher percentage of 51.7% of PE lessons had PE teachers who did not offer attention to pupils. PE lessons where pupils were given attention had 48.3%. Computed Chi Square value ofX2 = 53.860; p < .001 revealed that there was significant association
between the attention given to the pupils during PE schools) (see Table 2). lessons and the types of school (in favor of high cost
Table 2: Safety Rules and Regulations in Private Primary Schools in Nairobi City County (Pupils' response
and Researcher's observation)
Variable
Categories of schools
High cost Middle cost Low cost 12(20) 18(30) 30(50)
/ (%)
f (%)_f (%)
Total
60(100) f (%)
Chi square p-value
Everyone put on PE kits
Yes
No
12(100.0) 6(33-3) 15(50.0) 33(55-0)
0(0.0)
12(66.7) 15(50.0) 27(45.0) p < .001
Total
12(100) 18(100) 30(100) 60(100)
Presence or absence of the teacher during the PE lesson
Present
Absent
12(100) 18(100) 30(100) 60(100)
0(0.0)
0(0.0) 0(0.0)
0(0.0)
p=1
Total
12(100) 18(100) 30(100) 60(100)
Attention to pupils during the PE lesson
Attention 12(100)
No attention 0(0.0)
9(31)
8(26.7) 29(48.3)
9(29) 22(73.3) 31(51.7)
p < .001
Total
12(100) 18(100) 30(100) 60(100)
Table 3: Safety Rules and Regulations in Private Primary Schools in Nairobi City County (Researcher's
observation)
Variable
Categories of schools
High cost Middle cost Low cost 12(20) 18(30) 30(50)
Total
60(100) f (%)
Chi square p-value
f (%)
f(%) f(%)
Present
12(100) 8(44.4) 0(0.0) 20(33.3)
Presence of
fg^PE Absent °(°.°) 10(55.6) 18(60.0) 28(46.7) lesson
Not required 0(0.0)
0(0.0) 12(40) 12(20.0)
p< .001
Total
12(100) 18(100) 30(100) 60(100)
Correct
9(75.0) 12(66.7) 3(10.0) 24(40.0)
Execution of correct warm
up during the ong 3(25.0) 4(22.2) 11(36.7) 18(30.0)
PE lesson
Not applicable 0(0.0)
2(11.1) 16(53.3) 18(30.0)
p< .001
Total
12(100) 18(100) 30(100) 60(100)
Presence of cool down during the PE lesson
Present
Absent
5(41.7)
7(58.3)
7(38.9)
11(61.1)
3(10.0)
15(25.0)
27(90.0) 45(75.0)
p = .027
Total
12(100)
18(100) 30(100) 60(100)
Presence of Safety gadgets during PE lessons
From the study findings, a higher proportion of PE lessons 28(46.7%) conducted in private primary schools did not have safety gadgets in activities that required them. 20(33.3%) of PE lessons conducted in these schools had required safety gadgets. The Chi square value of X2= 45.714; p < .001 revealed that there was significant association between the types of school and pupils wearing safety gadgets
in activities that required them to put on during PE lessons, with high cost schools associated with most pupils having safety gadgets in place and low cost associated with the least (see Table 3).
Execution of Correct Warm up session during PE lessons
It is evident from the study findings that out of all PE lessons that had warm up sessions, 24(40%) were reported to be correct and 18(30%) were reported to be wrong. Chi Square value of X2 = 25.718; p <
.001 showed that there was significant association between the types of school and the presence of correct warm up during PE lessons (in favor of high cost schools (see Table 3).
Presence of Cool down session during PE lessons
Results of the study indicate that a higher percentage of PE lessons conducted (75%) did not have cool down activity at the end of the lesson. Only 25% of these lessons were reported to have had cool down activity. Chi Square value of X2 =7.230; p = .027 showed that there was significant association between the types of school and the presence of cool down during PE lessons (in favor of high cost schools) (see Table 3).
Discussion Emergency Plans
The Government of Kenya (GoK) through the Ministry of Education requires that emergency plans should always be in place and activated should a serious accident or incident occur in schools (Ministry of Education, 2008). From the findings, it was reported by the PE teachers that majority of private primary schools had emergency plans in place. Pupils also confirmed that majority of them knew where to assemble in case of fire. This was an indication that they were aware of emergency programs in their schools. These results contrast with the findings of Wanjiru (2011) who stated that 45(93.8%) of pre-school teachers in Thika west district indicated that there were no emergency awareness programs in their preschools. The study findings also contrast with those of Kamau (2015) who established that most primary schools in Nairobi County neither had guidelines for preparedness for emergencies or a system for reporting hazards and accidents and the staff were not aware of safety regulations, procedures and laws governing the learning institutions. Majority of PE teachers stated that they were able to access communication devices in case of an emergency. These results concur with those of Wanjiru (2011) who found out that most preschools in Thika west district had maintained emergency kits, (92.9%), having telephones that are accessible to members of staff in case of emergencies. However, availability and execution of emergency plans were largely associated with high
cost schools, with low cost and some medium cost schools recording lesser investment and practice of safety procedures. It is notable that Wanjiru (2011) and Kamau (2015) may have focused on public schools and /or low cost private schools. Most schools had insurance covers though majority of PE teachers reported that they were not well versed with the procedures in the event of an emergency. These findings indicate non conformity with the recommendations from Borkowski (n.d.) who states that being aware of your legal responsibilities as a PE teacher is an excellent way to lower the chance of injury to students and legal problems to your school and to you. Central Bedfordshire Council (2013) also states that it is important that teachers should know and apply the safety procedures for dealing with injuries and other emergencies. This study may therefore conclude that though PE teachers indicated the availability of emergency plans in the schools and even children confirmed that they were aware of what to do in case of an emergency, majority of PE teachers were not well conversant with the safety procedures hence putting their lives and those of the children they teach in danger in case of a serious emergency. Safety Rules and Regulations Safety rules are important when conducting PE lessons in schools (Kamenju, Kiganjo and Mwathi 2006). It was reported by the PE teachers that majority of the PE lessons conducted in private primary schools had safety rules displayed. These findings agree with the recommendations made by Wahome (1999) on sources of injuries during PE lessons in secondary schools in Nairobi province, Kenya, who states that students must be informed of safety policies during PE lessons as they affect them, particularly regarding safety rules. In her research she found out that sources of injuries during PE lessons were significantly related to instructional variables and lack of safety tips. Podstawski, Danuta and Nowosielska (2015) in their research on problems of safety and risks in PE in Poland, concluded that even though safety rules at PE classes are defined by specific regulations, children's absolute safety is never guaranteed. They further explain that in order to diminish the number of misadventures, the instructor is obliged to not
only to adhere to the norms but also teach children safety rules.
It was reported by the pupils that majority of them put on PE kits during PE lessons. The researcher also noted that most of the pupils were putting on PE kits during PE lessons especially from high and middle cost schools. These findings go in line with the recommendation from the Catholic Church Insurance (2015) on safe sport and PE at school which states that pupils should always put on the right attire for physical activity during PE lessons to lower the possibility of injuries and law suits against teachers and schools. The study findings may support the research findings by Migosi, Kadenyi, and Maithya (2016) who indicated that only a small proportion (14.3%) of the respondents (Head teachers) were of a strong agreement that teachers and pupils dress appropriately for PE activities in primary schools in Manga Sub County, Kenya, given that the said study population is mainly public schools and /or low cost private schools. Further analysis by the authors revealed that (50%) of the respondents either "disagreed "or "strongly disagreed" that teachers and pupils dress appropriately for PE activities. They concluded that there is lack of sound dress policy during PE activities in (50%) of the schools. The current study therefore concludes that though PE teachers and pupils reported to have safety rules during PE and it is true that the researcher observed the presence of safety rules and majority of pupils were putting on PE kits, not all rules were being adhered to and not all pupils in all schools were putting on PE kits during PE lessons. Given that most Kenyan children attend public schools and /or low cost private schools, the partial implementation of safety rules with bias towards high cost schools put many children under danger during PA and in case of an emergency.
As a way of implementing safety precautions, it is advised that all physical activities be supervised (Ministry of Education, 2008). From the findings of the study, it was reported by the PE teachers that majority of the PE lessons were under the supervision of the teachers. The observation made by the researcher confirmed that most PE lessons were under the supervision of a teacher in private primary schools. These findings go in line with
the recommendation from the Catholic Church Insurance (2015) on safe sport and PE at school which notes that inadequate supervision of students by the teachers is one factor that is capable of dramatically increasing the risk of injury during PE lessons. The study findings contrasts with findings form general Kenyan typical schools as reported by Migosi, Kadenyi, and Maithya (2016). The authors indicated that 41.3% of the teachers sometimes supervised pupils during PE activities and 23.7% of the teachers always supervised pupils during PE activities. The results further revealed that 17.4% and 18.1% of the teachers rarely and never supervised pupils during PE play activities respectively. However, the results of the current study revealed that though majority of PE lessons were under the supervision of the teachers, the observation made by the researcher indicated that majority of them in low and medium cost schools had passive supervisors. The recommended supervision comprises of the principles of general and specific supervision which take into consideration the risk level of the activity, the participants' skill level and the participants' maturity. The findings indicate that most of the low and medium cost schools do not adhere to recommendations by Mwathi and Kamenju (2006) who state that a passive observer is not a supervisor for a supervisor should give proper guidance to the learners during PE lessons. Therefore, this may mean that there is likelihood of negligence by teachers due to passive supervision and pupils may still be at danger during the PE lessons in low and medium cost schools. Birmingham City Council (2011) states that while injuries often occur during the regular course of play, there are certain factors capable of dramatically increasing the risks like not having protective gear, ill-fitting, or outdated protective gear. In this current research, it was observed that majority of the PE lessons conducted did not have safety gadgets in activities that required them in low and medium cost schools. This was not good for pupils as it makes them vulnerable to injuries. These findings indicate non conformity with the recommendation by Fountain and Goodwin (2002) who states that children should always wear sport-specific, properly fitting safety gear when participating
in sports activities to prevent injuries. Roseburg (n.d.) found out that, after the introduction of face masks for hockey players in Canada in 1971 and soon became mandatory in amateur leagues, eye injuries in hockey have steadily declined since that time. The study findings of the current study show that the situation in most Kenyan low and medium cost private primary schools contrast with these safety guidelines. Failure to put on safety gadgets by pupils in some schools during PE lessons as per the observation made in this study is an indication that the children' safety is not guaranteed during PE lessons.
Warm up and cool down sessions are supposed to be part and parcel of any PE lesson as one way of preventing injuries (Fountain and Goodwin, 2002). Proper warm up sessions have no short cuts rather they ensure that pupils are physically ready to participate in physical activities Borkowski (n.d.). It was reported from the observation made by the researcher that majority of PE lessons conducted had warm up sessions that were not correct (in low and medium cost schools) and did not have cool down activities either (all types of schools). These findings show that the situation in private primary schools in Nairobi, Kenya, do not conform to sound safety practices, such as the recommendation from Singapore Ministry of Education (2005) that PE class sessions must include appropriate warm-up and cool-down sessions. In their research on comparing the effects of a PE-based stretching program performed during warm-up and cool-down periods on hamstring extensibility in school children aged 9-10 years, Vega, Marban, Garrido and Viciana (2014) found out that both the warm-up and cool-down students had statistically significant higher values on the hamstring extensibility than the no-training students (p < .05). They concluded that it is possible to develop school children's hamstring extensibility through a PE-based stretching program performed during both warm-up and cool-down. Moreover they state that PE teachers should improve students' flexibility mostly during the cool-down period of the sessions. From the observation made by the researcher, where most PE lessons lacked proper warm up and cool down sessions, it may therefore be concluded that pupils may still be
at danger of getting injuries during PE lessons due to the negligence of the PE teachers on failure to offer proper warm up and cool down sessions.
Conclusions
The type of private primary school in Nairobi City County determined the adherence to safety rules by both pupils and PE teachers with a positive bias towards the high cost schools. Not all private primary schools in Nairobi City County have proper emergency awareness programs for PE lessons. Majority of high cost private primary schools are keen in implementation of emergency plans and most of safety regulations for PE lessons while most low cost primary schools are not, and may expose the pupils to higher risks. There is likelihood of negligence by teachers in most of the low and medium cost schools due to passive supervision, which may expose pupils to danger during the PE lesson. The GoK through the ministry of education should enforce the safety requirements in schools more firmly to ensure safe environment and participation in PA by pupils across social economic spectrum.
Acknowledgement We would like to acknowledge and thank all the study participants and their parents/ guardians, the Nairobi County Education office and the administration and staff of the participating schools.
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Author's information:
Stella N. Wayong'o - (MSc), Exercise and Sports Science Postgraduate, Department of Physical Education, Exercise & Sports Science, Kenyatta University, Kenya
Francis M. Mwangi* - (PhD), Lecturer, Chairman, Department of Physical Education, Exercise & Sports Science, Kenyatta University, Kenya, mwangi.francis@ku.ac.ke*
Lucy-Joy M. Wachira - (PhD), Lecturer, Department of Physical Education, Exercise & Sports Science, Kenyatta University, Kenya.
Elijah G. Rintaugu - (PhD), Associate Professor, Department of Recreation & Sports Management,
Dean, School of Hospitality, Tourism & Leisure Studies, Kenyatta University, Kenya
