CC BY
8
15. Dimitrova D., Hydrofraking - environmental risk and health impacts. In: Ecological ethics, nature and sustainable development, Sofia, 2015, 194-207
16. Dimitrova D., V Slavova, I. Mihailova, Medical provision for the population in disaster situations in Bulgaria -traditions and current tendencies, General Medicine, 2-2015, S, 2015, 9-16
17. Dimitrova D., Evidence based medical practice. Aspects of emergency and disaster medicine. Publisher: Propeller, Sofia, 2015, 7-23
18. Dimitrova D., I. Mihailova, E. Georgieva, P. Pecheva, V. Slavova, Organization of mental health services for victims of earthquakes in Bulgaria, Medical management and health policy, 1-2015, S., 2015, 31-46
19. Directive 98/10 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 1998 on the application of open network provision (ONP) to voice telephony and on universal service for telecommunications in a competitive environment, 31998L0010, Official Journal L 101 , 01/04/1998 P. 0024-0047
20. European Commission: Critical Analysis if the current practices and methodologies in Risk Assessment including
Hazard Identification and Risk Mapping used in a representative sample of Member States, ENV.A.3 / ETU / 2009/007
21. International cep handbook 2009, Civil emergency planning in the nato/eapc countries, msb, 43-50 , 45,47
22. National Plan for Disaster Protection, MS, S., 2010 -http://www.strategy.bg/
23. National Programme for protection of DAC 20142018, MS, S., 2016
24. National Programme for protection of DAC 20092013, MS, S., 2012
25. Risk Assessment and Mapping Guidelines for Disaster Management, Commission Staff Working Paper, SEC (2010) 1626 final, Brussels, 2010
26. Slavova V. Ivanov, D. Dimitrova call. European policies to protect the population and humanitarian assistance in emergency situations. General Medicine, issue. 4 2014, S., 2014. 18-22
27. Strategy for reducing the risk of disasters from 2014 to 2020 in Bulgaria, Sofia, 2013 - http: //www.saveti government. bg
EMERGENCY MEDICAL CARE SERVICES IN REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA - STRUCTURE, FUNCTIONS AND ACTUAL STATUS OF
MEDICAL STAFF
Dimitrova Diana Asenova
PhD, MD, Medical University of Sofia, Faculty of Public Health, Department "Preventive medicine", Discipline «Disaster
medicine», Bulgaria, Sofia, "Bialo more"8 St
Slavova Vanya Bancheva
Assistant Professor, MD, Trakya University, Medical Faculty, Department «Neurology, Psychiatry and MDS» Section « Medicine of the disaster situations», Bulgaria, Stara Zagora, «Armeyska» 11 St
Ivanov Veselin Asenov
Professor, MD, Trakya University, Medical Faculty, Department «Neurology, Psychiatry and MDS», Section «Medicine of the
disaster situations», Bulgaria, Stara Zagora, «Armeyska» 11 St.
ABSTRACT
Background. The emergency medical care (EMC) in the Republic of Bulgaria is a part of the healthcare system of the country. Bulgaria has a long tradition in organizing medical care in emergency situations and in reacting to natural disaters, accidents and calamities (DAC). Until 1995 the emergency care in Bulgaria was provided by hospitals' emergency departments.The conditions in the country changed a lot during the 1996-2012 period and the EMC system confronts new challenges. A new national system for urgent calls is put in place as well as EMC centres. These measures improved the coordination and harmonized the provision of prehospital care in emergency situations and in DAC. This requires examine in depth the structure functions and actual status of medical staff in EMCC in Republic of Bulgaria.
Methods: Research and descriptive analysis of the laws and regulations, scientific literature data, historical method, documentary method in Bulgaria of concerning structure, functions and actual status of medical staff in EMCC. SWOT analysis.
Results: The analysis of the current state of medical staf of the EMC system in Bulgaria shows the need to update and improve the structure and organization of the EMC centres in response to DAC. It points out the strengths and weaknesses of the system and outlines the concept for sustainable development in the future.
Conclusion: There is an increasing number of disasters worlwide which underlines the importance of EMC. The requirements for the provision of EMC in Bulgaria are becoming stricter. More and more people need EMC - this highlights the pronounced shortage of health personnel in EMC centres in the country.
EMC care in Bulgaria is guaranteed to all those in need of it. The article emphasizes the state's commitment to the medical system in case of DAC. The country has a concept for the future development of the system of EMC centres. This concept provides for the introduction of a new professional category - «the paramedic». Bulgaria lacks a regulatory framework, standards and protocols for the operation of the EMC centres for the provision of pre-hospital care, including in the case of DAC.
Bulgaria is guaranteed to all those in need of it. The country has a concept for the future development of the system of URS.
Keywords: emergency medical care, emergency medical care centres, disaster situations, Republic of Bulgaria, prehospital health care.
According to UNO data over the last 20 years the number of injured people in various (as a type and impact) natural disasters amounts to about 1 billion, while the number of casualties exceeds 3 million. Estimations of Bulgarian Ministry of Intereior's „Fire Safety and Civil Protection" Directorate (FSCP directorate) show that in case of an earthquake up to 26 % of the buildings in 94 towns and villages in regions with higher seismic activity can be destructed, which can lead to a great number of casualties. After the earthquake in 2012 in the Pernik region (5,8 degree of Richter magnitude scale) a new area of seismic activity has been introduced to the seismic risks map of Bulgaria. Dozens of people were injured or had psychosomatic traumas, hundreds were in a stress state. The earthquake caused also significant material damages. In case of major floodings water can cover large areas (more than 910 square meters), and consequently affect 83 towns and villages in Bulgaria. [1, p. 20; 2, p. 195; 3, p. 33; 4, p. 32; 5, p. 10; 7, p.5; 8, p.35-38; 10, p. 60].
The Danube alone can be a source of risk for 30 towns and villages with a total population of 515 000 inhabitants. One of the most important floodings over the last 5 years has been the one in the area of the dam of Ivanovo in South Eastern Bulgaria on 6.2.2012. It affected severely the village of Bisser, the towns of Harmanli and Svilengrad. Eleven people died, dozens were injured and had psychotraumas. The disaster deprived dozens of people of their homes and caused serious material damages and economic loss. The functioning of some indusrial enterprises and transport or storage activities hide the risk of industrial accidents with potential gas leakages which can affect more than 100 towns and villages. In case of a major nuclear accident more than 43 towns and villages are in danger. The share of transport accidents with disastrous character in the country increases. Statistical data show that every year 300 000 people lose their lives in road accidents all over the world. The number of injured exceeds 8 million people. In Bulgaria these annual numbers are respectively more than 1000 casualties and 10 000 injured people. [2, p. 22; 2, p.205; 3, p. 10; 11, p. 47].
It is a primordial duty of the state to assure flawless access of the population to timely and quality aid in Bulgaria, including in major accidents with a disaster character (earthquakes, floodings). The importance of the Emergency Medical Care (EMC) System in this context grows, notably taking into account the trends in pathology and the development of medicine in view of the increased frequency of various types of disasters on country's territory. [1, p. 20; 3, p. 35].
Aim and tasks
The aim of the study is to examine the current structure, functions and actual status of medical staff in EMCC in Bulgaria.
To achieve the goal we set the following tasks:
1. To analyze the legal and normative documents, decrees and procedures in Bulgaria on the structure and function of the URS in Bulgaria.
2. To analyze the legal and normative documents, decrees and procedures in Bulgaria on actual status of medical staff in EMCC.
Methods
Descriptive analysis of the laws and regulations, in Bulgaria concerning structure functions and actual status of medical staff in EMCC. SWOT analysis.
Results.
The EMC system as an element of the general health system of Bulgaria comprises all the structures of ambulatory and non-ambulatory aid that have something to do with managing
an emergency event (on the site of the accident, during the transportation and at the hospital that has the necessary diagnostic and treatment resources). Therefore, the emergency care in Bulgaria is not a service provided by the Emergency Medical Care (EMC) Centres only but comprises various levels and degrees of competence, engagement and responsibility within the health care system as a whole. [1, p. 19; 3, p. 35; 13, p. 900, 901; 19, p.7; 21, p, 10].
Bulgaria has a long tradition in organizing medical care in emergency situations and in reacting to natural disaters, industrial accidents and calamities. Until 1995 the emergency care in Bulgaria was provided by hospitals' emergency departments. They answer the phone number 150 - one of the first nationwide telephone numbers for emergency medical care in Europe. The emergency medical care system in Bulgaria was reformed in 1996 with the establishment of 28 independent emergency medical care centres. A new principle is introduced - separation of Emergency Medical Services and Immediate Medical Services. The situation in Bulgaria changed significantly over the 1996 -2012 period and the EMC system confronted new challenges. An important reform of the national healthcare system took place -the changes concerned its structure, management and financing. As a result, the interrelations between the EMC system and the other structures of the health care system were affected. A new national system for emergency calls and EMC centres of a new type were introduced. In 2007 these centres were separated from the so called «Emergency Reception Departments». [1, p. 17; 3, p. 30].
Until 2011 EMC centres were not a base for training and specialization of health professionals and were second-tier spending entities. All this further deepens the disintegration of the system of EMC and leads to deskilling and demotivation of personnel, to deterioration in the quality of the rendered medical aid and ultimately - to serious social unrest. Bulgaria still lacks comprehensive and accurate legislation specifically directed toward the structure, organization and regulation of the EMC system and its relation to other structures - both in routine work and in crisis situations and disasters. Bulgaria's membership in the European Union as of 2007 implies an effective harmonization of EMC activities in the country with those in the other EU member states. Greater uniformity in the quality of health care, especially in EMC, is very important in view of the increased and ever increasing mobility of EU citizens.
In this regard, the Ministry of Health proposes the development of a new concept for EMC in order to define the responsibilities of all structures in the health system - primary care, hospitals, EMC centres as well as the connections and interactions between them. The main objective is to integrate and regulate all activities and structures in the health system in terms of EMC, to regulate strictly the responsibility in routine practice as well as in disasters, and to shorten the maximum time for servicing patients while respecting the quality and safety standards. Their acievement will be based on the European best practices, taking into account the country-specific culture, traditions, values, realities and objectives [1, p. 22; 3, p. 30].
Structure of the EMC system. The system of the EMC in Bulgaria comprises 28 EMC centres which correspond to each of the administrative districts of the country. These centres have a total number of 198 branches. Each EMC centre (including its branches) functions within the territory of the respective district. (Fig. 1) (source: Ministry of Health data)
Taking into account the distribution of the EMC centres, the relief and the road system of the country, we can conclude that the provision of EMC services is not even. This means that the population does not have an equal access to emergency assistance. The disparities are both interdistrict and intradistrict. According to the Ministry of Health data, the time to access a
Human resources. The total number of the employees in the EMC centres in Bulgaria amounts to about 7000 (by 1.1.2011, and 2015). They work in 354 teams (87 reanimation teams and 267 first aid teams - 141 medical teams and 126 paramedical teams). There are 35 transport teams and 167 stationary teams. The distribution of the personnel does not always reflect the objective needs stemming from the number of the population or the size of the covered territory. It is rather a reflection of the
branch of an EMC is up to 20 minutes for nearly 58 % of the towns and villages, between 20 and 30 minutes - for around 27 % of them and more than 30 minutes - for about 15 % of the settlements. About 211 000 people (0,03 % of the total population) live in regions that are distant and with a difficult access.
evolution over the years of the medical structures in each district This problem points to the lack of more precise mechanisms to define the type, the number or the distribution of the teams within each EMC centre. The disproportions of the distribution of medical teams on the territory can be easily seen while applying two evaluation criteria: number of teams per 100 000 inhabitants and number of teams per 1000 km2. (Fig. 2 and 3) (source: Ministry of Health)
Emergency Medical Care Centers
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Fig. 3 Number of EMC teams per 1000 km2 in Bulgaria by 1.1.2011.
Data shows uneven distribution of mobile EMC teams in view of the number of inhabitants. In some districts one team serves 15 000-16 000 inhabitants e.g.Yambol, Kiustendil, Kardzhali, Lovech), while elsewhere one team responds to the needs of up to 31 000-35 000 inhabitants (e.g. Targovishte, Shumen, Razgrad, Sliven, Silistra). For the country, on average 1 team serves 27 000 inhabitants. Fig. 2 shows that in some districts one reanimation team serves 42 000 - 50 000 inhabitants (e.g. Silistra, Smolian, Razgrad, Shumen, Sofia), while in others the served population by one team is 140 000 - 210 000 (e.g. Burgas, Plovdiv, Veliko Tarnovo).
The discrepancies are also important while taking into account the number of teams in view of the territory - an even more relevant indicator since most of the districts are of a low population density. In some districts like Pleven, Ruse, Plovdiv one team serves 250-260 km2, while in Dobrich the served territory is 525 km2, in Montana - 453 km2, Targovishte - 443 km2 [1, p. 20; 3, p. 100].
Available medical personnel. By 1.1.2011 and 2015 the number of the medical specialists in EMC centers is 3795 (1146
doctors, 1508 medical auxiliaries, 1103 other medical specialists (nurses, midwives etc.) (Fig. 4) (according to Ministry of Health data). The free positions for medical specialists in EMC centres in the country are 317 or 5,3 % of the total number of employees, necessary for the provision of efficient EMC. The age structure of the personnel is relatively favourable - 3555 (63 %) of the medical specialists are between 35 and 55 years old. The research however shows several negative trends: one fourth of them are between 55 and 65 years old. i.e. 1434 will retire and leave the system in the years to come. Only 9 % of the medical specialists are under the age of 35. The data shows that the worst is the situation in view of the medical auxiliaries. (Fig. 5) (according to Ministry of Health data) Another problem is the fluctuation of medical manpower (especially doctors) in the EMC centres. The number of the medical specialists who work in EMC centres less than a year is 391 (11 %). The number of medical specialists with experience between 1 and 5 years is 1367 (23 %), from 5 to 10 years - 912 (15 %) and more than 10 years - 3355 (56 %). (fig.6, according to Ministry of Health data).
27% other medical staff
8% unfilled
28% doctor
37% medical auxiliaries
(feldsher)
Fig. 4. Structure of the medical personnel in view of their type in EMC centres in Bulgaria by 1.1.2011 (According to Ministry
of Health data) and 2015 (scientific theses)
Fig. 5. Structure of the medical personnel according in view of their age in EMC centres in Bulgaria by 1.1.2011 (According to Ministry of Health data)
Bulgaria by 1.1.2011 (According to Ministry of Health data)
A serious problem is the qualification of the personnel in EMC centres. The number of the doctors with a specialty by 1.1.2011 and 2015 was more than 560 (49%) of all the doctors in the EMC system. 69 of them have a specialty in emergency medicine. Without any specialty are about 570 doctors (50%) and in the region Blagoevgrad - around 90% [3, p. 150].
The analysis of the structure, state, organization and functioning of the EMC system point to the following substantial problems:
1. Lack of well defined criteria for the structure of the EMC system in the country and for the number of the medical teams.
2. Lack of a clear definition of the EMC scope.
3. Diminishing number of specialists, insufficient qualification and motivation of the personnel in the EMC system.
4. Growing disproportions and inequalities among the population in view of the
access to timely and quality EMC.
5. Charging the EMC system with functions and activities that are not intrinsic to its core activity.
6. Increasing demand for medical aid through the EMC system (difficulties with the access to hospital and out-of-hospital healthcare).
7. Traditions and patient behaviour suggesting an absolutely unrestricted access to EMC - even for non-urgent problems. [1, p. 22; 3, p. 55; 6, p. 30; 12, p. 45,47].
There are several problems of a more general nature:
1. Insufficient and sometimes contradictory legislative framework in regard to the functions and obligations of the EMC system.
2.Impaired integrity and coordination between EMC and other elements of the health care system - primary care, specialized outpatient care, in-patient care and emergency services, leading to destabilization of the health system as a whole.
3. Worsening indicators of public health.
4. Lack of satisfaction at a public level with health services quality, including EMC.
5. Increasing need of an adaquate emergency medical response in the event of mass disasters and calamities.
6. Commitments of the country as a member of the European Unionin in view of the quality of health care.
7. Increase in finance costs in the system.
SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE EMC SYSTEM
Strengths Weaknesses
Bulgarian EMC system has been in place under various forms for more than 60 years. One of the first operative emergency calls number in Europe - 150 The most recent reforms are in 1994-1999r. and in 2006-2012r. - the structure and organization of the system is different.
Comparability of the developed EMC system with best European practices. Divergence from the integration trends within the healthcare system.
Relatively good coverage of the country with EMC structures Disproportionate access of the population to quality EMC
Decentralization of the EMC structures corresponding to the administrative division of the country into 28 districts Absence of a coordinating centre for EMC.
Relatively optimal staffing of the EMC system Increasing process of deskilling and demotivation of personnel, unfavourable changes of the personnel structure (including age structure).
Information and communication system Lack of information connectivity with other units within the health care system (hospitals, other medical facilities), technical problems in operation, partially overlapping activities while receiving emergency calls from the communication systems of other institutions
EMC system is well recognized by the population. Charges of all failures in the health system; population turns to EMC for all kinds of health problems
EMC system is part of the National System for Emergency - phone 112 - coordination in case of a disaster Lack of connectivity and a coplex process of information transmission leading to a slower response to the calls.
Guaranteed funding through the state budget Significant disparity in the income of workers in emergency care compared with outpatient and inpatient care
Continuous increase in spending provided by the state for EMC Lack of correlation between funding and increasing the volume of activity and the quality of the emergency
Opportunities Threats
Public expectations for a change in the system for EMC. Too high expectations for quick positive results within a short period (from several months to a year)
Consensus on the present problems and the need to improve the EMC system Lack of consensus on the way the problems in the EMC should be solved.
Accompanying legal reforms improving the functioning of emergency care Lack of constructive dialogue
Declared will for a change among patients and among workers in the EMC system. Possible negative reactions of both the patients and the personnel of EMC
The economic crisis is underlying the need for more efficient spending on health care, including emergency. Limited financial resources
Possibilities for the use of additional sources of financing from European funds, insurance and welfare funds, private investment etc. Lack of administrative capacity and experience in the project development, lack of consensus on the public-private partnerships and the respective legislative framework
Ensuring equal access to emergency services, improved functioning, financial, and personnel stability of the system are the main goals of the „Concept for the development of EMC in Bulgaria". The concept is drawn up by the Ministry of Health with the optimal period for realization of 3 to 5 years. [3, p. 35, 155; 9, p. 7;15, p. 10; 16, p. 20; 17, p. 3; 18. P.2; 20, p.20].
Results. The analysis of the current state of the EMC system in Bulgaria shows the need to update and improve the structure and organization of the EMC centres in response to DAC. It points out the strengths and weaknesses of the system and outlines the concept for sustainable development in the future.
Conclusion. There is an increasing number of disasters worlwide which underlines the importance of EMC. The requirements for the provision of EMC in Bulgaria are becoming stricter. More and more people need EMC - this highlights the pronounced shortage of health personnel in EMC centres in the country.
Emergency care centers in Bulgaria is guaranteed to all those in need of it. The article emphasizes the state's commitment to the medical system in case of DAC. The country has a concept for the future development of the system of EMC centres. This concept provides for the inclusion of a new professional category - «paramedic». Bulgaria lacks a regulatory framework,
standards and protocols for the operation of the EMC centres for the provision of pre-hospital care, including in the case of DAC.
References:
1. Dimitrova D., Evidence based medical practice. Aspects of emergency and disaster medicine. Publisher: Propeller, Sofia, 2015, 7-23
2. Dimitrova D., Hydrofraking - environmental risk and health impacts. In: Ecological ethics, nature and sustainable development, Sofia, 2015, 194-207
3. Dimitrova D., Medical provision of the population during earthquakes - readiness of Emergency medical care center in region Blagoevgrad., MU-Sofia, 2015 - PhD thesis
4. Dimitrova D., I. Mihailova, E. Georgieva, P. Pecheva, V. Slavova, Organization of mental health services for victims of earthquakes in Bulgaria, Medical management and health policy, 1-2015, S., 2015, 31-46
5. Dimitrova D., V Slavova, I. Mihailova, Medical provision for the population in disaster situations in Bulgaria -traditions and current tendencies, GM, 2-2015, S, 2015, 9-16
6. Directive 98/10 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 1998 on the application of open network provision (ONP) to voice telephony and on universal service for telecommunications in a competitive environment, 31998L0010, Official Journal L 101 , 01/04/1998 P. 0024-0047
7. Emergency Field Handbook A Guide For Unicef Staff, 2011, 1-424, 1-40
8. Emergency medical care system, Report of an assessment project co-ordinated by the World Health Organization, WHO, 35-38
9. European Commission: Critical Analysis if the current practices and methodologies in Risk Assessment including Hazard Identification and Risk Mapping used in a representative sample of Member States, ENV.A.3 / ETU / 2009/007
10. Handbook for Emergencies, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Geneva Third Edition February, 2007, 57-66, 58-63
11. International cep handbook 2009, Civil emergency planning in the nato/eapc countries, msb, 43-50 , 45,47
12. Jane Lethbridge, Privatisation of ambulance, emergency and firefighting services in Europe - a growing threat?, Public Services International Research Unit (PSIRU), 2009, 1-22 (5)
13. Junaid A. Razzak, Arthur L. Kellerman, Emergency medical care in developing countries: is it worthwhile? Policy and Practice, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2002;80:900-905., 900-905 (900, 901)
14. Linna Li, University of California at Santa Barbara, USA, The Role of Social Networks in Emergency Management:A Research Agenda, 2010, 1-11, 2
15. National Plan for Disaster Protection, MS, S., 2010 -http://www.strategy.bg/
16. National Programme for protection of DAC 20142018, MS, S., 2016
17. National Programme for protection of DAC 20092013, MS, S., 2012
18. Paul Hill, Emergency Medicine, University Of Stellenbosch, 2013, 1-141, 2
19. Risk Assessment and Mapping Guidelines for Disaster Management, Commission Staff Working Paper, SEC (2010) 1626 final, Brussels, 2010
20. Slavova V. Ivanov, D. Dimitrova call. European policies to protect the population and humanitarian assistance in emergency situations. General Medicine, issue. 4 2014, S., 2014. 18-22
21. Strategy for reducing the risk of disasters from 2014 to 2020 in Bulgaria, Sofia, 2013 - http: //www.saveti government. bg
THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LIMFOGRAMY'S INDICATORS IN ADULTS WITH VERIFIED ALLEGROPATHOLOGY ON THE BACKGROUND OF REPLICATIVE VIRUS ACTIVITY
Zubchenko S.O.
Candidat of Medical Sciences, Assistant ofprofessor the Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Danylo Halytsky
Lviv National Medical University Lviv
ABSTRACT
Objective. For the last few decades the prevalence of allergic, including atopic diseases, acutely grow up. In economically developed countries, this trend is associated with the effect of epigenetic factors, the major role influences the infectious strain on the human body. In this article are the results of examination of 53 patients who under general clinical laboratory and special research verified allergic pathology, and for 16 people was found monosensitization, for 35 - polysensitization.
Method. Verification of the diagnosis carried out in the basis of objective and subjective data. General laboratory and instrumental studies/ citology smears of nasal mucosa researches/ prick-tests/ determination of total and specific IgE (sIgE), molecular genetic studies has been made.
Result. .Based on the molecular genetic researches in 75.47% of persons defined replicating viral activity, most (45.0%) - replication of EBV and HVV6, including - at 55.6% while in scraping from the back wall of the throat and saliva. 85% of patients with allergic pathology on the background of viral replication determined increased level of general serum IgE, most of all- with mixed infection EBV,HHV6 and CMV. Patients with allergic pathology on the background EBV-infection in stage of replicative viral activity observed a significant increase of T-helpers and decrease of T-citotoxic lymphocytes with activation of humoral link, an increased number of immunoregulatory lymphocytes,that enhances inflammation and deficit of antiviral mechanisms.
Conclusions. Mixed infection of EBV and HHV 6 in the stage of replicative activity stimulates the allegro-pathological violations including the formation of polysensitization in adult patients without atopic complicated history.
