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1118 East European Scientific Journal #4(68), 2021 References
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Ziyaeva Ogiloy
undergraduate student at Journalism and Mass Communications University of Uzbekistan
ELEMENTS OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN THE HISTORY OF NATIONAL HERITAGE
Abstract. This article analyzes the theoretical views of Renaissance thinkers and European scholars on the elements of civil society in the history of Uzbekistan, the supremacy of the law and the role of a just political elite in the formation of a civil society. In addition, based on this analysis, conclusions were drawn on the strengthening of civil society institutions in Uzbekistan, in particular, the role and significance of mass media in civil society.
Keywords: civil society, noble society, political elite, human rights, civic activism, rule of law, media, fair ruler, principles of justice, national values.
Civil society has been formed and developed over the centuries, its origins go back centuries, to the ancient Roman and Greek states. We can learn about this in the meetings of the people at that time, for example, in the council of elders. But this is a simple view of civil society. The first ideas about civil society are outlined in Aristotle's book "Politics". Civil society is a democratized, law-protected society. Farobi's "City of Noble People" provides an in-depth analysis of the need for a just law in the management of a noble society, the importance of forming an active civil society. To do this, the head of state is said to have several good qualities. One of them is described by the scientist as follows: "Managing society, he is "by nature just, loves just people, hates talents and oppression, tyrants and oppressors, speaks the truth to his people and strangers, calling everyone to justice, helping the unjustly oppressed, loving everyone and myself. Must be a beauty lover. He must not be stubborn in the face of justice, but must be fair and tolerant of all injustice and abuse". 1
He also said that the people of noble city should have a good understanding of what they need and know exactly how to achieve their happiness. We can see civil society in a state where the rule of law prevails,
but in this, first of all, as Farobi said, there must be a fair person. If the law is perfect, but people do not understand it, it cannot be said that such a country is a democratic state. Yusuf Has Khajibs's book "Kutadgu Bilig" tells us what it means to be a just ruler who rules a virtuous society through the dialogue between Kuntugdi and Ogdulmish. It states the following: "Beck must be wise, brave and courageous. He is required to be knowledgeable, intelligent, thoughtful. Openness is one of the good qualities of a beck, in addition, must be steadfast and perfect on the path of good and follow the path of wisdom".2
It is obvious from these thinkers that the head of state who runs a noble society must be a well-educated person of good qualities. It should also be noted that a just ruler should gather in his government people who think of people who are patriots. Then it will be even easier to form a free society.
Sakhibkiran Amir Temur in his work "Temur's rules" said the following about the attitude of officials to the people and society: "And I commanded that if their officials and their oppressors oppressed the common people and thereby harmed the poor, they
1 A6y Hacp ®opo6nn. ogaMrap maxpn. - 2 rocy$ Xoc x,o®h6. KyTagry 6n^nr.-TomKeHT,
TomKeHr: A6gy^a Kognpnn HOMngarn x&ik; Mepocn 2007.-E.68. Hampëra, 1993.-E.154.
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should recover the damage from the oppressors and give it to the oppressed so that they may recover".3
Of course, a virtuous society, which is the forerunner of civil society, is a society in which people can control themselves, obey the law (the law of justice), know their rights, and respect each other. Here Hegel made the following remarks about the basic element of civil society: "The nature of civil society is that the rights of each individual have become a personal right of the state, in which the state undertakes to protect and decide the rights as if it were its own".4 Even in the Middle Ages, laws, that is, Sharia rules, clearly defined the duties and responsibilities of citizens to build society. For example, in the Middle Ages, the character of people in modern Uzbekistan was based on the requirements of Islamic law, that is, respect for national values, coexistence, constant support of rich families, poor families, bid'a rule in Ramadan, respect for the elderly, parents, being in constant contact with relatives, adhere to values such as friendship, devotion to the Fatherland and a sense of love. Of course, these values are elements of civil society.
Aristotle said: "Any just law must take into account and respect the traditions of the people. Consequently, the legislature must always create rules that are in keeping with tradition. The laws don't always match. In practice, the ideal is also different. There are unjust laws, but they must be followed until they change. It will improve the law".5
The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes wrote that the goal of reconciling political relations with relations between society and the state will put the problems of the rule of law on the agenda. "Of course, it is impossible to imagine building a civil society without building a rule-of-law state," he said.6
Indeed, to this day, the rule of law and civil society are closely intertwined, and the rule of law is a state based on the rule of law and democracy. Again, in developed countries, the financial situation of citizens has improved, which is a serious reason for further improvement of civil society. Civil society is based on civil society institutions. Civil society institutions include political parties and non-governmental nonprofit organizations, enterprises, trade unions, consumer associations, charitable foundations, cooperatives, rental communities, joint stock companies. These include social structures such as scientific and cultural organizations, sports societies, independent media and citizens' self-government bodies.
East European Scientific Journal #4(68), 2021 19 During the years of independence, many measures have been taken in Uzbekistan to develop civil society. In particular, "On public associations in the Republic of Uzbekistan", "On trade unions, guarantees of their rights and activities", "On non-governmental nonprofit organizations", "On citizens' self-government bodies", "On political parties", "On state funds", "On the financing of political parties", "On guarantees of the activities of non-governmental organizations", "On the media" and "On public supervision". Today, starting from January 2020, 10,462 NGOs and more than 2,200 religious organizations and about 2,000 media outlets in various fields operate in the country. To date, more than 200 regulations on the activities of public organizations have been adopted. However, it is really good to increase their number. Nevertheless, despite the fact that there are enough opportunities in society, their activities are not at the level required by democratic principles. For example, the President of Uzbekistan Sh.M.Mirziyoyev expressed the following opinion about the current state of political parties: They must abandon lofty rhetoric and win the trust of our people and electorate with concrete practical work".7
Indeed, party leaders talk about what they are doing, but in practice the results are not visible. However, political parties are an important institution of civil society that supports the social stratum. But they forgot their true mission. Only they are engaged in educational activities for the sake of reporting, for the sake of prestige.
The role of mass media in the development of civil society is great. As a result of the Internet, which has become an important, integral part of our life, people are misinformed. Today, the number of users of social networks on the Internet in Uzbekistan has exceeded 20 million. About 2 million daily users are active on social networks (Facebook, Instagram, Telegram). There are also positive aspects to this. But a social network is not a place where you can say whatever you want and spread the information you want. There are rules for use. Unfortunately, some do not follow this. Cases of mass insults and slander about trifles are increasing. As a result, 37,805 people were prosecuted on charges of mass libel and insult in 2017 and 41,841 people in the first half of 2019.8
Nowadays, the need and requirements for the media are growing. It is necessary to improve the quality of the media, not their quantity. The press, one of the oldest media in our journalism, really should be at the forefront of the development of civil society.
Thus, the development of civil society was not completed either during the transition period, or in
3 Темур тузуклари.-Тошкент: Узбекистан, 2018. -Б.145.
4 Гегель Г. В. Ф. Философия права. М., Мысль, 1990. -С.418.
5 Учение Аристотеля о государстве и праве//https://uz.istanbulbearorg/uchenie-aristotelya-o-gosudarstve-i-prave-14245.
6 Киргизбоев М.Сиёсатшунослик.-Тошкент: Янги
аср авлоди, 2013.-Б.184.
7 Президент Шавкат Мирзиёевнинг Олий Мажлис палаталари, сиёсий партиялар хамда Узбекистан экологик ^аракати вакиллари билан видеоселектор йигилишидаги маърузаси. 13.07.2017 й.// https://www.gazeta.uz/uz /2017/07/13/partiyalar/.
8 https://xs.uz/uz/post/shov-shuv-ortidan-quvib-khatoga-jol-qojmang
20 East European Scientific Journal #4(68), 2021 developing countries. Civil society is based on the rule of law. When there is growth in a state with a civil society. The main idea of the holy book of Zoroastrianism, Avesto, is that "good thoughts, good intentions, good deeds" are the spiritual foundation of any society and human relations. Civil society is expressed in mutual support and attitude of people to each other, as well as in the fact that people do not depend on each other, do not put pressure on each other. For example, in Uzbekistan, the fact that people and families helped each other in the destruction of a dam in the Sardoba region in May 2020 has become a mass movement.
For the development of civil society, it is advisable to be fair, uphold the rule of law and raise people's morale and knowledge. The great ruler and philosopher Abu Ali ibn Sina (Avicenna) said that "the high value of spiritual and moral values ensures not only all-round prosperity, but also justice and stability in society" is one of the elements of civil society.9
Of course, the spirituality of civil society is shaped by the people of a highly moral country. In Amir Temur's "Temur's rules" I also did good to the good people of every country, expelled evil, corrupt and immoral people from my country. I entrusted decent deeds to humble and mean people and did not let them go too far. Respecting great and noble deeds, I contributed to their career".10
In short, countries in transition are facing many challenges in building civil society. The
underdevelopment of the political and legal culture of the population, the fact that their political parties and other civil society institutions are not yet fully developed, is the reason why their economic potential is not good. Therefore, there is a need to expand the scope of scientific and fundamental research in this area.
References:
1. Президент Шавкат Мирзиёевнинг Олий Мажлис палаталари, сиёсий партиялар хамда Узбекистан экологик ^аракати вакиллари билан видеоселектор йигилишидаги маърузаси. 13.07.2017 й. // https://www.gazeta.uz/uz /2017/07/13/partiyalar/.
2. Абу Наср Форобий. Фозил одамлар ша^ри. -Тошкент: Абдулла Крдирий номидаги халк мероси нашрёти, 1993.-Б.154.
3. Темур тузуклари. - Тошкент: Fофур Fулом нашриети, 1996.-Б. 24.
4. Юсуф Хос Х,ожиб. Кутадгу билиг. -Тошкент, 2007. - Б.68.
5. Киргизбоев М. Сиёсатшунослик. -Тошкент: Янги аср авлоди, 2013. -Б.184.
6. Гегель Г. В. Ф. Философия права. М., Мысль, 1990. -С.418.
7. Учение Аристотеля о государстве и праве//https://uz.istanbulbear.org/uchenie-aristotelya-o-gosudarstve-i-prave-14245.
UDC 35.078.42
Pechenkin I. V.
Educational and Scientific Institute of Public Administration and Civil Service of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
PECULIARITIES OF EU COUNTRIES NORMATIVE-LEGAL PROVISION ON REGULATION OF THE SPHERE OF APPEAL OF SERVICE ACTIVITY OF PUBLIC AUTHORITIES:
EXPERIENCE FOR UKRAINE.
Abstract. The study examines the most advanced results for Ukraine of digitalization of public administration in European countries and the regulation of procedures for appealing the service activities of public authorities in international regulations, which should be an example for the formation of a strategy for digital transformation.
Key words: foreign experience, European practices of appealing administrative procedures, digital transformation of public administration, appeal mechanisms, service activities of public authorities.
This article explores and analyzes the development of normative regulation of service complaints procedures of public authorities in international regulations and international strategies for the digital transformation of perspective for implementation in Ukraine. Ukraine has ratified some of the international norms in this area and they have become a part of national legislation, but the practice of their application needs to be improved and transparent public control over its implementation. The purpose of the article is to assess the international experience in appealing against the service activities of public
authorities by means of digital technologies. The urgency of the topic lies in the need to codify national legislation to ensure full, convenient and reasonable use of the procedure for ensuring the rights of citizens in legal relations with public authorities. According to the results of the research, tools for the use of foreign practices, digital transformation of public administration and mechanisms for appealing the service activities of public authorities are proposed.
Formulation of the problem. The global crisis caused by the CoVid-19 virus pandemic has changed the ordered life of the world community. The public
9 https://hozir.org/zbekiston-respublikasi-olij-va-rta-
mahsus-talim-vazirligi-andi.html?page=3
10Темур тузуклари.-Тошкент: Fофур Fулом нашриети,1996.-Б. 24.
