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1.3. МЕХАНИЗМЫ И ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ИНФОРМАТИЗАЦИИ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО ПРОСТРАНСТВА
УДК 004.42
ELECTRONIC TEXTBOOK AS A MEAN OF NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
M.J. Zaripova
The article deals with one of the ways of the process of informatizations the society and education -creation and usage of electronic textbook in practice. There being conducted analysis of the possibilities of usage of electronic textbook in teaching process and given the evaluation of their efficiency. The structure of electronic textbook is being defined. The main stages and technology of creation of electronic textbook are described. There being considered and analyzed the applied software, necessary for creation and further usage of electronic textbook.
Key words: Electronic textbook, textbook, checking the knowledge, tasks of designing.
The development of information technology has given new, unique possibility of conducting lesson - introducing distance form of education. Firstly, it allows the learner to choose time and place for learning; secondly enables to get education the people deprived to get traditional education depending on that or other reasons, thirdly, use in teaching new information technologies, fourthly, in some level cuts down expenses on education. On the other hand, distance education intensifies the possibility to personalization of teaching.
Due to development in Uzbekistan distance form of education appears the need in provision the students with qualitative didactic material. The didactic material in distance form of education must correspond to the following criterias:
- the completeness of information on teaching subject;
- the simplicity of usage;
- compactness;
- mobility;
- the elements of minimum control.
As a rule, electronic textbooks are used in distance form of education. The value of these textbooks are: their mobility, accessibility connected with the development of computer networks, adequacy of level of development of modern scientific knowledge. On the other hand, creation of electronic textbook promotes the solution of such problems, as constant renovation of information material as well. They can also contain a number of exercises and example, illustrate in details in dynamics of different types of information. Besides, with the help of
electronic textbook there realized checking the knowledge - a computer testing.
There exists a number of definitions of the notion "electronic textbook", here are some of them:
- it is computer, pedagogical programmes facility, intended, firstly, for presentation of new information, complementing printed edition, serving for individual and individualized teaching and allowing in limited measure to test the obtained knowledge and skills of trained [1];
- it is an electronic educational course, containing systematic interpretation of teaching discipline or its section, part, corresponding to state standard and teaching programme and officially approved as given type of publishing [2];
- it is complex information, methodical and programme facility, which is intended for study of a separate subject and usually includes the questions and tasks for self-verification and checking the knowledge, as well as provides the feedback [3];
- the main educational electronic publishing created on high scientific and methodical level, completely corresponding to educational standard of professions and directions, definied by didactic unit of standard and programme [4].
Since, the absence of united opinion and accordingly general rules of electronic textbook, necessary clearly to define the distinguishing points of the electronic textbook from printed. First, each printed textbook (on paper carrier) is intended on determined source level of preparation of student and expects the final level of education. Electronic textbook on concrete
teaching subject can contain the material of several levels of difficulties. Herewith it will completely be installed on one lazer compact disk, containing illustrations and animation to text, multiversional tasks for checking the knowledge in interactive mode for each level. Secondly, visuality in electronic textbook is significantly higher than in printed. It is provided by using electronic textbook multimedia technology: animation, sound accompaniment, hyperreference, video topics etc. Thirdly, the electronic textbooks are opened system by structure. Their possible be complement, corrected, modified in the process of usage [5]. We’ll consider the main requirements to electronic textbook:
- Requirements to text information. The electronic textbook must contain only minimum text information whereas, long reading of the text on the screen brings to significant fatigue and as effect to reduction of the perception and assimilation of knowledges. The electronic textbook must contain the hyper-reference on element of the textbook and possibly have references to other electronic textbooks and reference books. It is advisable to have a content with quick transition to necessary page.
- Requirements to graphic information. The electronic textbook must contain a big amount of illustrative material. Moreover, graphic scenes must be designed as simply as possible and correspond to the size of the screen or window on screen.
- Requirements to linking of teaching material. The electronic textbook must allow to do the bookmarks in any place, display the list of bookmarks, having sorted them in any order. In electronic textbook must have the list of recommended literatures, published in traditional, printed way. The list of literatures can be complemented not only with reference to article in journals, collection scientific conference and others, but as well as on electronic publications, placed on server of educational institution or in network of Internet [1].
However, at present there exists well worked out methodology of creation of computer training system. As any methodology of designing, it includes variety of consequent stages, we’ll consider these stages:
Determination of aims and tasks of designing. The starting points in creation of electronic textbooks are didactic purposes and tasks,
for achievement and solution of which are used information technologies. Depending on the purpose of education electronic textbooks can be of the following types:
- subject-oriented electronic textbooks;
- subject-oriented electronic simulators with referential teaching material;
- electronic automated systems of checking.
Designing of the structure of the electronic textbook. The structure in generally accepted understanding (from Latin "struktura" - a construction, location, order) - a collection of firm relation of the object, providing its wholeness. With the assumption of definition, at designing of electronic textbook it requires to work out its construction first, order of the following of the teaching material, choose the main supporting point of the future textbook. The main condition is that all sections of the course and their components are interconnected, be in general programme envelope, moreover each component in specified sections of electronic textbook is available to user from any other component [2].
Designing of the content on sections and themes of electronic textbook. The notion about the contents of the electronic textbook is a part of notion of the contents of education, in which is understood system of knowledge, ability, skills mastering of that provides the development of mental abilities of a student. At designing of the content on sections and themes of electronic textbook there necessary:
- select the main core of teaching material,
- select the secondary moments in study of teaching material,
- select the relations with other themes of educational course,
- select the practical different-leveled multiversional tasks on each theme,
- select illustrations, graphs, demonstrations, animation and videofragments to notion, formulation, event and etc. [6]
Preparing the scenario of separate programmes of the electronic textbook. The scenario of electronic textbook is a screenby distribution of the content of educational course and its processional part within the framework of programme structures of different level and purposes.
Processional part includes all necessary to present on screen of the monitor for opening and demonstration of the profound part.
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The programme structures of different level are components of multimedia technology: hypertext, animation, sound, graphics etc.
Realization of electronic textbook on computer. There can be selected several groups of systems for creating the electronic textbooks:
1. Systems created on the base of traditional programming languages.
Example - programming languages: Delphi, C++, Visual Basic, Java.
Positive point: high speed of designing (visual part, usage of libraries); ready product of small sizes; possibility of computer resource usage.
Negative point: necessary high level of knowledge on programming language; difficulty of accompaniment and support.
Output: for designing of electronic textbooks on the basis of this group there needed the help of programmer.
2. Systems based on use of tools of the general-purpose.
Example - a package of Microsoft Office.
Positive point: special knowledge in the field of programming is not required; high speed of designing; obtained products are not resource-capacity; possibility of insertion of object of other programme packages.
Negative point: unfriendly interface; result are documents in electronic type.
Output: result of designing is not electronic textbook, but only usual document in electronic type.
3. Systems consisting of multimedia facilities.
Example - video- and audio-files.
Positive point: visuality of teaching material; increasing assimilation of material; availability of free programme package on creating files in these formats; low cost of multimedia device; special knowledge is not required.
Negative point: significant sizes of final products.
Output: for textbook of this group it requires carriers of big volume that obstructs the transmission of information in distance.
4. Systems based on use of hyper textual and hypermedia facilities.
Example - pages in Internet, sites.
Positive point: possibility of viewing on any computer; compactness.
Negative point: special knowledge is required creating the pages.
Output: for designing the electronic textbooks on the basis of this group the help webmaster is needed.
Approbation of the electronic textbook. After creating the electronic textbook very well if teachers can work with it, for use of which in teaching process it was designed. The electronic textbook is also required to be approbated in condition of educational institution, for which it was created.
Adjustment on the results of approbations. Adjustment of the programs of the electronic textbook is conducted due to result of approbations.
Preparing a methodical manual for user. Preparing a methodical manual for teacher finishes the work on creating the electronic textbook. It can contain the following materials: content of separate programme modules; the tasks, tests proposed after study of each subject; sample thematic planning with indication of the place of usage of given electronic textbook; the instruction for work with electronic textbook; necessary computer configuration for installation of the electronic textbook. The manual can be recorded on electronic carrier, or published on paper carrier.
Example of the electronic textbook, on the basis of traditional programming languages, designed at the chair of "Applied mathematics and informatics" of Termez State University, is ET "Informatics". The main material of the textbook defines the necessary volume of the knowledge, which must possess the students, in accordance with curriculum and state standard. The textbook has a block structure and contains the following chapters: "Introduction", "Lecture course", "Practical course", "Questions", "Tests", "Supplementary source". Some chapters, in turn, are divided into sections and subsections. In each chapter (section, subsection) the material is given in strict logical sequence, with reference to supplementary source or information, stated in the other block of the textbook. The interface of the programme product intuitively comprehensible. All actions are easily remembered, do not require a long habituation. The simplicity of the structure provides the absence of exhausting procedures of searching for necessary information.
ET "Informatics" was created in programming system of Visual Basic 6.0. The main value of this programming language is that it optimally combines in itself simplicity of usage, accessibility and big set of the varied possibilities, allowing cover all main areas to programmer's activity.
For checking the knowledge in electronic textbook is designed a testing system. Correctly constructed testing system allows evaluate the knowledge of a student on all sections of studying course. Practice of using ET and results of the testing have shown that students qualitatively adopt the material. Thereby, development of information technology gives the wide possibilities for invention of new methods in education and allows to raise its quality.
The designed electronic textbook will be of interest to students, raise their motivation in study of the educational course, give a chance to teacher adequately evaluate the level of knowledge of students despite from external factors. Besides, given study can also be a methodical recommendation for teachers of HEI (Higher Education Institutions) on formation of electronic textbook on teaching course.
The perspectives of further studies is designing and experimental checking of new graphic ambience on creation of electronic textbook, not requiring special knowledge in the field of programming.
Literature
1. Tyschenko O.B. New facility of computer education - an electronic textbook // Computers in education process. 1999. № 10. Pp. 89-92.
2. Baranova Yu.Yu., Perevalova E.A., Tyuri-na E.A., Chadin A.A. Methods of using electronic textbook in educational process // Informatics and education. 2000. № 8.
3. Sherpaev N.V. Electronic textbook as a base of teaching-methodical complex. Conference materials "ITO-2002". M., 2002.
4. Khristochevski S.A. Electronic multimedia textbooks and encyclopedia // Informatics and education. 2000. № 2.
5. Zaynutdinova L.Kh. Creation and using of electronic textbook (on example of general technical disciplines Astrakhan: Publishing house CNTEP, 1999. P. 363.
6. Bashmakov A.I., Bashmakov I.A. Designing of computer textbook and training system. M.: Information-publishing house "Filin'", 2003. P. 616.
УДК 371.3
ПРОЕКТНО-ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКАЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ В РАБОТЕ С ОДАРЕННЫМИ ДЕТЬМИ
М.К. Алферьева
В работе рассмотрены следующие направления проектно-исследовательской деятельности в работе с одаренными детьми: решение задач прикладного характера, способствующих формированию компетентности во взаимодействии «человек-человек», «человек-компьютер», разработка и участие в творческих проектах с привлечением знаний из других предметных областей, участие в дистанционных обучающих олимпиадах, участие в интернет-конференциях, форумах, дистанционных конкурсах.
Ключевые слова: проектно-исследовательская деятельность, одаренные дети, метод проектов
Необходимым условием для формирования современных ключевых компетенций учащихся в творческой образовательной среде школы является организация проектноисследовательской деятельности на уроках и внеурочное время.
Проектно-исследовательская деятельность развивает у учащихся общеучебные умения, навыки и способы деятельности: поиск и извлечение нужной информации по заданной теме в источниках различного типа, умение осознанно обосновывать суждения,
давать определение, приводить доказательства, объяснение изученных положений на самостоятельно подобранных конкретных примерах, владение основными видами публичных выступлений и др.
Предметные умения, навыки и способы деятельности, такие, как поиск и передача информации, проведение компьютерного эксперимента, создание информационных объектов, презентация результатов деятельности, применение средств ИКТ в повседневной жизни и др.
