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ОРИГИНАЛНИ НАУЧНИ ЧЛАНЦИ ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ НАУЧНЫЕ СТАТЬИ ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPERS
ELECTRODEPOSITION, CHARACTERIZATION AND CORROSION INVESTIGATIONS OF GALVANIC TIN-ZINC LAYERS FROM PYROPHOSPHATE BATHS
Milena D. Stopica, Bernd G. Friedrichb
a MEAB Chemie Technik GmbH, Aachen, Germany, e-mail: milena@meab-mx.com, ORCID iD: ©http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2877-6236, b IME Process Metallurgy and Metal Recycling, RWTH Aachen University, Germany, e-mail: bfriedrich@ime-aachen.de, ORCID iD: ©http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2934-2034
DOI: 10.5937/vojtehg64-10578
FIELD: Chemical Technology, Electrochemistry, Corrosion ARTICLE TYPE:Original Scientific Paper ARTICLE LANGUAGE: English
Summary:
Tin-zinc alloy deposits are recognised as a potential alternative to toxic cadmium as corrosion resistant coatings. Tin-zinc alloy layers offer outstanding corrosion protection for steel by combining the barrier protection of tin with the galvanic protection of zinc. Tin-zinc coatings have been used on the chassis of electrical and electronic apparatus and on critical automotive parts such as fuel and brake line components. In this study, tin-zinc alloy deposits were successfully prepared from alkaline, pyrophosphate-based electrolytes. The plating process gives a compact and fine grained deposit. The desired proportions of tin and zinc in the deposited alloy are determined by the bath composition and the operating conditions during plating. Three electrode systems were used for the electrochemical investigation. The mechanism of Sn-Zn electrodeposition was studied by linear and cyclic voltammetry. The corrosion parameters, including open-circuit potential-time curves, corrosion potential and corrosion current density of electrodeposited tin-zinc alloys of different compositions have been examined in a brine medium containing 3 wt. % NaCl. The corrosion resistance depends on the plating composition. The Sn-28Zn deposit showed the best anticorrosive properties.
Key words: electrodeposition, corrosion, galvanic layers, zinc, tin.
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Introduction
Because of outstanding corrosion resistance, tin-zinc layers are mostly used in aerospace, automobile and electrical applications replacing toxic cadmium (Ashiru and Shirokoff, 1996, pp.159-169). The previously used cadmium is not permitted for usage, except for military applications. Additionally, tin-zinc layers have shown excellent solderability and high electrical conductivity.
Because of some disadvantages, the previously mostly used sodium stannate-zinc cyanide plating bath was not widely accepted for industrial applications. In this work, tin-zinc layers were produced in analkaline, non-cyanide, pyrophosphate-based bath. This work contains a description of the synthesis of tin-zinc layers, a detailed analysis of the influence of the deposition parameters and the mechanism of synthesis, a morphological characterization of the formed layers and their corrosion stability. The studied electrolyte contains tin sulphate, zinc sulphate, potassium pyrophosphate as a complexing agent and an additive of gelatine. The formation of tin-zinc layers was performed in a Hull cell. At the same time, X-ray fluorescence was used for a chemical analysis of the electrochemically formed layers. The analyses of the corrosion stability via the open-circuit potential-time curves, the corrosion potential and the corrosion current density of the electrodeposited tin-zinc layers with different chemical compositions have been performed in a brine medium containing 3 wt. % NaCl.
The most important aim of this study was to find a relationship between the process-determining parameters and the characteristics of the electrochemically formed Sn-Zn-layers.
The following partial activities were performed:
• Process design and the analysis of the influence of different parameters on the synthesis of Sn-Zn layers
• Determination of deposition kinetics as well as the stability (corrosion resistance) of the formed Sn-Zn layers
• Investigation of the metal distribution as well as the morphology of layers depending on the chemical composition of the baths used
Synthesis of tin-zinc layers in the Hull cell
The Hull cells are small transportable electrolytic cells. The simulation of different electrochemical processes was mostly performed in the Hull cell. The investigations of electroplating were performed in a range of current density (Andrle and Jelinek, 2007). As the anode plate and the cathode test panel are placed along the non-parallel sides, it is possible to investigate different current densities at the same time in only one performed experiment (Figure 1).
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Cathode
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Figure 1 - Principle of work for the Hull cell (Volume of 250 ml) Рис. 1 - Принцип работы ячейки Хулла(на объем 250 мл) Slika 1 - Princip rada Hulove celije (zapremine 250 ml)
The container of the Hull cell consists of a non-conductive material (e.g., Plexiglas). A brass or steel test panel is usually used as a cathode (cathode dimensions: 0.3 x 70 x 100 mm). The anode material is adjusted to the used electrolyte. As an anode,either a soluble anode based on the material to be coated can be used or an unsoluble anode made from the material such as stainless steel or lead (anode dimensions: 3 x 70 x 65 mm).
Influence of different parameters on Sn-Zn electroplating
• Influence of the metal ion concentration
The concentration of alloying elements in an electrolyte has an important influence on the chemical composition of formed coatings (Despic, & Jovic, 1996, pp.239-248). The metal ion concentration in a bath can be varied in three different ways (Vitkova, et al. 1996, pp.226-231):
1. Change of the metal ions ratio, in which the total metal content stays constant
2. Change of the total metal content, in which the metal ion ratio stays constant
3. Change of the concentration of one alloying element, in which the concentration of the other element stays constant
The chemical compositions of the baths studied are given in Table 1.
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Table 1 - Variations of the metal and complexing agent concentration in the baths Таблица 1 - Варианты концентрации металлов и сплавов для покрытия ванны Tabela 1 - Varijacije koncentracije metala i kompleksirajuceg sredstva u kupatilima
metal content total metal content Sn2+ + Zn2+ complexing agent content P2O74-
Sn2+ Zn2+
[mol/l] [g/l] [mol/l] [g/l] [mol/l] [g/l] [mol/l] [g/l]
0.05 5.9 0.05 3.3 0.1 9.2 0.25 43.5
0.1 6.5 0.15 12.4 0.375 65.2
0.15 9.8 0.2 15.7 0.5 87
0.2 13 0.25 18.9 0.625 108.7
• Influence of temperature
The variation of temperature affects the polarization of the electrode and, consequently,the deposition potential. The influence of temperature on the chemical composition of deposited layers and cathodic efficiency was studied at 40°C and 60°C.
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Experimental work and procedure
For each experiment, a freshly prepared electrolyte was used. The main components in the bath were metal salts: tin sulphate (as 95.5 % SnSO4) and zinc sulphate (as ZnSO4 * 7H2O), as well as potassium pyrophosphate (as 98 % K4P2O7) as a complexing agent.Firstly, a volume of 200 ml de-ionized water was put into a glass beaker placed on a heating plate with a magnetic stirrer. After a heating up to 60°C, the complexing agent was firstly added in order to be completely dissolved. Then the metal salts were put into the glass beaker and filled to 300 ml with de-ionized water. The prepared electrolyte was finally added to the Hull cell, where the pH value was adjusted. Finally, the filled electrolyte was mixed with gelatin hydrolysate.The experimental work was performed in the equipment shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 - Electroplating in the Hull cell Рис. 2- Гальванизация в ячейке Хулла Slika 2 - Galvanizacija u Hulovoj celiji
The electroplating parameters in the Hull cell are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 - Electroplating parameters in the Hull cell Таблица 2 - Параметры гальванического покрытия в ячейке Хулла Tabela 2 - Parametri galvanizacije u Hulovoj celiji
Deposition conditions in the Hull cell
Duration 20 min
Current strenght 1 A
pH-value 9.3
Additive gelatine 1 g/l
Anode stainless steel
Cathode carbon steel
Flow conditions without bath stirring
The characterization of layers was performed using the X-ray fluorescence analysis XRF, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy EDXS. The X-ray fluorescence
analysis was used for the determination of the thickness and the chemical composition of the prepared Zn-Sn layers. The measurements were performed using aFischerscope X-ray-XDL-device (Company Fischer, Germany). Before the measurement, a required calibration was done using the Fischer standards. The morphology of the deposits and the elemental composition was examined with a ZEISS DSM 982 Gemini scanning electron microscope with an EDX-System, Oxford.
Observations, results and discussion
of the Sn-Zn electrodeposition in the Hull cell
During the experimental work, the gas formation was observed on both electrodes. The foam formation on the bath surface was observed during the electroplating process. The experimental design in the Hull cell with the simplified anode and cathode reactions is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3 - Schematic illustration of the anode and cathode reactions in the Hull cell Рис. 3- Схема реакций анода и катода в ячейке Хулла Slika 3 - Sematski prikaz reakcija anode i katode u Hulovoj celiji
All coatings have a bright gray/silver appearance. The influence of the addition of gelatine was investigated, as well. In the absence of gelatine, a gray sponge-like layer was formed in the range of the studied current density (as shown in Figure 4).
Figure 4 - Illustration of the Sn-Zn layer surface obtained from an electrolyte with 0.05 mol/l Zn; 0.05 mol/l Sn and 0.25 mol/l K4P2O7 at pH = 9.3 with 1 g/l gelatine (left) and in the absence of gelatine (right) (Working parameters: 1A; 60°C; 20 min.) Рис. 4 - Поверхностный слой покрытия Sn-Zn, полученный из электролита при 0.05 mol/l Zn; 0.05 mol/l Sn и 0.25 mol/l K4P2O7 при значении pH = 9.3 с применением 1 g/l желатина (слева) и без применения желатина (справа)
(рабочие параметры: 1A, 60°C; 20 мин.) Slika 4 - Ilustracija povrsine sloja Sn-Zn dobijena iz elektrolita sa 0.05 mol/l Zn; 0.05 mol/l Sn i 0.25 mol/l K4P2O7 pri vrednosti pH = 9.3 sa1 g/l Zelatina (levo) i u odsustvu Zelatina (desno) (Radni parametri: 1A, 60°C; 20 min)
In Figure 5, a dependency of the chemical composition of the Sn-Zn layers on the electrolyte chemical compositionand the current density is presented. An increase in the current density and the zinc content in the bath led to a decrease of the Sn-content in the deposited Sn-Zn coatings in all cases.
Figure 5 - Tin content in the Sn-Zn layers, depending on the zinc content in the bath and current density, at 60°C; pH = 9.3 with 0.05 mol/l Sn, c(P2O74-)/ c(Sn2+ + Zn2+)= 2.5 and 1 g/l gelatine; 1 A, 20 min. Рис. 5 - Содержание олова в покрытии Sn-Zn, зависит от содержания цинка в ванной и плотности токана 60°C; при значении pH = 9.3 с 0.05 mol/l Sn, c(P2O74-) / c(Sn2+ + Zn2+)= 2.5 и 1 g/l желатина; 1 A, 20 мин. Slika 5 - Sadrzaj kalaja u slojevima Sn-Zn, zavisno od sadrzaja cinka u kupatilu i gustine struje na 60°C; pri vrednosti pH = 9.3 sa 0.05 mol/l Sn, c(P2O74-)/ c(Sn2+ + Zn2+)= 2.5 i 1 g/l zelatina; 1 A, 20 min.
For nearly all studied current densities, the electroplating at 40°C in comparison to that at 60°C led to a decreased content of tin in the layer (Figure 6). This is probably connected with a faster dissociation of the zinc pyrophosphate complex compared to that of the tin pyrophosphate complex, at higher temperature.
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Figure 6 - Tin content in the Sn-Zn-layer depending on temperature and current density (electroplated from an electrolyte with 0.05 mol/l Sn; 0.1 mol/l Zn; 0.375 mol/l K4P2O7 and 1 g/l gelatine; pH = 9.3; Hull cell: 1A; 20 min.) Рис. 6 - Содержание олова в покрытии Sn-Zn, зависит от температуры и плотности тока (электрохимическое осаждение из электролита 0.05 mol/l Sn; 0.1 mol/l Zn; 0.375 mol/l K4P2O7 с при применении 1g/l желатина; pH = 9.3; ячейка Хулла: 1 A, 20 мин.) Slika 6 - Sadrzaj kalaja u Sn-Zn sloju, zavisno od temperature i gustine struje (elektrohemijski natalozeno iz elektrolita sa 0.05mol/l Sn; 0.1 mol/l Zn; 0.375 mol/l K4P2O7 i 1 g/l zelatina; pH = 9.3; Hulova celija: 1A; 20 min)
As shown in Figure 7, the deposited layer thickness and, consequently,the current efficiency increased with an increase in temperature from 40°C to 60°C. This behavior can be explained by an inhibition of diffusion of metal ions for discharging from the electrolyte inside the cathode, as well as by a greater reaction overvoltage at a lower temperature, which is caused through a slow dissociation of metal complexes. The increase in the current density led to a reduction in the cathodic current efficiency, which can be caused by the hydrogen favored deposition at higher current densities, probably provoked by the decrease of metal ions to be discharged at the cathode.
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Figure 7 - Cathodic current efficiency and thickness of the Sn-Zn-layer depending on temperature and current density (electroplating from an electrolyte with 0.05 mol/l Sn; 0.1 mol/l Zn; 0.375 mol/l K4P2O7 and 1 g/l gelatine; pH = 9.3; 1A; 20 min.)
Рис. 7 - Эффективность катодного тока и толщина Sn-Zn слоя покрытия зависят от температуры и плотности тока (электрохимическое осаждение из электролита 0.05 mol/l Sn; 0.1 mol/l Zn; 0.375 mol/l K4P2O7 с при применении 1g/l желатина;
pH = 9.3; 1 A, 20 мин.) Slika 7 - Efikasnost struje katode i debljina Sn-Zn sloja zavisno od temperature i gustine struje (elektrohemijsko talozenje iz elektrolita sa 0.05 mol/lSn; 0.1 mol/lZn; 0.375 mol/lK4P2O7 i1 g/l zelatina; pH = 9.3; 1A; 20 min)
The EDXS analysis of the electrochemically deposited Sn-Zn-layers has confirmed the presence of both metals (Figure 8).
Figure 8 - EDX-spectrum of the Sn-Zn layer electrochemically deposited from an electrolyte with 0.05 mol/l Sn; 0.1 mol/l Zn; 0.375 mol/l K4P2O7 and 1 g/l gelatine (60°C; pH = 9.3; 20 min) at 2 A/dm2 Рис. 8 - EDX спектр Sn-Zn слоев, осажденных при электрохимическом процессе из электролита с 0.05 mol/l Sn; 0.1 mol/l Zn; 0.375 mol/l K4P2O7 и1 g/l желатина (60°C; pH=9.3; 20 мин.); pri 2 A/dm2 Slika 8 - EDX spektar Sn-Zn sloja natalozenog elektrohemijskim procesom iz elektrolita sa 0.05 mol/l Sn; 0.1 mol/l Zn; 0.375 mol/l K4P2O7 i 1 g/l zelatina (60°C; pH = 9.3; 20 min) pri 2 A/dm2
The SEM images of the Sn-Zn layers, deposited in two different baths at 2 A/dm2 and 4 A/dm2 are presented in Figure 9 and Figure 10. The SEM analysis of the Sn-Zn layers shows a fine-grained structure. An increase of the Zn-content in the layer led to the formation of a rough granular structure.
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13 um SnZn42- Layer / 4 A/dm:
Figure 9 - SEM analysis of the Sn-Zn layers obtained from an electrolyte with 0.05 mol/l Sn; 0.1 mol/l Zn; 0.375 mol/l K4P2O7 and 1 g/l gelatine (60°C; pH=9.3; 20 min.); magnification: 1.000 x Рис. 9 - SEM анализ Sn-Zn слоев, полученных из электролита с 0.05 mol/l Sn; 0.1 mol/l Zn; 0.375 mol/l K4P2O7 и 1 g/l желатина (60°C; pH=9.3; 20 мин.);
масштаб увеличения: 1.000 x Slika 9 - SEM analiza Sn-Zn slojeva dobijenih iz elektrolita sa 0.05 mol/l Sn; 0.1 mol/l Zn; 0.375 mol/l K4P2O7 i 1 g/l zelatina (60°C; pH=9.3; 20 min.);
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15 um SnZn62-Layer / 4 A/dm:
Figure 10 - SEM analysis of the Sn-Zn layers obtained from an electrolyte with 0.05 mol/l Sn; 0.2 mol/l Zn; 0.625 mol/l K4P2O7 and 1 g/l Gelatine (60°C; pH=9.3; 20 min);
magnification: 1.000 x Рис. 10 - SEM анализ Sn-Zn слоев, полученных из электролита с 0.05 mol/l Sn; 0.2 mol/l Zn; 0,625 mol/l K4P2O7 и 1 g/l желатина (60°C; pH=9.3; 20 мин.);
масштаб увеличения: 1.000 x Slika 10 - SEM analiza Sn-Zn slojeva dobijenih iz elektrolita sa 0.05mol/l Sn; 0.2 mol/l Zn; 0,625 mol/l K4P2O7 i 1 g/l zelatina (60°C; pH=9.3; 20 min.);
uvecanje: 1.000 x
A SnZn28layer was analyzed using the EDX analysis and a mapping function. Figure 11 shows a SEM image in gray. The element distribution images are shown in different colors: Zn-(red) and Sn-(green). The constituent parts are identified in the common layer in accordance wththeir ratios. The mixed elemental map shows that the layer is composed of a zinc layer located at the bottom and of many granules rich in tin. During the electrodeposition, zinc is preferentially deposited at the beginning, which is caused probably by an irregular co-deposition mechanism.
Figure 11 - SEM image and elemental maps in a SnZn28- layer (6 pm) Рис. 11 - SEM изображение и карточка элементов одного слоя SnZn28 (б pm) Slika 11 - SEM fotografija i mape elemenata u jednom sloju SnZn28 (6 pm)
Electrochemical studies of the electrodeposition of Sn-Zn layers
The most important aim of the electrochemical investigations is a detailed analysis of different partial processes in order to arrange and understand them. The electrochemical behavior is studied using the following methods:
• Linear-Sweep-Voltammetry (LSV)
• Cyclovoltammogrammetry /CV)
Experimental setup for measurements
The experimental setup for the recording of the current-potential curves contains the following components (as shown in Figure 12):
• electrochemical three-electrode cell
• waterbath with thermostat
• potentiostat (typ: Iviumsoft)
• electronic dataacquisition
Figure 12 - Experimental setup for the electrochemical measurement Рис. 12 - Экспериментальное оборудование для электрохимических измерений Slika 12 - Eksperimentalna oprema za elektrohemijsko merenje
The electrochemical cell consists of a double walled glass beaker of 100 ml volume, connected with a waterbath and covered by a plastic lid. The five bore holes on the lid are required for the positioning of three electrodes, a thermometer and an injection tube for gas. The usedmeasuringcellisshown in Figure 13.
Figure 13 - Temperature-controlled 100 ml glass measuring cell with a three electrode setup Рис. 13 - Стеклянная измерительная ячейка - 100 ml с контролируемой
температурой и тремя электродами Slika 13 - Staklena merna celija od 100 ml sa kontrolisanom temperaturom i povezane tri elektrode
In the voltammetric studies, a copper disc was used as a working electrode (surface area 0,785 cm2). The working electrode potentials were referred to as an Ag/AgCl electrode. The counter electrode was a platinum rod.
The cathodic current- potential curves of tin, zinc, and tin-zinc deposition from a pyrophosphate electrolyte are shown in Figure 14. In the mixed Sn-Zn electrolyte, the deposition began at a more positive potential in comparison with the electrolytes containing only one metal.
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sa 1 g/l zelatina
The cyclovoltammetry allows a determination of electrode kinetics in a wide potential range using only one measurement. All measurements were performed at a scan rate of 5 mV/s, scanning towards negative potentials. In Figure 15, the cyclic voltammograms obtained from pyrophosphate electrolytes are given. After comparing the single diagrams for pure zinc, pure tin and the Sn-Zn alloy, it can be concluded that, in the case of a co-deposition, the reduction peaks for both alloying elements were shifted about 100 mV to the positive potential value in comparison to the single deposition. This indicates that, in a mixed electrolyte, a strong interdependency happens between the adsorbed zinc and tin species.
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Figure 15 - Cyclic voltammogramms of zinc-, tin and tin-zinc electrodeposition in a pyrophosphate electrolyte with 0.05 mol/l Zn or/and 0.05 mol/l Sn, 0.25 mol/l K4P2O7 and 1g/l gelatine at 60°C and pH=9.3; AE: copper; v = 5 mV/s. The arrows indicate the scan direction. Рис. 15 - Циклическая вольтамперограмма электрохимических осаждений цинка, олова и сплава цинк-олово в пирофосфатном электролиту с 0.05 mol/l Zn и/или 0.05 mol/l Sn, 0.25 mol/l K4P2O7 и 1g/l желатина при 60°C и pH=9.3; AE: медь; v = 5 mV/s. Стрелка обозначает направление сканирования. Slika 15 - Ciklicni voltamogrami elektrohemijski natalozenog cinka, kalaja i legure cinka i kalaja u pirofosfatnom elektrolitu su 0.05 mol/l Zn i/ili 0.05 mol/l Sn, 0.25 mol/l K4P2O7 i 1g/l zelatinana 60°C i pH=9.3; AE: bakar; v = 5 mV/s. Strelica oznacava pravac skeniranja.
Electrochemical behavior of the Sn-Zn layers in 3 wt.%NaCl
The corrosion behavior of the Sn-Zn layers with different chemical compositions was studied by means of potentiodynamic polarization tests (Wang, Pickering, &Weil, 2004, pp.34-37). An evaluation of the corrosion parameters with the aid of the Tafel extrapolation method has shown that all investigated Sn-Zn layers can be utilized for the protection of steel
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substrate in chloride-containing media as a sacrificial anode (Taguchi, Bento &Mascaro, 2008, pp.727-733)
Between the three Sn-Zn layers, the layer with 28.5 wt. % zinc has exhibited the lowest corrosion rate (Table 3).
Table 3 - Comparison of the corrosion parameters of Sn-Zn layers obtained from different pyrophosphate baths (corrosion medium: 3 wt. % NaCl solution at room temperature) Таблица 3 - Сравнение коррозийных параметров покрытия из сплавов цинка и олова, полученных из различных пирофосфатных ванн (коррозийная среда: 3 вес % раствор NaCl при комнатной температуре) Tabela 3 - Poredenje korozivnih parametara slojeva legure cinka i kalaja dobijenih iz razlicitih pirofosfatnih kupatila (korozivna sredina: 3 tez% rastvor NaCl na sobnoj temperaturi)
Steel SnZn 13.5% SnZn 28,5% SnZn 48%
corrosion potential, VSCE -0.781 -1.159 -1.137 -1.18
corrosion current density, A/cm2 4.92E-07 2.92E-06 2.35E-06 5.43E-06
Conclusions
This work studied the electrodeposition of Sn-Zn layers from a weak alkaline sulphate-pyrophoshate electrolyte. The deposition of the layers was performed in the Hull cell. The electrochemical characterization was performed in a measuring cell with a three electrode setup employing Li near-Sweep-Voltammetry (LSV) und Cyclovoltammetry (CV). The corrosion behavior of the deposited Sn-Zn-layers was investigated using the potentiodynamic method in order to determine the current-potential curves.
The most important findings are presented below:
• During electroplating, a gas formation was observed on both electrodes. All coatings had a gray/silver bright look with a fine striation.
• The chemical composition of deposits varied depending on different bath compositions and current densities.
• An increase in current density and zinc content in the bath increased the content of zinc in the deposited Sn-Zn layer. For example, an increase in current density from 1 A/dm2 to 5 A/dm2 at the same chemical composition of the bath led to an increase of about 20 wt. % of zinc in the layer. At the same current density, an increase of tin content from 30 to 65 wt. % in the bath led again to an increase of tin content of about 35 wt % in the layer.
• An increase of current density led to a decrease of current efficiency at all studied bath compositions.
• The SEM analysis of the Sn-Zn layers showed a dense, finegrained structure. An increase of the zinc content influenced the formation of a rough crystalline arrangement.
• In the absence of gelatin-hydrolysate, the sponged structure was formed, which confirms that the limited current density was overpassed. An addition of colloid admixture led to a formation of smooth layers.
• In the mixed Sn-Zn electrolyte, the deposition began at the more positive potential in comparison to that for each single metal, which means that a strict interdependence exists between absorbed tin and zinc species. An increase of zinc in the bath led to a replacement of the deposition curves again to the negative values of potential.
• The obtained results of electrochemical investigations reveal that the corrosion potential of all studied Sn-Zn alloys was more negative than the one for the steel sample. Therefore, it is possible to use all three investigated tin-zinc alloys as an anode for protection of steel substrate in a chloride medium.
At the end of this conclusion, it might be pointed out that Sn-Zn-layers with good corrosion characteristics can be deposited from a sulfate-pyrophosphate bath (Stopic, 2015, pp.101). Using different characterization techniques (Hull cell, RFA-, SEM- and EDX-analysis, Linearsweep- und Cyclovoltammetry) enables a complete study of very important parameters and their interdependency (Dubent, et al. 2007, pp.146-152).
References
Andrle, C., &Jelinek, T.W. 2007. Hull-Zelle zur Untersuchung von galvanischen Elektrolyten. Eugen G. Leuze Verlag. ISBN 3-87480-224-8.
Ashiru, O.A., &Shirokoff, J. 1996. Electrodeposition and characterisation of tin-zinc alloy coatings. Applied Surface Science, 103, pp.159-169.
Despic, A.R., &Jovic, V.D. 1996. Formation of Metallic Materials of Desired Structure and Properties by Electrochemical Deposition. Materials Science Forum, 214, pp.239-248.
Dubent, S., de Petris-Wery, M., Saurat, M., &Ayedi, H.F. 2007.Composition control of tin-zinc electrodeposits through means of experimental strategies. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 104, pp.146-152.
Stopic, M. 2015. Abscheidung, Characterisierung und Korrosions untersuchungen von galvanischen Zinn-Zink-Schichten aus Pyrophosphatbädern. Shaker Verlag GmbH.
Taguchi, A.S., Bento, F.R., &Mascaro, L.H. 2008.Nucleation and Growth of Tin-Zinc Electrodeposits on a Polycrystalline Platinum Electrode in Tartaric Acid. J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 19(4), pp.727-733.
Vitkova, S., Ivanova, V., &Raichevsky, G. 1996.Electrodeposition of low tin content zinc-tin alloys. Surface and Coatings Technology, 82, pp.226-231.
Wang, K., Pickering, H.W., & Weil, K.G. 2004. Corrosion Behavior Of Electroplated Tin-Zinc Coatings. Plating & Surface Finishing, pp.34-37. January.
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ЭЛЕКТРОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ОСАЖДЕНИЯ, КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ И ИСПЫТАНИЯ КОРРОЗИИ ПОКРЫТИЯ НА ОСНОВЕ ЦИНКА И ОЛОВА, ОБРАЗОВАННОЙ НА ПОВЕРХНОСТИ ПИРОФОСФАТНОЙ ВАННЫ
Милена Д. Стопича, Бернд Г. Фридрих6 а MEAB Chemie Technik GmbH, Aachen, Germany, 6 IME Process Metallurgy and Metal Recycling, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
ОБЛАСТЬ: химические технологии, электрохимия, коррозия ВИДСТАТЬИ: оригинальная научная статья ЯЗЫКСТАТЬИ: английский
Резюме:
Покрытия из олова и цинка являются потенциальным аналогом токсичного кадмия для антикоррозийной защиты.
Покрытия на основе сплава олово-цинк являются отличной антикоррозийной защитой для стальных изделий. При осажде-ниев качестве барьерного слоя используется олово, а в качестве гальванического защитного слоя-цинк.
Покрытия на основе олово-цинк первоначально применялись для защиты шасси электрооборудования и электронной техники, а также для защиты критических автодеталей, напри-мер,тормозной системы.
В данной работе приведены результаты успешного применения сплава на основе олово-цинк в качестве покрытия пиро-фосфатных ванн.
Соответствующие пропорции сплава олова и цинка определены составом ванны и операционных параметров нанесения каждого отдельного слоя покрытия. Для электрохимических испытаний применялась ячейка из трех электродов.
Испытания механизма электрохимического осаждения Бп-Жп покрытия проводились линейной и циклической вольтаммограм-мой. Параметры коррозии, включая влияние потенциал-время, коррозийный потенциал и плотность тока коррозии электрохимические осаждения сплава олово-цинк различного состава тестировались в растворе с содержанием 3% Ыа01.
Коррозийная стойкость зависит от состава отдельных слоев. Слой, содержащий Бп-282п отличается лучшими антикоррозийными свойствами.
Ключевые слова: электрохимическое осаждение, коррозия, гальванические покрытия, цинк, олово.
ELEKTROHEMIJSKO TALOZENJE, KARAKTERIZACIJA I ISPITIVANJA KOROZIJE SLOJEVA NA BAZI CINKA I KALAJA NASTALIH TALOZENJEM IZ PIROFOSFATNIH KUPATILA
Milena D. Stopica, Bernd G. Friedrichb a MEAB Chemie Technik GmbH, Aachen, Germany,
b IME Process Metallurgy and Metal Recycling, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
OBLASTj hemijske tehnologije, elektrohemija, korozija VRSTA CLANKA: originalni naucni clanak JEZIK CLANKA: engleski
Sazetak:
Slojevi kalaja i cinka oznaceni su kao potencijalna alternativa za otrovni kadmijum koriscen kao zastitni korozivni sloj. Slojevi na bazi legure kalaj-cinka poseduju izuzetnu korozivnu zastitu za celik, kombinujuci zasti-tu koriscenog kalaja kao barijere zajedno sa galvanskom zastitom od cinka. Prevlake na bazi kalaja i cinka prvobitno su koriscene za sasije elek-tricnih i elektronskih aparatura ili za kriticne delove i kocione sisteme. U ovom radu legure na bazi kalaja i cinka uspesno su proizvedene iz baznih pirofosfatnihkupatila. Proces izdvajanja metala daje kompaktan i finozrna-sti deposit. Zeljeni odnosi cinka i kalaja u nanesenoj leguri odredjeni su od sastava kupatila i operacionih parametara tokom izdvajanja slojeva. Si-stem od tri elektrode koriscen je za elektrohemijska istrazivanja. Mehani-zam elektrohemijskog talozenja Sn-Zn sloja ispitivan je linearnom i ciklic-nom voltametrijom. Parametri korozije, ukljucujuci zavisnosti potencija— vreme, korozivni potencijal i gustinu struje korozije elektrohemijski taloze-ne kalaj-cink legure razlicitih sastava izvodeni su u rastvoru koji sadrzi 3% NaCl. Korozivna otpornost zavisi od sastava izdvojenog sloja, a sloj koji sadrzi Sn-28 Zn pokazao je najbolja antikorozivna svojstva.
Kljucne reci: elektrohemijsko talozenje, korozija, galvanski slojevi, cink, kalaj.
Paper received on / Дата получения работы / Datum prijema clanka: 26. 03. 2016. Manuscript corrections submitted on / Дата получения исправленной версии работы / Datum dostavljanja ispravki rukopisa: 10. 04. 2016.
Paper accepted for publishing on / Дата окончательного согласования работы / Datum konacnog prihvatanja clanka za objavljivanje: 12. 04. 2016.
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© 2016 Авторы. Опубликовано в "Военно-техническийвестник / Vojnotehnicki glasnik / Military Technical Courier" (www.vtg.mod.gov.rs, втг.мо.упр.срб). Данная статья в открытом доступе и распространяется в соответствии с лицензией "Creative Commons" (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/rs/).
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