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4EFFICIENCY OF TRACTOR PARK USAGE IN AGRICULTURE
Abstract
The relevance of the paper is caused by active development of agriculture in the Krasnodar Krai, efficiency of use of tractor park in agriculture. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the efficiency of use of tractor park in one of the agricultural organizations of the Krasnodar Krai. The leading method of the research is calculations of analytical and synthetic indicators of efficiency of use of tractor park. The research reflects an organizational-economic mechanism of efficiency increase of agricultural works. Materials can be useful to young scientists and experts, and representatives of agrarian-industrial complex.
Keywords
agriculture, efficiency, analysis, tractor park, the shift index, full day downtime
AUTHOR
Svetlana Mullinova
PhD in Economics, Associate Professor Accounting Department Kuban State Agrarian University Krasnodar, Russia s.muainova@maH.ru
The major and defining basis of material base of agriculture is fixed assets of production, which together with labor has the leading and crucial role. Therefore, the special attention should be paid to the analysis of use of tractor park, which occupies a considerable share of performance of agricultural works (Mullinova, 2004).
Rather full and objective assessment of use of tractor park can be given only by means of system of analytical and synthetic indicators, which development is an important methodological question. First, it is necessary to carry the private indicators characterizing extent of extensive loading of tractor park to this system.
The Krasnodar Krai is one of the most important agricultural regions of Russia. Fertile soils and favorable climatic conditions create wide opportunities for development of all branches of agricultural production (Mullinova, 2004).
Dynamics of cultivated areas in the agricultural organizations of the Krasnodar Krai testifies that crops grain and sugar beet increased by 8% and 2% respectively in 2013 in comparison with 2005. In 2013, the greatest specific weight fell on cultivated areas of corn on grain (339,8 thousand ha) and sunflower (301,2 thousand ha). In 2013 in comparison with 2010, gross collecting of corn by grain and sunflower increased on 1146 thousand tons or in 2,3 times and on 120 thousand tons or 17% according to (Mullinova, Kulish, 2008).
Based on the presented results (table 1), it is possible to note that every year indicators of gross collecting and productivity of main types of crops in the Krasnodar Krai tend to increase. According to Krasnodarstat, in 2014, gross collecting of grain in the agricultural organizations made 12% of gross collecting in the Russian Federation, sugar beet - 20%, seeds of sunflower and fruits - on 12% (Krasnodarstat, 2014).
It is possible to note that in 2012, there was a decrease in realization practically of all main types of production of plant growing in the agricultural organizations of the Krasnodar Krai. Realization of cereals and bean cultures made 5506 thousand tons. It is
lower than 2011 and 2013 on 1779 thousand tons (for 25%) and 1328 thousand tons (for 20%) accordingly (Mullinova, Smirnov, 2009). It was caused by adverse weather conditions and, as a result, a small harvest.
TABLE 1. DYNAMICS OF PRODUCTIVITY AND GROSS PRODUCTION OF MAIN TYPES OF CROPS IN THE AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS OF THE KRASNODAR KRAI
Corn on grain Sugar beet Sunflower
productivit gross productivit gross productivit gross
Years y, collecting, y, collecting, y, collecting,
centners thousand centners thousand centners thousand
per 1 tons per 1 tons per 1 tons
hectare hectare hectare
2000 24,5 314 227,2 2688 16,9 507
2005 44,1 827 327,9 3677 20,9 777
2010 36,4 863 369,4 6444 22,1 693
2011 51,1 1342 448,0 8035 24,1 721
2012 43,8 1690 432,0 7101 24,2 764
2013 59,1 2009 524,2 6046 27,0 813
2013 in % in 2,4 in 6,4 in 2,3 in 2,2 159,7 160,4
(times) times times times times
to 2000.
Nevertheless, in 2013, the proceeds from sales of goods, production, works and services in general in the agricultural organizations made 109792 million rubles, from them 72190 million rubles were the share of branch of plant growing. It is on 55686 million rubles more than in the branch of animal husbandry (Mullinova, 2004).
In the agricultural organizations of the Krasnodar Krai the big problem is insufficient security of the organizations with modern equipment, deficiency of hook-on and hinged tools for an aggregation with power saturated tractors (Mullinova, 2002).
TABLE 2. PROVISION WITH TRACTORS OF THE AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS
OF THE KRASNODAR KRAI
Years 2013 in
Indicator 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 % to 2000
Tractors on 1000 ga arable lands,
pieces 11,2 9,1 6,8 6,6 6,4 6,2 55,4
Arable land loads on one tractor,
hectare 89,5 109,3 147,0 151,4 156,4 161,6 180,6
On 100 tractors, pieces: - plows 36,2 34,0 31,8 32,5 31,4 31,5 87,0
- cultivators 44,0 46,0 47,8 48,0 48,6 49,0 111,4
- seeders 38,0 41,0 34,7 36,5 33,4 33,2 87,4
- tractor mowers 9,3 9,0 8,9 8,9 9,2 9,6 103,2
According to table 2, every year arable land loads of 1 tractor increase, because of reduction of tractor park, which in 2000 made 89,5 ha, and in 2013 - 161,6 ha. The indicator increased in 1,8 times. In 2013 in comparison with 2000, the tractor park in the agricultural organizations of the Krasnodar Krai decreased on 22471 pieces or by 55%. Thus, the greatest decrease was in tractor trailers - 67% - and cultivators - 50% (Mullinova, 2002).
This confirms that deterioration of a financial position of the agricultural organizations, and decline in production of domestic tractors, combines and other farm
vehicles does not allow rural producers to complete rationally machine tractor park. Still, despite economic difficulties, the agricultural machinery is acquired in the Krasnodar Krai.
Indicators of extensive loading characterize extent of use of working hours of machines. They can be as absolute (fulfilled days, shifts and hours by one tractor for the analyzed time period; average duration of shifts), and relative: efficiency of tractors in work (relation of number of the fulfilled days by tractors to number of machine-days of stay in economy); working in shifts coefficient (attitude of number of the fulfilled shifts towards number of the fulfilled days by tractor park); coefficient of useful use of working hours in a day or a shift (relation of useful operating time by the time of stay in a shift).
Indicators of intensive loading of tractor park (average annual, daily, shift and hour manufacture of a tractor) are calculated by division of amount of completed work respectively on average annual quantity of tractors, number of the working days in a year, shifts and hours.
Therefore, the less tractor stand idle for year, day, shift, the higher their manufacture is, the more effectively tractor park is used in economy (Mullinova, 2003).
For evident calculations of efficiency increase of tractor park usage we took data of one of the agricultural organizations of the Krasnoarmeisky district of the Krasnodar Krai. The main production direction of the organization is plant growing. The average annual number of workers in 2013 was 331 persons. The total land area is 7788 ha, 6229 ha from them are the farmland. In 2013, the volume of realization of grain was 200031 centners that is by 37% higher, than in 2009. Thus, efficiency of use of labor and land resources decreased within 5 years. Profits on sales counting on one average annual worker h decreased by 61% in 2013 in comparison with 2009 (Mullinova, 2005).
Calculations showed that the tractor park in the agricultural organization wirks in one shift, thus tractors are used in work only approximately for 30% that is the lowest indicator. The volume of tractor manufacture for the studied period grew on 7206 exemplary ha. This circumstance is explained by increase of efficiency of use of tractor park on power (Mullinova, 2005). So, average annual development in 2013 in comparison with 2009 increased by one conditional tractor on 35,2 exemplary ha. hectare, daily average manufacture - on 0,6 exemplary ha, and average shift manufacture - on 0,3 exemplary ha. Arable land load of one conditional tractor in five years decreased by 2,0 hectares, however density of tractor manufacture for the same period grew on 1,2 exemplary ha /hectare that shows some increase of intensity of use of tractor park in the organization (Mullinova, 2003).
Number of the fulfilled days, shifts and hours by one tractor on average in a year and consequently efficiency of tractors in work, the working in shifts coefficient, average duration of change depend on technical condition of tractors, level of their maintenance, the organization of tractor park work, security with shots of machine operators, etc. Whole-day and intra replaceable losses of working hours in agriculture can be caused by weather conditions, seasonal nature of agricultural production that is also necessary to consider, estimating work of tractor park (Govdya, Mullinova, 2002).
The volume of tractor works directly depends on average annual quantity of tractors and average annual manufacture of one tractor, which is defined by number of the fulfilled days in a year by one tractor and daily average manufacture.
In the analyzed agricultural organization, the volume of tractor works grew in general on 7206 exemplary ha, due to growth of number of tractors on 3704 exemplary ha, increase in coefficient of working in shifts on 3788 exemplary ha due to increase of replaceable development on 2287 exemplary ha. Reduction of working days number of one tractor led to decrease of completed work for the studied period on 2573 exemplary ha (Mullinova, 2004).
TABLE 3. USAGE OF TRACTOR PARK
Change (+,-)
Indicator 2009 2013 2013 to 2009.
Average annual number of conditional
tractors, piece 96 99 3
Tractor park use in: - machine-days 9105 9227 122
- mashine-shifts 9833 10150 317
Tractor park use in a year:
- days - shifts 102 103 1
Working shifts coefficient 1,074 1,108 0,034
Number of machine-days of stay in organization 30012 30966 954
Efficiency of tractors in work 0,303 0,298 - 0,005
The executed volume of tractor works,
exemplary ha 119020 126226 7206
Indicators of use of tractors on power,
exemplary ha: - average annual manufacture on one
conditional tractor 1239,8 1275,0 35,2
- average daily manufacture on one conditional tractor 13,1 13,7 0,6
- average shift manufacture on one conditional tractor 12,1 12,4 0,3
Area of arable lands, ha 6229 6229 0
Arable land load on one conditional tractor,
ha 64,9 62,9 - 2
Density of tractor works, exemplary ha/ha 19,1 20,3 1,2
The obtained data made it is possible to note that one of fundamental factors of effective use of tractor park is the individual approach to design of hardware of each concrete agricultural producer. Thus, maximum efficiency can be reached only at the full accounting of all features of agricultural production inherent in the managing subject (Mullinova, 2002).
The analysis of indicators of working in shifts coefficients and hourly average tractors manufacture showed that the total of full day downtime grew by 4% in 20l 3 in comparison with 2009. Thus, downtime connected with planned repair made about 6-8% of total number of full day downtime. Technical malfunctions, climatic conditions, diseases and truancies of tractor operators, lack of fuel caused by the other reasons. On average on one conditional tractor for the studied period the number of full day downtime grew for 2,0 days or by 0,9% (Mullinova, 2002).
It is possible to refer improvement of the organization of maintenance of tractor units to actions for reduction of tractors downtime, material work incentives of machine operators, preliminary completing of working cars, improvement of system of the accounting of tractor park work (Mullinova, 2004).
TABLE 4. INFLUENCE OF MAJOR FACTORS ON THE VOLUME OF TRACTOR WORKS
Indicator 2009. 2013. Change (+,-) 2013 to 2009.
Average annual number of conditional tractors,
piece 96 99 3
Use of one tractor, days 95 93 - 2
Average shift manufacture, exemplary ha 12,1 12,4 0,3
Working shifts coefficient of tractors 1,074 1,108 0,034
Amount of completed work, exemplary ha 119020 126226 7206
Change of completed work amount, exemplary ha - whole x x 7206
including: - due to quantity of tractors x x 3704
- days of work of one tractor x x - 2573
- working shifts coefficient x x 3788
- shift manufacture x x 2287
TABLE 5. RESERVE OF INCREASE IN VOLUME OF TRACTOR WORKS, 2013
Indicator Value of an indicator
Full day downtime on average on one conditional tractor, days: - actual - settling 220 218
Reserve of reduction of full day downtime, day/ tractor 2
Average annual number of conditional tractors, piece. 99
Daily average manufacture of one tractor, exemplary ha 13,7
Reserve of increase in volume of tractor works, exemplary ha 2712,6
Calculating reserves of volume increase of tractor works, we revealed that the studied agricultural organization has reserve of volume increase of tractor works at a rate of 2712,6 exemplary ha due to reduction of number of full day downtime days in 2013 to the level of 2009. Realization of this reserve in practice will allow to increase some efficiency of use of tractor park in the organization (Mullinova, 2003).
In the conclusion, we would like to note that for efficiency increase of tractor park use in agrarian and industrial complex it is expedient:
- to increase working in shifts coefficient;
- to complete tractor and loop of farm vehicles;
- to pay special attention to retraining of machine operators and material stimulation of their work.
All these would help to increase efficiency of use of the available capacities and to get additional profit for the agricultural organization.
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