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UDC 636.597.087.72:549.23.003.13
Piwtorak Ja1., Petryshak R1., Bobko K2.,Biel W2., Petryshak O1. ©
1 Lviv National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies named
after S.Z.Gzhytskyj 2 Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczcinie
EFFICIENCY OF SELENIUM USING IN THE CONTENT OF MIXED FODDER FOR MEAT DUCKLINGS
Tested on a large heads of poultry, an optimal dose of selenium introduction into mixed fodder for meat ducklings. It was found out that ducklings fed with mixed fodder fortified with selenium at a dose of 0.4 mg / kg, compared with standard mixed fodder can increase their living mass weight at the end of cultivation on 4.0%, preservation - by 3.0%, to low the cost of feed per 1 kg increase in living mass - by 3.6%, the cost of 1 kg increase in living mass - by 5.0% and obtain a positive economic effect.
Keywords: ducklings, selenium, mixed fodder dose, intake, living mass, preservation, cost, economic impact.
Introduction. Meat poultry - farming is the most dynamic sector capable in the years to radically improve the provision of high quality dietary foods and strengthen food security.
Results of numerous studies and international experience in this field show that the guarantee of maximum genetic potential, high productivity and preservation of livestock and efficient use of feed resources and proper payment of high quality food products are a full feeding of poultry [I].
The current system of standardized feeding provides complete satisfaction of individual needs of different types of poultry in the exchange energy, nutrients and bioactive substances, including microelements.
Despite the fact that there are a number of scientific developments on the problem of mineral nutrition of poultry, the list of trace elements used in the ration, is clearly insufficient.
In recent years, many countries revised existing rules of poultry feeding and the search of optimal doses of trace elements in the introduction of high productivity, which, it is proved, will have a significant impact on the poultry organism. These elements, according to scientists, are subject to compulsory rationing, and selenium belong to them.
Selenium, which is contained in the organism in small amounts, performs unique multilateral functions - catalytic, structural, regulatory, - in the course of which it interacts with enzymes, proteins, vitamins, trace elements and biological membranes. Selenium is taken part in oxidize - restorative reactions involved in immunogenesis, spermatogenesis and hormonopoesis plays definite role in the transmission of photo signs retina is cancer static agent. Proven ability to reduce selenium toxicity of heavy metals. Biochemical functions of selenium are not
© Piwtorak Ja., Petryshak R., Bobko K., Biel W., Petryshak O., 2012
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determined by the trace element selenoprotein containing Selene - cystein balance as an integral part of their active center.
The discovery of the biological properties of selenium was the basis for his first in the prevention and treatment of many diseases associated with selenium deficiency, and later - as a stimulator of growth and development of young as well as to raise egg laying capacity, poultry safety, improved hatching eggs and a number of other characteristics productive qualities [2].
In despite of the biochemical diversity of selenium, not in all countries it is included into the content of mixed fodder and premixes for poultry. In Ukraine, selenium has not also found widespread use in poultry feeding due to the lack of differentiated norms of input it into the feed. Thus, the existing detailed rules of feeding [3] does not provide guaranteed supplements of selenium in mixed fodder for poultry in combination with other trace elements (manganese, iron, copper, zinc, cobalt and iodine). Only recently our native scientists have recommended to introduce selenium in an amount domestic type of feed for all types and ages of poultry selenium in an amount 0.1 mg / kg (excluding Miscues ducks and African ostriches) [4]. However, this dose corresponds to only the minimum physiological needs of poultry in this trace elements.
Analysis and general conclusion scientific data of literature search of made it possible to conclude that Ukraine has so far hardly conducted comprehensive research to determine the norm of selenium introduction into mixed fodder for meat ducklings to increase their productivity and improve product quality. Therefore, this issue is actual today.
Selenium supplements norms into the mixed fodder for ducklings that are raised for meat are recommended by foreign scientists, and, in our opinion, they should be assessed as tentative, requiring further refinement based on biological and zonal peculiarities of feeding birds.
European standards of trace elements introduction into the feed for ducklings provide selenium supplements at a dose 0.14 mg / kg [5].
Scientists from the Czech Republic [6] and Russia [7] believe that the guaranteed supplement of selenium in feed for ducklings should be 0.2 mg / kg feed. However, they noted that the rate is estimated and can be adjusted taking into account of recommendations for a particular breed or ducks cross.
In the literature there is the information that the content of selenium can be considered optimal in the diet of ducklings 0,25 ± 0,05 mg / kg [8].
However, our studies have shown that the best production qualities were ducklings whom the dose of selenium introduction was given in feed 0.4 mg / kg [9].
Determined by the results of scientific and economic experiment of the optimal dose of selenium introduction 0.4 mg / kg into feed for meat ducklings we thought it is reasonable to accept as tentative, i.e. one that requires a production test.
Goals and Objectives. To approve on a large number of poultry optimal dose of selenium introduction in feed for meat ducklings, and to determine the economic efficiency of its use in diets of beef calves.
Materials and Methods. For the production of testing it has been formed on the principle of analogue two groups of daily ducklings. Ducklings of first control group (984 h.) during their period of growing feed was received that are balanced by
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the basic nutritional and biologically active substances in accordance with existing regulations. Ducklings of the second experimental group (967 h.). were fed with additionally added selenium at a rate of 0.4 mg / kg. As a source of selenium, sodium salenite was used (Na2SeO3) with a coefficient of calculated element in salt 2.2.
Young poultry grown on deep litter to 56 days of age with free access to food and water, keeping to the technological parameters of stocking density, microclimate and lighting in accordance with the norms recommended for meat ducklings.
(1)
On the purpose of complex assessment of the productive qualities of meat ducklings were determined following the integrated value as the European index of production efficiency (EIEP), where 3 - preserved safety of ducklings for a period of growing, % M - the average living mass of calves at the end of cultivation kg D -period length of the growing days; B - the cost of feed per 1 kg of increase in living mass, kg.
(2)
Economic efficiency (E) of meat ducklings growing was calculated, where Cd and Cc - realizable price of 1 kg living mass of ducklings in the experimental and control groups, grn., Cd and Cc - the cost of 1 c. of ducklings living mass in the experimental and control groups, grn.; Ad - the number of output (total living mass grown young) in the experimental group, c.
The research results. The results of production approbation (Table 1) confirmed the effectiveness of the introduction tothe feed for meat ducklings in selenium of 0.4 mg / kg and in agreement with previous comparative aspect to the scientific and economic experiment.
Table 1
The indices of meat duck ings productivity
Indices Group
First control Second research
Living mass (g) at the age: Daily 50,5±0,83 51,0±0,72
56 - days 2315,0±27,54 2408,5±24,85
Absolute growth, g 2264,5 2357,5
An average income, g 40,4 42,1
Relative income, % 191,4 191,7
Preservation, % 85,2 88,2
Feed intake, g/head/ day 170,7 171,7
The cost of feed per 1 kg of living mass income, kg 4,22 4,07
Index EIEP 83,5 93,2
Notice. The probability of differences between control and experimental groups: (P <0.05).
It was found out that at the end of ducklings growing (age 56 days) the average living mass of one head in the second experimental group was 93.5 grams, or 4.0% is likely higher (P <0.05) compared with the control group with young stock was 2408.5 g
Feeding of meat ducklings with mixed different levels of selenium had affected effect on certain derivative values that characterize their growth. Thus,
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young of the second experimental group favorably differed from those of the same age from the control group by an absolute increase of living mass (2357.5 g against 2264.5 g). Average daily gain of ducklings in the second experimental group was also higher by 1.7 g or 4.2% than in the control group, where the same figure was 40.4 g. Difference between poultry of control and second experimental groups by relative growth was 0, 3% in favor of the last.
It should be noted that positive fact and the fact that the period of growth in the second experimental group a number of lost and defective poultry was lower -11.8% (from the initial population), while in the control group the lost was 14.8%. The difference between the groups for the integrity of the poultry was 3.0% and was statistically significant (P <0.05). Reasons of young poultry lost were different. In pathological anatomical dissection ducklings lost in the second experimental group showed no signs of poisoning associated with the introduction of diet supplements of selenium.
Significant difference of average daily consumption of feed per head is not seen between the groups (170.7 g to 171.4 g). However, feed efficiency was better in the poultry of the second research group which at 1 kg of income of the living mass 4.07 kg of feed had lost, that is 3,6% less in comparison with younger's of the control group.
Increase in the second experimental group due to the intensity of ducklings growth, their safety and reduce costs of feed per 1 kg of the living mass of the European Index (EIPE). Thus, its value in the experimental group was 93.5 units, that is by 9.7 units more than in the control group.
In analyzing the results of production approbation along with natural parameters we used and valuable. Based on comparison of the direct costs of production and profits derived from its implementation, we had calculated the economic effectiveness of meat ducklings growing on mixed fodders, among which selenium was included.
Basic data on the results of cultivation, cost and realizable price per unit are presented in Table 2.
One of the main indicators of economic efficiency is the cost of production. Calculations show that in the second experimental group the cost of 1 c. of ducklings living mass fell to 22.74 grn., or 5.0%, compared with young poultry of the control group and was 437.00 grn. The cost of 1 c. income of the living mass in control and two experimental groups was slightly higher (469.91 and 446.35 grn. respectively), but the difference in favor of the last was also 5.0%. Reduced unit costs of production in the second experimental group was due to increase living mass and safety of ducklings.
Evidence of this is other data. Thus, the total cost sum for the period of growth, per head daily young one in the control and experimental groups did not differ significantly and was 9.06 and 9.28 grn. respectively. A slight increase in costs (2.4%) in the second experimental group due to higher feed costs, by increasing the number of average forage (as a result of better preservation of ducklings).
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Table 2
The economic efficiency of using selenium supplements in feed for meat
ducklings
Indices Group
First control Second research
Accepted for cultivation, h 984 967
Grown young, h 838 853
The average living mass of a head, kg 2,315 2,408
Living mass income of 1 head, kg 2,264 2,357
The total live weight of young poultry, c 19,40 20,54
Gross live weight, c 18,98 20,11
General manufacturing costs, grn 8918,99 8976,12
including the additional costs of selenium, grn. Cost of 1 kg of living mass, grn. - 3,86
Cost of 1 kg of living mass income, grn. 459,74 437,00
Realizable price of 1 c of living mass, grn. 469,91 446,35
Revenues from the sale of young poultry, grn. 580,00 580,00
Gain on realization of young poultry, grn. 11252,00 11913,20
All income, grn. 2333,01 2937,08
Including per 1000 h. 2370,94 3037,31
The economic efficiency of all grn. — 467,08
Including per 1000 h. - 483,02
Costs are associated with the introduction of additional quantities of selenium into the ration of ducklings, was only 3.86 grn., or 4.52 grn. per 1,000 head of grown young poultry. Additional costs of selenium affected the cost of combined feed. Thus, the cost of 1 ton of feed for young second experimental group increased by 0.45 grn. (3.86 grn.; 8.61 tons) and was 750.45 grn.
Calculation of production costs and revenues from the sale of young ducklings allowed to determine the amount of income for groups. It should be noted that the value of income received from the 1000 heads of ducklings which were put on growing in daily age in the second experimental group was 666.37 grn. more than in the control and was 3037.31 grn.
Cost-effectiveness of selenium in the content of combined feed per 1,000 head daily ducklings was 483.02 grn.
Conclusions.
1. The optimal dose of selenium introduction into combined feed for meat ducklings should be considered as 0.4 mg / kg. Enrichment of selenium in poultry feed this quantity will increase the living mass of young, its viability and efficiency of feed per unit of output.
2. Implementation in practice duck-breeding science - based dose of introduction of selenium in feed (0.4 mg / kg) will significantly increase the efficiency of raising young poultry for meat and to get the economic effect 483.02 USD. Per 1,000 head daily ducklings.
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