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UDC 629.4.02
M. I. KAPITSA1*, O. M. HNENNYI2*, D. V. BOBYR3*
'*Dep. «Locomotives», Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. Lazaryan, Lazaryan St., 2, Dnipro, Ukraine, 49010, tel. +38 (0562) 33 19 61, e-mail m.i.kapitca@ua.fm, ORCID 0000-0002-3800-2920 2*Dep. «Economics and Management», Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. Lazaryan, Lazaryan St., 2, Dnipro, Ukraine, 49010, tel. +38 (056) 373 15 80, e-mail oleggnennij@gmail.com, ORCID 0000-0002-2944-5105
3*Dep. «Locomotives», Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. Lazaryan, Lazaryan St., 2, Dnipro, Ukraine, 49010, tel. +38 (0562) 33 19 61, e-mail dmitrob@ua.fm, 0000-0003-1441-3861
EFFICIENCY OF MODERNIZATION OF WHEEL-MOTOR BLOCKS USING ANTI-FRICTION TRACTION MOTOR SUPPORT BEARINGS
Purpose. The use of anti-friction traction motor support bearings (TMSB) instead of plain friction traction motor support bearings is a priority direction of locomotive development both for newly constructed locomotives and for those in operation. The solution of the set tasks for introduction of wheel-motor blocks (WMB) with anti-friction bearings demanded the search for alternative variants and new technical solutions. The purpose of the article is to determine the feasibility of re-equipping the diesel locomotive wheel-motor blocks with anti-friction bearings through the life cycle calculation (LCC). Methodology. The procedure and criteria for assessing the economic efficiency of project (investment) proposals and investment projects approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine envisage that the cost-effectiveness analysis of an investment project is carried out according to the following criteria: net present value, internal rate of return, discounted payback period and profitability index. The use of these criteria of economic efficiency fully corresponds to modern principles, theoretical-methodical approaches and world practice in evaluating the efficiency of investments. The evaluation of the technical and economic efficiency of the modernization of the diesel locomotive wheel-motor block is made on the basis of calculation and comparison of the following criteria: the net present value (NPV) of modernization, the internal rate of return (IRR), the profitability index (PI) and the discount payback period. Findings. The results of the calculations of the values of the main criteria show that the innovative project for the modernization of the locomotive provides a high level of economic efficiency. At the same time, the value of the discounted payback period of investments in modernization indicates that it is expedient to carry out this operation if the residual life of the upgraded locomotive of the M62 series is at least 15 months. Originality. Taking into account the specifics of the type of locomotive work in freight traffic, we developed a method to determine the individual components of the average annual economic effect of modernization of the diesel locomotive wheel-motor block, which includes saving of oil costs, repairing and servicing the diesel locomotive wheel-motor unit, as well as change of TMSB brass and saving fuel costs for traction. Practical value. The results of the work make it possible to determine the expediency of modernization of diesel locomotives taking into account the features and conditions of their operation and the specifics of modernization.
Keywords: diesel locomotive modernization; wheel-motor block; technical and economic efficiency; antifriction bearings; life cycle
Introduction
The priority direction of the investment policy of PJSC «Ukrzaliznytsia» in the locomotive economy of Ukraine in recent years is to provide a quick, comprehensive renovation and optimization of the traction rolling stock structure. This is due to the fact that most of the traction rolling stock was procured and delivered to operation even in Soviet times. Analysis of the state of the operating fleet of the traction rolling stock of Ukrainian railways indicates that its wear is 97.1% [11]. As it
is known, the results of rail transport activity in general depend on the level of technical excellence and the state of the traction rolling stock, conditions of its operation, repair and maintenance systems [14, 15].
The traction rolling stock may be renewed due to the purchase of a new one and the modernization of the existing one. In both cases, this requires significant capital investments. It is also necessary to take into account that the return on investments in modernization of locomotives is 3-4 times faster than in their acquisition. Therefore, in the context of market relations and financial constraints, the problem of
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investment support for the renewal of the tractive rolling stock of the locomotive economy of Ukrainian railways is put forward at the level of problems of national importance, the solution of which directly affects the provision of national security.
During the last years, the Department of the Locomotive Economy has introduced a number of steps for modernization of the traction rolling stock, aimed at reducing the cost of repairs and fuel and lubricants in operation. Directions of accomplished and planned modernizations mainly concern the replacement of power equipment. However, no less effective direction of modernization of the traction rolling stock is the improvement of underframe design, namely the refitting of WMB from plain friction bearings to anti-friction bearings [2].
Anti-friction bearings have several advantages over plain friction bearings. The main advantage of anti-friction bearings in comparison with plain friction bearings is the lower energy consumption for the friction process (friction moment in ball bearings is approximately 3-6 times less than that of plain friction bearings [6, 12]).
All new foreign locomotives are equipped with anti-friction TMSB. Their implementation allows conducting the locomotive maintenance M-2 not every 3-4 days, but every 10-12 or more. It is the replenishment of the plain friction TMSB with axial oil that requires the need for such frequent maintenance M-2 for 90% of the locomotive fleet [12].
Estimated resource of anti-friction TMSB is not less than 5 million km of locomotive mileage. Application of wheel-motor blocks with anti-friction TMSB increases the cost of a locomotive, but payback is achieved due to the presence of the following factors:
- Exclusion from the technological process of servicing and repair of WMB of axial oils and the necessity of their seasonal change;
- Cost reduction for technical maintenance and repairs of the WMB with anti-friction TMSB;
- Increase of reliability and service life of traction gear and traction electric motor (TEM) due to absence of distortion caused by wear of brass inserts of plain friction traction motor support bearings;
- Increase in the wheel set life cycle due to the lack of wear of the journals under the plain friction TMSB;
- Absence of the need to pay fines for environmental pollution by eliminating the leakage of axial oils on the permanent way;
- Increase in the locomotive profitability - increase in the use of power for draft, increase in efficiency by reducing the main resistance of the locomotive, and, accordingly, reducing fuel consumption for traction from 2% to 6.6% [8, 12].
Thus, the use of anti-friction TMSBs instead of plain friction TMSBs is a priority direction for locomotive development for newly constructed locomotives and for those in operation.
The solution of the set tasks for introduction of WMB with anti-friction bearings demanded the search for alternative variants and new technical solutions. Therefore, the specialists of «Scientific and Technical Center «Pryvod» LLC and PJSC «Scientific-Production Enterprise «Smelyansky Electromechanical Plant» have been developed and patented in the State Intellectual Property Service of Ukraine (patent for utility model No. 84796 dated October 25, 2013) the project for modernization of WMB locomotive with anti-friction TMSB replacement.
Modernization of WMB consists of two stages:
- Modernization of traction electric motor with prolongation of service life for 15 years;
- Modernization of wheel set and the gear casing (if required).
In accordance with the technical specifications of TU U 30.2-38414897-004: 2014 «Moderniza-tion of wheel-motor blocks of locomotives including replacement of plain friction TMSB with the anti-friction TMSB», modernization of the traction motor is carried out during its overall repair. This includes the repair of the engine case, anchor and magnetic system with replacement of windings and isolation of the class of heat resistance not lower than «H», bearing units with the restoration of their sizes to drawings and the execution (if necessary) of improvements in accordance with the requirements of design documentation for modernization. Conducting of modernization can increase the TEM life for 15 years.
Purpose
The purpose of the article is to determine the technical and economic efficiency of the modernisation of locomotive WMB TMSB with antifriction bearings based on LCC calculations.
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Methodology
At the present time in Ukraine there are several normative documents in the field of cost-effectiveness analysis of investments. The main ones are:
- Procedure and Criteria for Assessing the Economic Efficiency of Project (Investment) Proposals and Investment Projects, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine as of 18.07.2012, No. 684;
- Methodological Recommendations on Development of State Supported Investment Projects, approved by Order of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine as of 13.11.2012, No. 1279;
- Methodological Recommendations on Assessment of Economic and Social Efficiency of State Target Program Implementation, approved by Order of the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine as of 24.06.2010, No. 742;
- Methodology of Conducting State Expertise of Investment Projects, approved by Order of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine as of 13.03.2013, No. 243;
- Methodological Recommendations on Development of Business Plan of Enterprises, approved by Order of the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine as of 06.09.2006, No. 290;
- Methodology for Determining the Cost-effectiveness of Research and Development and their Implementation in Production, approved by Order of the Ministry of Economy and European Integration and the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine as of 26.09.2001, No. 218/446.
The Procedure and Criteria for Assessing the Economic Efficiency of Project (Investment) Proposals and Investment Projects, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine as of 18.07.2012 No. 684 stipulate that the assessment of the economic efficiency of an investment project is carried out according to the following criteria: net present value, internal rate of return, discounted payback period and profitability index. Herewith, the conclusion is positive about the effectiveness of the investment project, if the net present value is positive, the internal rate of return is greater than the standard discount rate, and the profitability index exceeds 1. The use of these criteria of economic efficiency fully corresponds to modern principles, theoretical and methodological approaches
and world practice regarding assessment of investment efficiency. However, the mentioned document does not contain specific methodological approaches, but suggests that the calculation of the criteria for the economic efficiency of an investment proposal, an investment project is carried out in the light of the Methodological Recommendations on Development of State Supported Investment Projects, approved by the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade.
Methodological Recommendations on Development of State Supported Investment Projects, approved by Order of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine as of 13.11.2012, No. 1279 contains (paragraph 2.8) the methodology for determining the above mentioned investment efficiency indices. At the same time, the methodological recommendations do not explain the issue of considering risks when assessing the effectiveness of the project. It is intended to provide in the project a separate section on information on project risks, precautionary measures and risk insurance in cases stipulated by law (paragraph 2.10). Herewith, only a qualitative characteristic of risks is foreseen. That is, the above Methodological Recommendations do not contain quantitative methods for assessing investment risks and their accounting procedure when assessing the cost-effectiveness of an investment project.
Methodological Recommendations on Assessment of Economic and Social Efficiency of State Target Program Implementation, approved by Order of the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine as of 24.06.2010, No. 742, among other things, contain an algorithm for calculating the four key indices of economic efficiency, which coincides with the methods presented in the above Methodical Recommendations on Development of Investment Project. It also proposes the use of several specific indices for innovative projects: value added, ratio of investments (private and public), commercialization coefficient and new product sales coefficient. In addition, the Methodical recommendations under consideration include methods for assessing the synergistic economic effect of program interaction, which allow assessing the economic effectiveness of the program as a system of interconnected projects, that is to move from the assessment of individual investment projects to the assessment of the effectiveness of their integrated implementation. The synergistic effect of program
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interaction includes the effects of program centralization, concentration, specialization, cooperation and replication of intermediate and final results. The mentioned Methodological Recommendations contain methodological approaches to the determination of each of these effects. However, these Methodological Recommendations do not also contain the methodological approaches to risk assessment in determining the cost-effectiveness of investment projects and programs.
Methodological Recommendations on Development of Business Plan of Enterprises, approved by Order of the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine as of 06.09.2006, No. 290 contain methodological approaches for forecasting cash flows from the activity of the enterprise and determination of economic investment efficiency indices, which, in general, coincide with the Methodological Recommendations on Development of Investment Project, are more detailed. The Methodological Recommendations under consideration also do not include approaches to quantitative investment risk. However, based on the analysis of paragraph 2.1.10.3 of the Methodological Recommendations, one can conclude that the main way of taking into account the risks in assessing the economic efficiency of investments is to increase the discount rate by the risk premium, since it is determined that «discount rate (r) is the rate of profit, that investors usually receive from investments of similar content and degree of risk».
Methodology for Determining the Cost-effectiveness of Research and Development and their Implementation in Production, approved by Order of the Ministry of Economy and European Integration and the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine as of 26.09.2001, No. 218/446 contains approaches to the definition of key indices of economic efficiency of projects. At the same time there are differences with the previously considered normative acts in determining the «profitability index «. So in these recommendations it is defined as the ratio of net discounted income to the discounted investment value, and in all other regulatory acts - as the ratio of the present value of the results (net cash inflow) to the present value of investment outlay. As the Procedure and Criteria for Assessing the Economic Efficiency of Project (Investment) Proposals and Investment Projects, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine as of 18.07.2012 No. 684 determines the efficiency criterion as the profitability
index higher than 1, more correct definition of this index is given in the Methodological Recommendations on Development of State Supported Investment Projects, approved by Order of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine as of 13.11.2012, No. 1279. However, the Methodology for Determining the Cost-effectiveness of Research and Development and their Implementation in Production contains certain elements of methodological approaches to risk assessment when measuring efficiency. Thus, the paragraphs 3.20 and 3.21 of the Methodology stipulate that mid-term and long-term R & D projects concerning the timing of their implementation need to take into account the uncertainty and risk factor. The following methods can be used to take into account the uncertainty and risk factor: verification of project sustainability, adjustment of project parameters, formal description of uncertainty. The project sustainability is determined by the break-even point. Correction of project parameters is based on refinement of the initial technical and economic task, including the terms of the project due to delays in financing its stages, procedural violations in the implementation of innovations, violation of terms of feedstock supply and other complications. In all cases of such violations the resulting losses are added to the project cost structure. The paragraph 3.22 (formula 3.16) of the Methodology stipulates the application of a capital asset valuation model to determine the discount rate allowing for risk.
Thus, domestic regulatory acts in the field of cost-effectiveness analysis of innovation and investment projects reflect a certain methodical toolkit on the structure of forecast cash flows, the definition of their components, the calculation of the main indicators of economic efficiency of investment, taking into account the factor of time, which in general corresponds to the modern theoretical foundations of cost-effectiveness analysis and project analysis [1, 3, 4, 7, 10, 13, 15].
A cost-effectiveness analysis of an innovation and investment project is carried out at such stages.
I. Determination of project life cycle.
II. Forecast of cash flows by the base project scenario.
III. Quantitative assessment of the risk level of the project.
IV. Determination of discount rates for the base investment project scenario based on the rate of return and risk level.
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V. Determination of indices of effectiveness by the base scenario and discount rate allowing for risk premium.
The net present value of the innovation and investment project is determined by the formula:
NPV = £
(1 + R) tt> (1 + R)
(1)
where NPV - net present value; R - discount rate; T - project life cycle; Et - the result (economic effect) of the project in the t-th period; It -investment costs of the project in t-th period.
The criterion for project efficiency is the positive value of NPV.
When forecasting the results and costs of a project in this work we use the concept of base (fixed for a certain date) prices. Therefore, in the project under consideration, the forecasted economic effect varies little over the years of the investment life cycle and can be taken at the average annual level. Investment costs of the project arise only in the beginning of the investment life cycle and equal to the locomotive modernization cost. Therefore, the formula for determining the net present value of a project can be presented as:
NPV = E ■
1 -(1 + R ) R
-1.
(2)
1 -(1 + IRR )-IRR
-1 = 0,
(3)
where IRR is the internal rate of return.
The project effectiveness criterion is the excess of the internal rate of return over the discount rate.
The project profitability index (PI) is determined by the formula:
E
1 -(1 + IRR )-
PI = -
IRR
(4)
The project effectiveness criterion is the value of the profitability index, which is greater than or equal to one.
The discounted payback period of the project investments is defined as the period from the start of the life project cycle to the moment after which the accumulated net present value of the portfolio becomes and continues to remain positive. The effectiveness criterion is the magnitude of the dynamic payback term, which is less than or equal to the duration of the life portfolio cycle.
Under the basic prices when forecasting cash flows we exclude the inflation component from the composition of the discount rate by the formula:
R =
Rn - i 1 + i
(5)
where E - annual economic effect of locomotive modernization; I - locomotive modernization cost; T - useful life of the locomotive.
The project internal rate of return is defined as the discount rate, according to which the net present value of the project is zero. It is established by solving the equation:
where R - real discount rate; R„ - nominal rate discount; i - forecasted inflation rate.
The cost-effectiveness analysis of locomotive modernization is carried out on the basis of comparison of costs with the results arising from the modernization during the life cycle of the locomotive.
The life cycle is taken equal to the normative lifetime of the diesel locomotive. As investment costs we considered the costs associated with the higher cost of the wheel-motor block (WMB) with anti-friction TMSB in comparison with the WMB with plain friction TMSB. The results are saving operating costs, which are provided by the replacement of plain friction TMSB with antifriction TMSB. The mentioned costs are taken into account in locomotive modernization cost.
The average annual economic effect of locomotive modernization consists of operating costs saving associated with the locomotive operation, and includes:
- oil cost savings;
- cost savings for repair and maintenance of diesel locomotive wheel-motor blocks, including the change of TMSB brass;
- fuel consumption saving for hauling operations.
The oil cost savings are determined based on the amount of oil changes and refilling to the plain friction and anti-friction TMSB during repairs, the oil cost for changes (refilling) during maintenance and the price of the oil of the corresponding type.
T
T
T
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The cost savings for repairing and servicing diesel locomotive wheel-motor blocks are determined on the basis of the complexity of the work involved, the tariff rates of the workers and the cost of the brasses used for changes.
The fuel consumption saving for hauling operations is determined on the basis of increasing the coefficient of useful efficiency of gear transmission with anti-friction TMSB, in comparison with plain friction TMSB.
The starting data for the cost-effectiveness analysis of diesel locomotive modernization are the operating norms of operation, maintenance and repair of locomotives of a particular series, data of the developer of modernization, statistical data of PJSC «Ukrzaliznytsia», State Statistics Service of Ukraine, National Bank of Ukraine and results of own researches of the executors of this work. Output data for cost-effectiveness analysis of modernization of M62 diesel locomotive are shown in Table 1, 2.
Table 1
Output data for cost-effectiveness analysis, differing in variants
Unit of measure Value for the locomotive with
Index Plain friction TMSB Information source Anti-friction TMSB Information source
Oil used in TMSB - axial oil of «L», «Z» grades (GOST 610-72) data of PJSC «UZ» «Agrinol» oil data of a developer
Frequency of full oil filling of TMSB during repairs with disassembly of WMB, in the case of brass change, during seasonal oil change [4] CR-3, OR-1, OR-2 data of a developer
Frequency of TMSB oil refilling - M-2, M-3 [4] CR-2 data of a developer
Amount of oil consumed when completely changed l/lubr. point 12 data of PJSC «UZ» 1.5 data of a developer
Amount of oil consumed when refilled l/lubr. point 0.4 data of PJSC «UZ» 0.15 data of a developer
Oil price, ex VAT UAH/l 12.5 prozor-ro.gov.ua 51.82 data of a developer
Table 2
Output data for cost-effectiveness analysis, similar in variants
Index Unit of measure Value
Number of lubrication points un./sect. 12
Normative inter-repair periods:
- maintenance M-2 hours 72
- maintenance M-3 ths. km 10
- current repairs CR-1 ths. km 50
- current repairs CR-2 ths. km 95
- current repairs CR-3 ths. km 195
-overall repair OR-1 ths. km 780
- overall repair OR-2 ths. km 1 560
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Continuation of a table 2
Index Unit of measure Value
Number of lubrication points un./sect. 12
Average rate of shed percentage of defective diesel locomotives % 8
Normative term of operation of diesel locomotive years 20
Hourly rate of rolling stock repair mechanic, taking into account all surcharges:
- 3-rd category UAH/year 33.47
- 5-th category UAH/year 42.92
The rate of unified social tax % 22
Average cost of the package of TMSB brasses, ex VAT UAH/TMSB 50 000
Actual specific consumption of diesel fuel in freight traffic for M62 series locomotive kg/10 000 t-km br. 34
Hourly fuel consumption at idle speed kg/year 25
Average weight of freight train with M62 series locomotive ton 3 781.82
Average mileage of M62 series diesel locomotives km 416
Cost of diesel fuel, ex VAT UAH/t 22 059
Increase in the efficiency coefficient of gear with anti-friction TMSB, in comparison with plain friction TMSB times 1.055
Cost of modernization of the wheel-motor block under anti-friction TMSB, ex VAT ths. UAH 357.6
Average technical speed km/year 45.6
Findings
To determine the flow of lubricants to lubricate the TMSB, the number of repairs and maintenance for the life cycle of the diesel locomotive is determined in accordance with the repair cycle chart.
The assigned lifetime of the locomotive mileage is defined as a double life of the run prior to major repairs within OR-2, which is 3120 thousand km. Proceeding from the mileage resource of the M62 series locomotive and the standards of inter-repair runs, the normative quantity of repairs and maintenance of the locomotive for a life cycle is determined, which is:
- OR-2 - 1 repair;
- OR-1 - 2 repairs;
- CR-3 - 12 repairs;
- CR-2 - 17 repairs;
- CR-1 - 29 repairs;
- M-3 - 250 maintenances per cycle;
- M-2 - 112 maintenances per year.
When performing the overall, current repairs, as well as maintenance for the locomotives with
plain friction TMSB, during a seasonal oil change, its full replacement is carried out. In the course of maintenance, the plain friction TMSBs are refilled with oil [5]. The oil consumption for a complete change for the plain friction TMSB is: 12 • 12 = 144 l for the locomotive section, for oil refilling: 12 0.4 = 4.8 l for the locomotive section. Thus, the average annual oil consumption for plain friction TMSB reaches 1 322.4 l.
When performing the overall and current repairs for diesel locomotives with anti-friction TMSB within CR-3, a complete change of oil is carried out. When performing maintenance within M-2, the anti-friction TMSBs are refilled with oil. The oil consumption for a complete change for the anti-friction TMSB is: 121.5 = 18 l for the locomotive section, for oil refilling: 120.15 = 1.8 l for the locomotive section. Thus, the average annual oil consumption for the anti-friction TMSB reaches 15.93 litres.
Taking into account the loss of oil when pouring and refilling (10%), the average annual cost of lubricants is:
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- for locomotive with plain friction TMSB -18 183 UAH;
- for locomotive with anti-friction TMSB -908 UAH.
The cost savings for lubricants are: 18183 - 908 = 17 275 UAH per year.
Costs for maintenance and repair of M62 locomotive WMB with plain friction and anti-friction TMSB include the costs associated with:
- remuneration of employees engaged in the maintenance and repair of WMB, the level of which is determined by the complexity and skill of repair personnel;
- cost of materials and spare parts for maintenance and repairs.
Labor costs are determined on the basis of the list of TMSB-related works performed during maintenance and repairs, the normative level of work and the value of the standard hour of the respective category. It takes into account the time factor for support needs 1.093 (for preparatory and final actions 3.5%, time for servicing the workplace 3.1%, time for rest and personal needs 2.7%, total - 9.3%).
The labor intensity of the anti-friction TMSB maintenance is adopted at the level of 25% of the corresponding value for the plain friction TMSB
due to simplification of the process of servicing the anti-friction TMSB.
The costs associated with remuneration are given in Table. 3
Table 3 shows that the average annual labor costs are: for the plain friction TMSB 181926/20 = 9 096 UAH, for the anti-friction TMSB 19 412/20 = 971 UAH. Thus, the cost savings associated with remuneration are 9 096 - 971 = 8125 UAH per year.
During the lifecycle of the M62 series locomotive, when performing overhaul repair, a complete change of the TMSB brasses is performed. During CR-3 current repairs 35% of brasses are changed. The cost of the package of TMSB brasses is 50 thousand UAH ex VAT. Thus, the average annual cost savings for spare parts is:
(50 000 • (1 + 2) + 50 000 • 12 • 0.35) • 12
20
= 216 000 UAH/year.
In the middle conditions of operation, the M62 series diesel locomotive (incl. the idle time in repairs) per year carries out gross turnover in the amount of:
Table 3
Calculation of expenses connected with remuneration of labour for work with TMSB during repairs and maintenance of M62 series diesel locomotive during the life cycle
Type of repair, maintenance Class of work Hourly rate, UAH Labour intensity with allowance for auxiliary time, man-hour Number of maintenances, repairs Non-worked time rate Payroll fund, UAH Unified social tax, UAH Total expenses, UAH
Plain friction Antifriction Plain friction Antifriction Plain friction Antifriction Plain friction Antifriction
M-2 3 33.47 0.38 0 2240 31 339 0 6 895 0 38 234 0
M-3 5 42.92 4.59 0 250 54 176 0 11 919 0 66 095 0
CR-1 5 42.92 12.1 3.03 29 16 567 4 149 3 645 913 20 212 5 062
CR-2 5 42.92 16.26 4.07 17 13 050 3 267 2 871 719 15 921 3 986
CR-3 5 42.92 38.13 9.53 12 21 602 5 399 4 752 1 188 26 354 6 587
OR 5 42.92 87.44 21.86 3 12 385 3 096 2 725 681 15 110 3 777
Total per life cycle 149 119 15 911 32 807 3 501 181 926 19 412
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3 781.82 • 416 -(1 - 0.08)- 365 -10-6 =
= 528.3 mln. t-km br.
Specific fuel consumption is 34 kg per 10000 ton-km br. Total fuel consumption per year reaches
528.3• 106 • 34 -3 17Q,__ + --10 = 1796.22 tons.
10 000
Average section speed reaches 45.6 km/h, then time in the movement of the diesel locomotive of the operating rolling stock is
416 45.6
= 9.12 hours per day.
The annual budget of idle time in «hot» condition of the M62 series locomotive reaches:
(24 - 9.12)- 365 • (1 - 0.08) = 4997 hours per year.
Fuel consumption for idle time in «hot» condition reaches:
4 997 • 25 -10-3 = 124.9 tons.
Fuel consumption of the M62 series locomotive in the train operation reaches:
1796.22 -124.9 = 1 671.32 tons.
Since the gear ratio efficiency of the antifriction TMSB is 1.055 times higher than that of the plain friction TMSB, fuel savings will average over the year
1671.32 - 1671 32 = 87.1 tons. 1.055
At the cost of diesel fuel of 22059 UAH/ton, the annual saving in fuel consumption for hauling operation will be:
87.1 • 22 059 = 1921339 UAH per year.
The overall average annual economic effect of modernizing the section of the M62 series locomotive reaches:
(17 275 + 8 125 + 216 000 +1921339) • 10-3 =
= 2 162.7 ths.UAH per year.
Investment costs per M62 series locomotive section are defined as the product of the number of WMBs and the cost of upgrading one WMB and equal to:
6 • 357.6 = 2145.6 ths. UAH ex VAT.
The discount rate is determined using the model of capital asset valuation (P-method) as the cost of capital invested in the field of economic activity «Transport».
The risk factor P is defined as the ratio of the covariance of the return of the investigated investment asset and the capital market return.
As a measure of return on investment, the profitability of equity capital of large and medium-sized enterprises in Ukraine as a whole (capital market return ratio) and the sphere of economic activity of «Transport» (investment assets return ratio) are used. The net profit and equity figures are shown in the Table 4 [9].
According to Table 4, the covariance of profitability (55.7) and market profitability dispersion (155.4) were determined. Thus, the Betta coefficient for investments in the sphere of economic activity «Transport» reaches
55 7
P = —- = 0.358.
155.4
As the base rate, we used the rate of return on investments with a minimum risk - the average interest rate on long-term deposits of economic entities in 2017 was 14.3%.
The yield of the stock market at the current time is defined as the average yield of the stock index UX (index of Ukrainian shares) per one year (from 15.11.2016 to 15.11.2017). The index at period beginning was 791.11, at period end -1261.62 [9]. The average annual rate of income is
= 126162 .100 -100 = 59.47%.
791.11
Thus, the nominal discount rate before taxation
is
R = Rb +p-(Rm -Rb) =
= 14.3 + 0.358-(59.47 -14.3) = 30.5%.
Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вюник Дншропетровського нацюнального ушверситету з&тзничного транспорту, 2018, N° 4 (76)
Table 4
Determination of the return on equity
Year Net financial result, mln. UAH Average equity, mln. UAH Equity at period end, mln. UAH Return on equity, %
in Ukraine transport in Ukraine transport in Ukraine transport in Ukraine transport
2016 13 324,4 6 622,533 1 790 507 727 082,3 1 806 908,5 729 340,6 0,74 0,91
2015 -373 516 -17 847,8 1 627 381 438 080,6 1 774 104,6 724 823,9 -22,95 -4,07
2014 -590 067 -22 591,6 1 715 516 165 346,2 1 480 658 151 337,3 -34,4 -13,66
2013 -22 839,7 -1 423,4 1 927 658 176 269,8 1 950 374,9 179 355,1 -1,18 -0,81
2012 35 067,3 3 127,7 1 745 612 179 525,3 1 904 940,2 173 184,5 2,01 1,74
2011 67 797,9 2 839,8 1 506 498 180 235,4 1 586 284,7 185 866 4,5 1,58
2010 13 906,1 1 348,7 1 348 125 169 027,3 1 426 711,6 174 604,7 1,03 0,8
2009 -37 131,1 4 889,5 1 201 571 155 846,4 1 269 537,7 163 449,8 -3,09 3,14
2008 -41 025,1 234,5 1 081 690 139 033,1 1 133 603,7 148 242,9 -3,79 0,17
2007 - - - - 1 029 775,5 129 823,2 - -
When forecasting the costs, the concept of base prices is used, so the real discount rate is used for discounting. The inflation rate is assumed to be 11% per year [9]. That is, the real discount rate reaches:
30.5 -11 1 + 0.11
= 17.6%.
0.176
= 9 662 ths. UAH;
- Internal rate of return (3))
1 -(1 + IRR r20
2162.7--i-!---2145.6 = 0;
IRR
IRR = 1.007;
- Profitability index (formula (4))
2162.7 •
1 -(1 + 0.176)-
PI = ■
0.176
2145.6
■ = 5.5 times;
- Static payback period is: 2145.6
T =
pp 2162.7
•12 = 11.9 months.
Thus, the main indices of the economic efficiency of modernization of the M62series locomotive are as follows:
- Net present value (formula (2))
1 -(1 + 0.176)-20 NPV = 2162.7 •—i---2145.6 =
The graph of accumulation of the net present value of the project is shown in Fig. 1 Originality and practical value Taking into account the specifics of the type of locomotive work in freight traffic, we developed a method to determine the individual components of the average annual economic effect of modernization of the diesel locomotive WMB, which includes saving of oil costs, repairing and servicing the diesel locomotive WMB, as well as change of TVSB brass and saving fuel costs for traction.
The practical value of the work lies in the fact that on the basis of the above methodology and research results it is possible to determine the expediency of modernizing the locomotive taking into account the peculiarities of its operation. Conclusions
It is clear from the calculations above that the net present value (NPV) of the project is 9662 thousand UAH, the internal rate of return (IRR) of the project is 100.7%, which exceeds the discount rate, the profitability index (PI) of the project is 5.5 times higher than 1. Schedule in Fig. 1 shows that the discount payback period of the project is 1.2
20
Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вюник Дншропетровського нацюнального унiверситету залiзничного транспорту, 2018, № 4 (76)
years (14.4 months), which is considerably less series locomotive provides a high level of cost efthan the life cycle of investments. fectiveness.
Thus, the main criteria testify that the considered innovative project on modernization of M62
S
11000,0 10000,0 9000,0 8000.0 7000.0 6000.0 5000.0 4000.0 3000.0 2000.0 1000.0 0.0 -1000,0 -2000,0 -3000.0
(1 / 1 : i L i : ' i s < > l 0 1 l l 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2
Year
Fig. 1. Accumulation of net present value
At the same time, the value of the discounted investment payback period for modernization shows that it is expedient to conduct it if the remaining useful lifetime of the modernization object (M62 series diesel locomotive) is not less than 15 months.
The feasibility study is executed in the prices and standards of 2017 at the stage of development of the technical documentation for WMB modernization and should be clarified according to the results of their work in real operating conditions.
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4. Гненний, О. М. До питання оцшки та застосування вартосп життевого циклу продукци машинобуду-вання / О. М. Гненний, А. Мохаммадреза // Проблеми економши транспорту : зб. наук. пр. Дшпропетр. нац. ун-ту залiзн. трансп. iм. акад. В. Лазаряна. - Дшпропетровськ, 2016. - Вип. 12. - С. 7-12. doi: 10.15802/pte.v0i12.95609
5. Ендовицкий, Д. А. Практикум по финансово-инвестиционному анализу. Ситуации. Методики. Решения : учеб. пособие / Д. А. Ендовицкий, Л. С. Коробейникова, С. Н. Коменденко ; под ред. Д. А. Ендови-цкого. - Москва : КноРус, 2006. - 432 с.
Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вюник Дншропетровського нацюнального ушверситету залiзничного транспорту, 2018, № 4 (76)
РУХОМИЙ СКЛАД ЗАЛ1ЗНИЦЬ I ТЯГА ПО1ЗДШ
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12. Тарута, Д. В. Повышение долговечности моторно-осевых подшипников тягового электродвигателя тепловоза : дис. ... канд. техн. наук : 05.22.07 / Дмитрий Викторович Тарута ; Омский гос. ун-т путей сообщения. - Омск, 2005. - 178 с.
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М. I. КАПЩА1*, О. М. ГНЕННИЙ2*, Д. В. БОБИР3*
'*Каф. «Локомотиви», Дншропетровський нащональний ушверситет затзничного транспорту iменi академжа В. Лаза-ряна, вул. Лазаряна, 2, Дншро, Украша, 49010, тел. +38 (0562) 33 19 61, ел. пошта m.i.kapitca@ua.fm, ORCID 0000-0002-3800-2920
2*Каф. «Економжа та менеджмент», Дшпропетровський нащональний ушверситет затзничного транспорту iменi академжа В. Лазаряна, вул. Лазаряна, 2, Дншро, Украша, 49010, тел. +38 (056) 373 15 80, ел. пошта oleggnennij@gmail.com, ORCID 0000-0002-2944-5105
3*Каф. «Локомотиви», Дншропетровський нащональний ушверситет затзничного транспорту iменi академжа В. Лазаряна, вул. Лазаряна, 2, Дншро, Украша, 49010, тел. +38 (0562) 33 19 61, ел. пошта dmitrob@ua.fm, ORCID 0000-0003-1441-3861
ЕФЕКТИВН1СТЬ МОДЕРНВАЦП КОЛ1СНО-МОТОРНИХ БЛОК1В ТЕПЛОВОЗА З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ МОТОРНО-ОСЬОВИХ П1ДШИПНИК1В КОЧЕННЯ
Мета. Використання моторно-осьових шдшипнишв (МОП) кочення зашсть моторно-осьових шдшипнишв ковзання е прюритетним напрямком розвитку локомотивобудування й експлуатацп наявних локомотивiв. Виршення завдань щодо впровадження на локомотивах колено-моторних блошв (КМБ) iз тдшипниками кочення потребуе пошуку альтернативних варiантiв i нових технiчних рiшень. Метою статп е визначення доцiльностi переобладнання колiсно-моторного блока тепловоза на тдшипники кочення шляхом розрахунку життевого циклу (LCC). Методика. Порядок i критерп оцшки економiчноï ефективностi проектних (швестицшних) пропозицiй та iнвестицiйних проектiв, затверджеш постановою Кабiнету Мiнiстрiв Украши, передбачають, що оцiнку економiчноï ефективностi швестицшного проекту здiйснюють за такими критерiями: чиста приведена вартiсть, внутрiшня норма дохвдносп, дисконтований перiод окупностi й iндекс прибутковостi. Використання зазначених критерив економiчноï ефективностi повнiстю в^дпов^дае сучасним принципам, теоретико-методичним подходам i свгговш практицi оцiнки ефективностi iнвестицiй. У робоп оцiнка технiко-економiчноï ефективностi модершзацп колiсно-моторного блока
Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вюник Дншропетровського нащонального ушверситету залiзничного транспорту, 2018, N° 4 (76)
РУХОМИЙ СКЛАД ЗАЛ1ЗНИЦЬ I ТЯГА ПО1ЗД1В
тепловоза проведена на 0CH0Bi розрахунку й nopiBHHHHH наступних критерй'в - чисто! приведено! вартосп (NPV) модершзаци, внутрiшньо! норми доходу (IRR), шдексу дохiдностi (PI) й дисконтного термшу окупностi. Результати. Виконанi розрахунки значень основних критерй'в сввдчать, що шновацшнш проект i3 модернiзацi! тепловоза забезпечуе високий рiвень економiчно! ефективностi. При цьому величина дисконтованого термiну окупносп iнвестицiй у модернiзацiю передбачае, що !! проведения е доцiльним, якщо залишковий ресурс строку корисного використання модернiзованого тепловоза серй' М62 не менший за 15 мiсяцiв. Наукова новизна. З урахуванням особливостей виду роботи тепловоза тд час руху в складi вантажного по!зда розроблена методика з визначення окремих складових середньорiчного економiчного ефекту ввд модершзаци колено -моторного блока тепловоза. До них належать економiя витрат на мастило, на ремонт й обслуговування колено -моторного блока тепловоза, у тому числ замiну вкладишiв МОП, та економ1я витрат на пальне для тяги по!здiв. Практична значимкть. Результати роботи дозволяють визна-чити доцшьшсть модершзаци тепловозiв з урахуванням особливостей та умов !х роботи, а також специфiки модершзаци.
Ключовi слова: модершзащя тепловоза; колiсно-моторний блок; технiко-економiчна ефективнiсть; пiдшипники кочення; життевий цикл
М. И. КАПИЦА1*, О. Н. ГНЕННЫЙ2*, Д. В. БОБЫРЬ3*
'*Каф. «Локомотивы», Днепропетровский национальный университет железнодорожного транспорта имени академика В. Лазаряна, ул. Лазаряна, 2, Днипро, Украина, 49010, тел. +38 (0562) 33 19 61, эл. почта m.i.kapitca@ua.fm, ORCID 0000-0002-3800-2920
2*Каф. «Экономика и менеджмент», Днепропетровский национальный университет железнодорожного транспорта имени академика В. Лазаряна, ул. Лазаряна, 2, Днипро, Украина, 49010, тел. +38 (056) 373 15 80, эл. почта oleggnen-nij@gmail.com, ORCID 0000-0002-2944-5105
3*Каф. «Локомотивы», Днепропетровский национальный университет железнодорожного транспорта имени академика В. Лазаряна, ул. Лазаряна, 2, Днипро, Украина, 49010, тел. +38 (0562) 33 19 61, эл. почта dmitrob@ua.fm, ORCID 0000-0003-1441-3861
ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ МОДЕРНИЗАЦИИ КОЛЕСНО-МОТОРНЫХ БЛОКОВ ТЕПЛОВОЗА С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ МОТОРНО-ОСЕВЫХ ПОДШИПНИКОВ КАЧЕНИЯ
Цель. Использование моторно-осевых подшипников (МОП) качения вместо моторно-осевых подшипников скольжения является приоритетным направлением развития локомотивостроения и эксплуатации имеющихся локомотивов. Решение задач по внедрению на локомотивах колесно-моторных блоков (КМБ) с подшипниками качения требует поиска альтернативных вариантов и новых технических решений. Целью статьи является определение целесообразности переоборудования колесно-моторного блока тепловоза на подшипники качения путем расчета жизненного цикла (LCC). Методика. Порядок и критерии оценки экономической эффективности проектных (инвестиционных) предложений и инвестиционных проектов, утвержденные постановлением Кабинета Министров Украины, предполагают, что оценка экономической эффективности инвестиционного проекта осуществляется по следующим критериям: чистая приведенная стоимость, внутренняя норма доходности, дисконтированный период окупаемости и индекс доходности. Использование указанных критериев экономической эффективности полностью соответствует современным принципам, теоретико-методическим подходам и мировой практике оценки эффективности инвестиций. В работе оценка технико-экономической эффективности модернизации колесно-моторного блока тепловоза проведена на основе расчета и сравнения следующих критериев - чистой приведенной стоимости (NPV) модернизации, внутренней нормы дохода (IRR), индекса доходности (PI) и дисконтного срока окупаемости. Результаты. Выполненные расчеты значений основных критериев свидетельствуют, что инновационной проект по модернизации тепловоза обеспечивает высокий уровень экономической эффективности. При этом величина дисконтированного срока окупаемости инвестиций в модернизацию предусматривает, что ее проведение целесообразно, если остаточный ресурс срока полезного использования модернизированного тепловоза серии М62 не менее 15 месяцев. Научная новизна. С учетом особенностей вида работы тепловоза во время движения в составе грузового поезда разработана методика по определению отдельных составляющих среднегодового экономического эффекта от модернизации колесно-моторного блока тепловоза. К ним относятся экономия расходов на смазку, на ремонт и обслуживание колесно-моторного
Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вюник Дншропетровського нащонального унiверситету залiзничного транспорту, 2018, № 4 (76)
блока тепловоза, в том числе замену вкладышей МОТ, и экономия затрат на топливо для тяги поездов.
Практическая значимость. Результаты работы позволяют определить целесообразность модернизации
тепловозов с учетом особенностей и условий их работы, а также специфики модернизации.
Ключевые слова: модернизация тепловоза; колесно-моторный блок; технико-экономическая эффективность; подшипники качения; жизненный цикл
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Received: April 12, 2018
Accepted: July 25, 2018
