CC BY
26
DOI https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2018-09.50
EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION FACTORS OF WETLAND PADDY FARMING IN WEST ACEH REGENCY
Fitri Cut Ida*, Mustafa, Azhar
Syiah Kuala University, Indonesia *E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Appropriate and efficient production management is able to maximize yield continuously in rice farming. Efficiency of production factor one of the effort to increase the ability in farming management especially the use of production factor gives opportunity to increase income for rice commodity. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of efficiency of production factors allocated for wet land paddy farming in West Aceh regency from the economic aspect as well as the amount of income received by rice farmers in the research area. The analysis model used is Cobb Douglas Production Function Analysis, where the result of efficiency analysis found that seed factor, compost fertilizer, and NPK fertilizer are inefficient, while Urea, Pesticide and labor are not efficient yet.
KEY WORDS
Production function, management, wetland rice farming, efficiency, income, West Aceh.
Rice is the most important crop and continues to be cultivated intensively by farmers. This, rice is a staple crop so the availability of rice affects food security, which ensures the availability of food for all people throughout the year on a sustainable basis. Appropriate and efficient production management is able to maximize yield continuously in rice farming.
Farmers in their farms are not only interested in increasing their production, but able to increase income which in turn also increases the benefits for rice farmers. Efforts to increase productivity by using the means of agricultural production, which initially gives a positive effect that is the increase in productivity, but over time decreased productivity and the impact on increasing pest and weeds due to the increasing resistance to pesticides provided by farmers.
The efforts to increase the productivity level of agricultural products have many ways done by the government both directly with integrated agricultural programs and indirectly through research institutions from both universities and independent institutions. In the implementation not all things planned to run, this condition is seen in the field which in the ratio of planning with the results obtained is much different. This difference is in addition to technical aspects of implementation and also due to non-technical factors such as socioeconomic community.
Production development conditions in Kaway XVI Subdistirct and Woyla Subdistrict, which in 2014 the production reached 12,916.00 tons in the Kaway XVI and 10,121.00 tons in the Woyla, while in 2015 in the Kaway XVI Subdistrict increased to 36,322.07 tons and Woyla Subdistrict increased to 22,797.00 tons, while in 2016 decreased in production so that the Kaway XVI subdistrict became 29,353.80 tons as well as the sub-district of Woyla dropped to 19,722.00 tons. This condition illustrates that the fluctuations in the production of lowland rice planted by farmers, the conditions caused are still many farmers have not been able to use production facilities both in terms of quality and quantity which is affect the amount of production.
METHODS OF RESEARCH
The research location in West Aceh regency was deliberately chosen based on the consideration which Aceh Barat regency was the central of paddy farming in Aceh Province. The location of research conducted in the Kaway XIV subdistirct and Woyla subdistrict.
The sampling method was a Stratified Random Sampling which was samples grouping into a more homogeneous group.
The population size in this research was 1,587 people, which was divided into 4 Villages in each Subistrict namely Kaway XIV Subdistrict and Woyla Subdistrict. The total population of Kaway XIV Subdistrict reached 730 people with the total sample reached 73 people or 10% of the total population. While for Woyla subdistrict, the total population reached 857 people with the total sample reached 86 people or 10% of the total population.
The analysis tool used in this research is Cobb-Douglas Production Function. The equation can be written as follows:
Log Y= Loga+p1logx1+p2logx2+p3logx3+p4logx4+p5logx5 +e
Where: Y = Paddy production (kg/ha/mt); X1 = land area (ha/mt); X2 = seed (kg/mt); X3 = fertilizer (kg/mt); X4 = pesticide (liter/mt); X5 = labor (HKP/mt).
Calculating the level of production input efficiency in wetland paddy farming in West Aceh regency, the economic efficiency condition requires NPM to be equal to the factor production price:
a. Y. Pv
X
■ = pr
Farmers profit is net income of farmers after deducted by production cost and investment cost. According to Suratiyah (2009) the formula for calculating profits as follows:
TR = Py.Y
The calculation of R / C can be written as follows:
D , — _ Total Revenue _ YxPy
R / C--— -
Total Cost TC
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The efforts to increase yields on farms is to increase the use of production facilities that will increase the income of local farmers. The magnitude of the factors production influence on paddy production in the analysis by using Cobb Douglass function that has been transformed into the regression equation in the logarithm so that the following results are obtained:
Table 1 - Cobb Douglas Analysis Results on Seed Factors, Compost Fertilizers, NPK Fertilizers, Urea Fertilizers, Pesticides and Labor in Research Areas, 2018
Variable Regression Coefficient T(DF=158) Prob Ttable
Constants 1,953 4,631 0,000 0,05=2,44
X1 -0,098 -2,925 0,004
X2 -0.008 -0,133 0,894
X3 -0,288 -2,800 0,006
X4 1,073 6,609 0,000
X5 0,101 4,119 0,000
Xe 0,502 5,453 0,000
R2 0,867 F Table 0,05 = 2,88
F search 172,650
Source: Data Primer (diolah), 2018.
Ln Y = Ln 1,953 + Ln -0,098 X1 + Ln -0,008 X2 + Ln -0,288 X3 + Ln 1,073 X4 + Ln 0,101 X5 + Ln 0,502 X
Y = 7,050 + 0,907 X1 + 0,992 X2 + 0,750 X3 + 2,924 X4 + 1,106 X5 + 1,652 Xa
The above calculation results show that each addition of seed (X1) of 1 Kg will cause a production increase of 0.907 Kg / Ha if the factors (X2, X3, X4, X5, and X6) was considered fixed, the hypothesis accepted Ha and rejected Ho. For seed variables (X1) obtained t find = -2.925, while t table (a = 0,05) = 2.44. Then t find> t table which means the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted at 95% level.
Each addition of compost (X2) of 1 Kg will result in increased production of 0.992 Kg / Ha if the production factors (X1, X3, X4, X5, and X6) are considered fixed, the hypothesis accepted Ha and rejected Ho. For variable of compost fertilizer (X2), t find = - 0,133, while t table (a = 0,05) = 2,44. Then t find> t table which means the null hypothesis is accepted and the alternative hypothesis is rejected at 95% level.
Any addition of NPK fertilizer (X3) of 1 Kg will result increased production of 0.750 Kg / Ha if the production factors (X1, X2, X4, X5, and X6) are considered fixed, the hypothesis accepted Ha and rejected Ho. For the NPK fertilizer variable (X3) obtained t find = -2,800, whereas t table (a = 0,05) = 2,44. Then t find> t table which means the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted at 95% level.
Any addition of Urea fertilizer (X4) of 1 Kg will result in increased production of 2,924 Kg / Ha if the production factors (X1, X2, X3, X5, and X6) are considered fixed, the hypothesis accepted Ha and reject Ho. For the Urea fertilizer variable (X4) obtained t find = 6,609, while whereas t table (a = 0,05) = 2,44. Then t find> t table which means the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted at 95% level.
Any addition of pesticide (X5) of 100 ml will result increased production of 1,106 Kg / Ha if the production factors (X1, X2, X3, X4, and X6) are considered fixed, the hypothesis accepted Ha and reject Ho. For the pesticide variable (X5) obtained t find = 4,119, while t table (a = 0,05) = 2,44. Then t find> t table which means the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted at 95% level.
Any additional labor (X6) of 1 HKP will result in a production increase of 1,652 Kg / Ha if the production factors (X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5) are considered fixed, the hypothesis accepted Ha and rejected Ho. For the labor variable (X6) obtained t find = 5,453, while t table (a = 0,05) = 2,44. Then t find> t table which means the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted at 95% level.
The simultaneous test results obtained by F test obtained Ffind of 172,650 and Ftable (0,01) on the confidence level of 95 percent of 2.88 with other words Ffind> Ftable, this means seed (X1), compost (X2), NPK fertilizer (X3), Urea fertilizer (X4), Pesticide (X5) and Labor (X6) have a very significant effect on rice production.
Furthermore, to see the relation of efficiency of production factor (Y) with seed (X1), compost fertilizer (X2), NPK fertilizer (X3), Urea fertilizer (X4), Pesticide (X5) and Labor (X6) is used determination coefficient (R2). The results show that R2 = 867, it means that 86.70 percent of the Y variable can be explained by the X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, and X6 variables, while the other 13.30 percent is explained by other factors out the research.
Table 2 - Efficiency Analysis
Production Factor
Regression Coefficient (a)
Average
Production
(Y)
(Kg/Farmers)
Production Price, Py (Rp/Kg)
Production Factor Average (X) (Sat/Petani)
Production Factor Price, Px
Efficiency Ratio
(aYPy/XPx)
Information
Seed -0,09780 4.621 4.500 62,41 5.500 -5,92 No
Compost -0,00771 4.621 4.500 775,69 500 -0,41 No
NPK -0,28768 4.621 4.500 139,36 2.500 -17,17 No
Urea 1,07261 4.621 4.500 168,51 2.000 66,18 Not yet
Pesticide 0,10140 4.621 4.500 698,40 500 6,04 Not yet
Labor 0,50223 4.621 4.500 118,56 35.000 2,52 Note yet
The ratio between the Marginal Product Value (NPM) of the seed production inpud and the price (Px) of seed purchase is greater than one (-5.92). It shows that economically the allocation of seed input at the level of 62.41 Kg was inefficient.
The ratio between the Marginal Product Value (NPM) of the compost fertilizerinput (X2) with the compost fertilizer price per kilogram is less than one (-0.41). It shows that economically the allocation of composted fertilizer production input at the level of 775,69 kilogram per Ha was inefficient.
The ratio between the Marginal Product Value (NPM) from the production input of NPK fertilizer (X3) and the fertilizer price per kilogram is greater than one (-17.17). It shows that economically the allocation of NPK fertilizer production input at the level of 168.51 kilograms per farm was inefficient.
The ratio between the Marginal Product Value (NPM) of the Urea fertilizer production input (X4) with the Urea fertilizer price per kilogram is greater than one (66.18). It shows that economically the allocation of urea fertilizer input at the level of 143.83 kilograms per Ha was inefficient yet.
The ratio between the Marginal Product Value (NPM) of Pesticide Production input (X5) at the pesticide price per milligram is less than one (6.04). It shows that economically allocation from pesticide production input at level 698,40 ml per Ha that pesticide production factor (X5) was inefficient yet.
The ratio between the Marginal Product Value (NPM) of the labor production input to the labor price per HKP is greater than one (2.52). It shows that economically the allocation of labor input at the level of 118.56 HKP thus the labor production factor (X6) was inefficient yet.
The amount of farm income earned by rice farmers reached Rp.18.280.533 per Ha, which the amount of dried grain production reached 5.389 kg per Ha, with the selling price of dried grain Rp.4.500 per kg and the amount of production value reached Rp 24.248.258 per Ha. The cost of production reached Rp.5.968.258 per Ha. With an R / C value of 4.063, which means that paddy farming will provide income of 4.063 times from the total cost incurred by farmers.
CONCLUSION
From Cobb Douglas analysis, it can be concluded that seed production, NPK fertilizer, Urea fertilizer, Pesticide and labor have a significant effected on wetland paddy production, while compost fertilizer production factor has not significant effect on wetland paddy production. Whereas based on the results of the efficiency analysis it was found that the seed factors, compost fertilizer, and NPK fertilizer were inefficient, while Urea, Pesticides and Labor were inefficient yet.
The amount of paddy farming profits earned by the farmers worth, which the benefits are seen from the Reveunue Cost Ratio (R / C) of 4,063.
SUGGESTIONS
As a suggestions can be given by author which there were several factors of inefficient production of seed factors, compost fertilizer, NPK fertilizer, and labor, so it can be said the saprodi used was excessive and the need to reduction it, in addition to the inefficient yet factors consisting of Urea fertilizer and pesticides, so that the amount of the application can be added. The effort to achieve efficiency in rice farming in terms of technical efficiency, price efficiency and economic efficiency of the need for action in the farming obtained from various sources one of them is from extension workers in order to be able to obtain maximum production. And also the participation of farmers in farmer groups which in the farmer group is a forum to exchange information among farmers.
The effort to increase the income is expected that the farmers can make the addition or reduction of production factors in accordance with the efficiency calculation by doing these activities will provide optimal results, in addition the appropriate types used of production facilities will provide the right results as well.
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