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0Effects of Dietary Furazolidone on the Performance of Broiler
Chicks under Sudan Conditions
1Howieda D. Ahmed, 2Khalid M. Elamin and 3Khadiga A. Abdel Ati
1 Department of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Animal Resources, Khartoum 2Department of Animal Breeding, Faculty of Animal Production, University of Gezira, Sudan 3 Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production, University of Khartoum, Sudan
Corresponding author's email: khalid1130@yahoo.com ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted to assess the effects of Furazolidone incorporation in broiler feeds under Sudan Conditions. A total of 144 one-day old non sexed chicks of Lohmann breed were used. Experimental chicks were distributed randomly into 4 treatments, each with three replicates (36 birds/treatment and 12 birds/pen as replicate).Four diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous, supplemented with graded levels of furazolidone (0,100, 200, 300 mg/kg feed). Traits studied were feed intake (weight gain), body weight and feed conversion ratio. Results revealed that body weight, weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were not significantly at (P <0.05) affected by different levels of Furazolidone. Final body weights at slaughter age (7 weeks) was in the range of 1592±45.9- 1706±45.9 g. Weekly weight gain was highest in the fifth week (322-391 g/ day). Average weekly feed intake increased with the advance in age and it approach 100 g in the seventh week of age. Total feed conversion ratio was in the range of 2.24±0.05-2.34±0.05.It is concluded that Furazolidone has neither positive nor negative effects on the performance of broiler chicks. It is suggested that this drug can be used in poultry farms were the hygienic and managerial conditions were poor. Key words: growth promoter, Feed intake, feed conversion ratio
INTRODUCTION
Poultry industry played important role in alleviating animal protein deficiency in the last two decades throughout the world via increased availably of poultry eggs and meat (Pervez et al., 2011). Mumtaz et al. (2000) reported that although man obtained many foods from sea and lands but he have a preference for animal products (meat, milk, egg and fish). Antibiotics and anti-stress are commonly used in poultry (broiler and market of turkey rations) production as feed additives as growth stimulators (Ensminger, 1985). Antibiotics are chemical compounds that are produced by many microorganisms and have the ability to retard the growth or destroy other microbes (Goodman et al 1985). The production of low quality feed lead to many problems in broiler production resulting in poor performance and decreased benefits (Pervez et al., 2011). This could be attributed to many factors as lack of digestive enzymes, insufficient time for digestion, subclinical infections and inadequate processing of feed ingredients (Kemin, 1991). To reach a profitable balance among the cost of feed, broiler performance and product quality, certain feed additive are available in the market for the use in broiler feed (Pervez et al.,
2011). These additives may be recommended for either their chemotherapeutic and prophylactic effects or for their growth promoting effects (Pervez et al., 2011).
Furazolidone is a relatively broad spectrum antibacterial drug is widely which used to treat certain bacterial and protozoal diseases in man and animals (Phlillips and Haily 1986, Brander et al 1982). This drug is a member of nitro-furan group that is known to be used as feed additive (bacteriostatic and growth promoter agent) to starter ration of turkey (Czarnecki, 1990).
The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of furazolidone on the performance of the growing and finishing broilers and its effects on broilers blood chemistry.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study location
The experiment was conducted in the premises of the faculty of Animal Production, University of Khartoum. The experiment lasted for seven weeks during which the highest and lowest temperature and
To cite this paper: Howieda D. Ahmed, Khalid M. Elamin and Khadiga A. Abdel Ati. 2012. Effects of Dietary Furazolidone on the Performance of Broiler Chicks under Sudan Conditions- J. World's Poult. Res. 2(4): 70-72. Journal homepage^ http://jwpr.science-line.com/
Running title: Performance of Broilers fed Graded Levels Of Furazolidone
relative humidity were 35- 24° C and 50-32% respectively.
Experimental House
Birds were confined in open sided house, constructed from cemented brick walls, iron posts and the rest of the house was covered with fine wire netting. The house was divided into 12 pens each of a meter square dimension. A clean wood shaving was provided as bedding. Clean feeder and drinking devices were provided and adjusted according to the growth of the chicks.
Experimental diets
Isocaloric and isonitrogenous diet that met N.R.C. (National Researtch Council 1984) recommended levels of nutrients for broiler chicks as in table 1. This diet was formulated from locally available ingredients (sorghum, groundnut and sesame cake). Furazolidone was added at graded different levels (0, 100, 200 and 300mg/kg feed).
Management and data collection
Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Continues light was provided naturally and artificially. Birds were weighed weekly and weight gain for each bird was calculated. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio were calculated weekly.
Experimental Design and Statistical analysis:
A complete randomized design was used and obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis according to analysis of variance a procedure outlined by Steel and Torie (1980). Duncan's multiple range tests was used to determine levels of significance between treatment means at 0.05 probability.
Table 1. Ingredient composition of the basal diet
Ingredient Percent
Sorghum 64
Groundnut Meal 17
Sesame Meal 10
Wheat Bran 2
Concentrate1 5
Oyster Shell 1.5
Salt 0.25
Vitamins And Minerals2 0.25
Determined Analysis
Dry Matter 95.05
Crude Protein 22.32
Ether Extract 3.00
Crude Fiber 5.48
The calculated nutrients of the basal diet were: crude protein 21.9%, crude fibre 4.45, ME (Kcal/kg) 3081, calcium 0.9,and phosphorus 0.9%. 'Concentrate : CP 38%, C F 2%, Ca 12, P 7%. 2Vitamins and minerals per mix Kg of feed : Ultra vit. Premix Vit A 8000 I.U., vit. D3 1400 I.U., Vit. E 2 I.U., Vit. K3 2 mg, Vit. B2 4 mg, Vit. B1 2 mg, Ca-d-pantothenic 5 mg, Nicotinamide 15 mg, choline chloride 100 mg, Vit. B12 5 mg, iorn 22 mg, manganes 33 mg, copper 2.2 mg, cobalt 0.5 mg, zinc 52mg, and iodine 1.1 mg.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Tables 2, 3 and 4 revealed that graded addition of furazolidone in broiler feed did not significantly (at P 0.05) affected body weight, weight and on feed consumption at different ages in broilers. This may be due to good hygiene, proper management and small size of the flock used. The addition of furazolidone to feed seemed to be of less value in these conditions. However, if the drug is used in poultry farm (uncontrolled environment) where there is less hygiene, it may give different response in performance.
Table 2. Effects of Furazolidone on the growth of broiler chicks
Furazolidone Age Weeks
(mg/kg feed) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 44.0a 92.0 a 203.0 a 450.0 a 754.0 a 1145.0 a 1419.0 a 1706.0 a
100 44.0 a 87.0 a 215.0 a 433.0 a 748.0 a 1051.0 a 1359.0 a 1612.0 a
200 44.0 a 86.0 a 192.0 a 420.0 a 731.0 a 1054.0 a 1304.0 a 1592.0 a
300 43.0 a 90.0 a 212.0 a 457.0 a 787.0 a 1126.0 a 1411.0 a 1705.0 a
SE± 0.34 2.4 9.03 60.77 35.7 46.96 52.5 45.9
_Table 3. Effects of Furazolidone on weekly weight gain (g/bird) of broiler chicks
Furazolidone Age Weeks
(mg/kg feed) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 48.32a 114.70 a 246.77 a 303.48 a 391.19 a 247.34 a 286.97 a
100 43.39 a 127.78 a 218.53 a 315.10 a 322.12 a 304.70 a 253.77 a
200 42.72 a 106.07 a 227.74 a 310.30 a 323.57 a 250.82 a 270.15 a
300 47.55 a 121.29 a 245.90 a 329.24 a 339.13 a 285.44 a 293.38 a
SE± 2.49 8.39 11.13 16.63 22.66 39.15 31.20
Furazolidone
Table 4. Effects of Furazolidone on weekly feed intake (g/bird) of broiler chicks
Age Weeks
(mg/kg feed) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 120.23a 226.93 a 366.53 a 560.77 a 664.53 a 830.37 a 935.97 a
100 110.33 a 210.46 a 361.20 a 550.63 a 648.33 a 791.83 a 853.77 a
200 118.67 a 208.20 a 351.03 a 379.80 a 650.10 a 781.70 a 843.03 a
300 104.14 a 236.10 a 379.80 a 581.90 a 704.77 a 866.43 a 944.07 a
SE± 8.56 10.58 14.97 21.58 26.48 29.87 41.19
Means in the same column with the same letter are not significantly different at P 0.05; SE = Standard error of mea
Howieda D. Ahmed, Khalid M. Elamin and Khadiga A. Abdel Ati. 2012. Effects of Dietary Furazolidone on the Performance of Broiler Chicks under
Sudan Conditions. J World's Poult. Res. 2(4): 70-72.
http://jwpr.science-line.com/
_Table 5. Effects of dietary levels of Furazolidone on the performance of broiler chicks_
„ . _Level of Furazolidone (mg/kg feed)_
_0_100_200_300_SE±
Total feed intake (g/bird) 3715.40 3527.60 3473.70 3814.20 111.12 Total weight gain (g/bird) 1662.50 1568.80 1548.10 1662.00 45.8 Total feed Conversion efficiency_2.24_2j25_2.25_2j3i_0.05
Means in the same column with the same letter are not significantly different at P 0.05; SE = Standard error of means.
These results were in line with those reported by Moreover, Act et al. (1989) who found no significant effects on broiler growth due to the addition of furazolidone.
Body weight at the end of the first, third, fifth and seventh weeks were in the range of 86.0 - 92.0, 420.0- 457.7, 1051.0- 1145.0 and 1592.0- 1706.0 g respectively (Table 2). Final body weight is more or less similar to that obtained by El-Hussieny et al (2008) but lower than that reported by Olugbemi et al (2004) who reported 2550-2720 g.
Weight gain increased at increasing rate till the fourth and fifth weeks (303.48 - 391.19 g ) when it reached the peak then began to drop down a little pit in the six and seventh weeks ( 247.34 - 304.7g) as in Table 3. Feed consumption increased gradually with the increase in age (from 104 -120 g in the first week to 935 - 953 g in the seventh week) as in Table 4.
Table 5 showed total feed intake, total weight gain and total feed conversion ratio. Results obtained in this study were 3473.70 - 3814.20, 1548.10-1662.50, and 2,24- 2,34 for the three traits respectively. Average Feed intake in a whole experimental period (five weeks) done by Khan et al (2011) was found to be 3178-3225 g. This intake is higher than feed intake for five weeks in this experiment (1883.64g). Total weight gain in this study was in accordance to El-Husseiny et al (2008) who found 1550-1604 but lower than that reported by Olugbemi et al (2004) who found 1680 -1920g. While total feed intake and total feed conversion ratio were higher than results obtained by El-Hosseiny et al (2008) who reported 3003-3116 and 1.85-2.02 for the traits respectively but lower than results found by Olugbemi et al (2004).
CONCLUSION
It is concluded that Furazolidone has neither positive nor negative effects on the performance of broiler chicks. It is suggested that this drug can be used in poultry farms were the hygienic and managerial conditions were poor.
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