CC BY
56
DOI 10.18551/rjoas.2019-03.20
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE USE OF DEMONSTRATION AND LECTURE METHOD, GROUP DISCUSSION AND LECTURE METHOD, AND LECTURE METHOD IN FOOD PROCESSING COUNSELING AT KARANGANYAR DISTRICT OF CENTRAL JAVA,
INDONESIA
Umanailo Rusnawaty
S2 Development Counseling Program, Sebelas Maret State University, Surakarta, Central Java Province, Indonesia
Suminah, Irianto Heru
Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University Surakarta, Sebelas Maret State University,
Surakarta, Central Java Province, Indonesia
*E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to analyze the level of knowledge, skills and changes in attitudes of members of farmer groups in processing food in Karanganyar Regency. Analyze the effectiveness of using demonstration and lecture method, group discussion method and lecture, and lecture method in food processing counseling. This study used a quantitative approach with a pure experimental method with a control group design with purwauji and purmauji (Nahartyo, E, 2012). The participants in this study were taken from the Jatipuro District, Karanganyar Regency in Jatisobo Village, Jatikuwung Village and Jatimulyo Village. The sampling was determined purposively as many as 108 people. The technique of collecting data was done through the implementation of pre-test, post-test, filling out questionnaire, and observation. The description of participants was about social conditions, the age of participants which was between 15 - 60 years old, the education level which begun from elementary to formal education level up to S1 (bachelor program), having a livelihood as employees, traders, farmers and IRT (Household). Jatipuro Subdistrict is a commodity development area for cassava which has increased production every year. There was a significant difference in the increase of knowledge between the first experimental group, the second experiment and the control group. Viewed from the average increase in knowledge in the experimental group with the discussion and lecture methods is higher than the increase in knowledge in the experimental group with demonstration and lecture, and the control group with the lecture method. Thus, the group which given the discussion and lecture method obtained a significantly higher increase in knowledge compared to the demonstration and lecture method, and the control group which was also with the application of the lecture method. The estimated linear regression model is good to be used to explain the increase of knowledge, improvement in skills and attitudinal change simultaneously influence the control of food production processes of home industry in the application of demonstration and lecture methods, discussion and lecture methods and the application of lecture method toward knowledge, skills and attitudes, they stimulataneously have a significant effect on the control of food production processes of home industry. In the application of demonstration methods and lectures, knowledge, skills and attitudes partially have no effect on the control of food production process of home industry. In the application of discussion and lecture methods, knowledge and attitude partially influence the control of food production process of home industry. The application of the lecture method on knowledge and attitude partially influence the control of food production process of home industry. The total of the influence of knowledge, skills and attitude toward the control of food production processes of home industry in the application of demonstration and lecture methods is positive. It means that at the time of increasing knowledge, improving skills and changing attitudes, so that the control of food production processes of home industry will increase. In the application of discussion and lecture method, the total of influence of
increasing skills and changing attitude has an increase of influence on the control of food production process of home industry. However, knowledge has negative value which means that any increase in knowledge has an effect on reducing the control of food production processes in home industry. In applying the lecture method, every time there is an increase in knowledge and changes in attitude, there will be an increase in the control of the process of food production in home industries. Every time there is an increase in skills, it will reduce the control of food production process in home industry. The relationship between the variables of knowledge, skills and attitude toward the control of the food production process in home industry shows that in the application of demonstration and lecture methods, discussion and lecture methods and the application of lecture method, the attitudinal changes have more significant positive effect. This means that if there is a change in attitude, the control of food production process in home industry will increase.
KEY WORDS
Knowledge, skills, attitude, demonstration, lecture method, discussion, lecture method.
According to the law of Republic of Indonesia Number 16 of 2006 concerning the extension system of Agricultural, Fisheries and Forestry, it is stated that agricultural, fishery, forestry extension, hereinafter referred to as extension, is a learning process for the main actors and business actors so that they are willing and able to help and organize themselves in accessing information market, technology, capital and other resources, as an effort to increase productivity, business efficiency, income, and welfare and increase awareness in preserving environmental functions.
According to Mardikanto (1993) agricultural counseling can be interpreted as a process of behavior change (knowledge, attitudes and skills) among the community (farmers), so that they know, want and are able to carry out changes in his farming in order to achieve an increase in production, income / profits and improvement of family / community welfare which want to be achieved through agricultural development. According to Van Den Ban, A.W. and Hawkins, H.S. (1998), the advantages of demonstration are the ability to see a new method to be put into practice. There is no need for high mutual trust between farmers and extension workers, because farmers can see for themselves everything clearly. According to Leeuwis (2009) demonstrating the results of certain practices is a strategy to increase awareness which is more useful than using visualization.
According to Van Den Ban, A.W. and Hawkins, H.S. (1998), group discussion is a very important extension method, because it provides an opportunity to influence the behavior of participants. The role of group discussion can be viewed from things that can increase knowledge, change attitudes, and change behavior. According to Mardikanto (1993), as an extension method this discussion method is very effective for exchanging information for each participant. Therefore it is very effective to improve knowledge, attitude, even if carried out in the field or with the help of certain equipment can also improve target skills. So that this method is very effective for the target at the stage of assessing and trying. As for the conscious and interest stages, it is considered inefficient because it only reaches relatively limited targets.
According to Van Den Ban, A.W. and Hawkins, H.S. (1998), lectures or speeches are important tools to transfer information in counseling. In addition, the relatively higher per capita costs (compared to mass media) lecture or speeches have several distinctive advantages as follows: lecturers can change the content of their speeches according to both the needs and interests of the audience and their level of education, lecturers can pay attention to the audience's responses when speaking and can immediately change his approach, the audience can find out the speaker better and get a clear impression about the topic of conversation through the gestures and expressions on his face.
The production data which obtained from BPS Karanganyar Regency (2015) found cassava production increased every year. In 2012 there was a production increase of 5,646 tons or an increase of 1.05% from 2011 production of 103,179 tons. In 2013 the production increase was 6,864 tons or an increase of 1.06%. 2014 increased by 127,990 tons or
increased by 1.11%. In 2015 there was an increase in production of 18,419 tons from production of 146,409 tons or an increase of 1.14%. This shows that the development of food processing oriented to local food such as cassava has a good opportunity to be developed. One of processed cassava is Mocaf (Modified Cassava Flour) which is a modified product as the latest processed product of cassava. Karanganyar Regency has the potential to develop cassava. Post-harvest handling and yield processing must be carried out immediately because cassava production is easily damaged. Processing of mocaf flour (modified casssava flour) is a good alternative for processing cassava production. Besides as alternative flour to meet the need for wheat flour in the community, the results of processed mocaf flour can meet the needs of other food industries. It is hoped that with the presence of mocaf flour, food products that have high quality and selling value will be obtained and can be made as regional superior products.
The problem that faced so far is that there is an increase in cassava production every year but the production results have not been further processed as processed products that have high selling value. Farmers still sell their products directly so that the results of production cannot increase their income. Processed cassava products in the form of Mocaf (Modified Cassava Flour) which began to be cultivated actually can increase farmers' income. Independent business in the agricultural sector can be carried out by cultivating agricultural products to be more productive and have a high selling value. Through the efforts of processing agricultural products that are oriented on the development of local products, the results of agricultural production are sold in raw form and also they are processed further into creative processed products. Through counseling methods in the form of demonstration, lecture and group discussion, farmer groups can provide knowledge about yield processing technology, which can provide innovation in agricultural products so that there will be many interpreunerers in the field of processing agricultural products. The role of agricultural extension agents is to help providing information about technology which is very necessary.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the level of knowledge, skills and changes in attitude of members of farmer groups in processing food in Karanganyar Regency. Analyzing the effectiveness of using demonstration and lecture methods, group discussion and lecture method, and lecture method in food processing counseling. The benefit of this research is to be able to provide information about the effectiveness of the demonstration and lecture methods, group discussion and lecture methods, and lecture method in food processing counseling and at the same time to provide references for further research. Providing information to the Karanganyar District Government to facilitate the efforts of processing agricultural products which based regional through the support of agricultural extension programs, increasing the agricultural extension resources, and developing extension methods effectively.
METHODS OF RESEARCH
This study used real experimental method with the form of a control group design through purwauji and purmauji with descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistics which analyzed using multiple linear regression. In this design, three groups were used, two groups for the experiment, one group that was treated with demonstration and lecture methods, one group was treated with discussion and lecture methods, and one group for the control group, namely the group which give lecture method. The location of this research was in Jatipuro Subdistrict, Karanganyar Regency in three villages, namely Jatimulyo Village, Jatikuwung Village, Jatisobo Village. The study was conducted in July 2018. The total of participants were 108 people with purposive sampling techniques. Validity and reliability tests were carried out on 30 non-sample people Jatimulyo village, Jatikuwung Village, Jatisobo Village, Karanganyar Regency. The results which obtained were the value of r count (0.3640.923), it was higher than the r value of the table (0.361), it can be concluded that all statements were valid and cronbach alpha values was (0.883 - 0.935), these results indicated that the questionnaire, pre-test, post-test, observations in this research were
reliable. The data which were collected (X1) knowledge, (X2) skills, (X3) attitude and (Y) control of food production processes of home industry.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
It was stated in the attachment of the Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture No. 52/Permentan/OT.140/12/2009 concerning the Agricultural Extension Method that agricultural extension method is the method / technique of delivering counseling materials by agricultural extension agents to the main actors and businessman so that they know, want and are able to help and organize themselves in accessing market, technology, capital, and other resources as an effort to increase productivity, business efficiency, income and welfare, as well as raising awareness in preserving environmental functions. This method aims to accelerate and facilitate the delivery of materials in its implementation, improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the implementation and implementation of agricultural counseling, accelerate the process of adopting agricultural technology innovations. Demonstration is a demonstrating of a technology (material, tool or method) and or results of its implementation which carried out by a demonstrator to the main actors and business actors. Lecture is a medium for delivering information verbally to the main actors, business people and / or community leaders in a meeting. Group discussion will have interactions between groups and communicators, so that it will influence the behavior of the participants of discussion. The role of group discussion in the delivering of technological innovations will increase knowledge, skills and attitude changes.
The extension method which applied to those three experimental groups namely demonstration and lecture methods which were applied to the Women Farmers Group in Jatimulyo Village, the second experimental group was applied Ngudi Rahayu II Farmer Group in Jatikuwung Village, while the experimental group as the control group was the Srikandi Joint Business Group in Jatisobo Village. Those three groups have processed the results of cassava. However, the results of processed products can not be able to become the main source of income, it is because the quality of the products which produced does not have high selling value yet, and processing work is additional work. It is expected that the application of extension methods will increase knowledge, skills and changes in the attitude of members of farmer groups.
The results of the analysis of participant characteristics (Table 1) indicate that most participants belong to productive age, with variations in age between 22 years and 65 years. The results showed that more than 67 percent of participants were in the age (30-39 years) up to (40-49 years). This condition shows that physically participants are still strong in carrying out their farming. According to Siagian (2012) age is related to technical maturity and psychological maturity. Increasing age shows the level of technical maturity, which means increased skills in carrying out tasks, experience in carrying out certain tasks continuously for a long time, it usually increases technical maturity. Psychological maturity shows that the older people are expected to be able to show mental maturity, the more wise, able to think rationally, to be able to control emotion, to tolerate views and behaviors that are different from their own point of view and behavior, and to be able controlling emotion. According to Soekartawi (2005), the younger age of farmers usually has great enthusiasm and curiosity, so that adoption of innovation is faster. Age can also be associated with experience. According to Nurhardjo (2012) the higher the age of the worker, the better the performance, because the level of expertise and skills is influenced by the experience gained while working.
The average formal education of participants is equivalent to completing elementary school. Most of the respondents attended elementary, middle and high school education. It is because of the economic constraints that they have to continue their education to a higher level, and the view of the community that formal education is not really needed if it is only to become a housewife. According to Siagian (2012) the dominant value in the culture of some countries showed that basically a place of woman is in the kitchen, which means that in many societies the role of women is primarily to take care of the household, not as a
breadwinner especially as the main breadwinner. The low level of formal education of participants causes their low ability to receive and manage the information provided. Suryani et al. (2017) said that the level of education determines a person's behavior and influences rational consideration in receiving information and decision making about technology.
Table 1 - The Distribution of Characteristics of Participants
No Individual Characteristics Category Total of people Percentage (%)
Age (Year) Age (20-29 years old) 18 16,7
(Average = 2,6) Age (30-39 years old) 34 31,5
1 (Max= 65) Age (40-49 years old) 33 30,6
(Min=22) Age (50-59 years old) 15 13,9
- Age (>60 years old) 8 7,4
Formal Education (Years) SD 43 39,8
(Average = 1,9) SMP 39 36,1
2 (Max= 5) SMA 22 20,4
(Min= 1) D3 1 0,9
- S1 3 2,8
Profession IRT 41 38,0
(Average = 2,3 tahun) Farmer 23 21,3
3 (Max= 5) Private 12 11,1
(Min= 1) Trader/Entrepreneur 31 28,7
- Employee 1 0,9
Table 2 - Summary of T-Test Analysis Results between Data (Gain/Delta Score)
Group Mean Stan, Deviation thitung (tcount) P Description
1st Experiment 32,41 9,97 19,50 0,000 significant
2nd Experiment 34,99 9,07 23,159 0,000 significant
Control 28,89 7,97 21,753 0,000 significant
Table 3 - Frequency Distribution of Changes in Knowledge Levels of Food Processing Group
Knowledge Enhancement of Food Processing Groups Classes
1st Experiment 2nd Experiment Control
f | % f | % f | %
Pre-test
• Bad Category
Very Low 9 25 13 36,1 10 27,8
Low 21 57,3 19 52,7 22 61,1
Total 30 82,3 32 88,8 32 88,9
• Good Category
High 6 16,7 4 11,1 4 11,1
Very High 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 6 16,7 4 11,1 4 11,1
Whole total of pre-test 36 100 36 100 36 100
Post-test
• Bad Category
Very Low 0 0 0 0 0 0
Low 2 5,6 1 2,8 2 5,6
Total 2 5,6 1 2,8 2 5,6
• Very Good
High 14 38,9 18 50,1 23 63,9
Very High 20 55,5 17 47,3 11 30,6
Total 34 94,4 35 97,4 34 94,5
Whole Total of post-test 36 100 36 100 36 100
From the results of the analysis as seen in the table above, it can be described as follows: There was a significant difference in the increase in knowledge between the first experimental group, the second experiment group and the control group. The group which given the discussion and lecture method gained a significantly higher increase in knowledge compared with the experimental group with the demonstration and lecture method and the control group which was treated with the lecture method.
From table 3, it can be seen that in the experimental group with the application of diiscussion and lecture methods on the pre-test treatment, there were as many as 36 people whose had the percentage of knowledge enhancement 97.4% from the bad category to the good category. The effectiveness of the application of discussion counseling method refers to Mardikanto (1993), as an extension method, discussion method is very effective for exchanging information to each participant. Because it is very effective to increase knowledge, attitude, even if it were carried out in the field or with the help of certain equipment, it could also improve the target skills. And according to Van Den Ban, A.W. and Hawkins, H.S. (1998), lecture or speeche are important tools to transfer information in counseling. The application of these two extension methods could simultaneously increase the knowledge of members of the food processing group. It can be seen that the number of members of the food processing group who experienced knowledge enhancement from the very low category of 88.8% increased to a good category of 97.4%.
Table 4 - Summary of T-Test Analysis Results between Data Groups Skill Improvement
(Gain / Delta Score)
Groups Mean Stan, Deviation thitung (tcount) P Distribution
1st Experiment 14,11 1,17 72,635 0,000 significant
2nd Experiment 14,72 2,39 37,025 0,000 significant
Control 13,42 1,59 50,553 0,000 significant
From the results of the analysis as seen in the table above, it can be described as follows: There was a significant difference in the improvement of skills in the first experimental group continued with the second experiment and the control group. It was indicated by thitung (tcount) = 72,635 with p = 0,000 which means that there is a significant difference in the increase in skills with the application of demonstration and lecture method.
Table 5 - The Frequency Distribution of Changes in the Levels of Skill Enhancement of Food
Processing Group
Increased Knowledge of Class Food Processing Groups Classes
1st Experiment 2nd Experiment Control
f | % f | % f | %
Observation before Treatment
• Bad Category
Very low 0 0 23 64 30 83,4
Low 30 83,5 13 36,1 6 16,8
Total 30 83,5 36 100 36 100
• Good Category
High 6 16,70 0 0 0 0
Very High 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 6 16,70 0 0 0 0
The total of observation before Treatment 36 100 36 100 36 100
Observation after Treatment
• Bad Category
Very low 0 0 0 0 0 0
Low 0 0 5 14 16 44,5
Total 0 0 5 14 16 44,5
• Good Category
High 11 30,6 28 77,9 19 52,9
Very High 25 69,6 3 8,4 1 2,8
Total 36 100 36 86,4 36 55,7
The total of observation after Treatment 36 100 36 100 36 100
From table 6 above, it can be seen that in the experimental group, the application of demonstration and lecture methods based on the observations before treatment, there were 36 people from bad category (low) and 30 people with good category (high), and the rest were 6 people. After being treated with demonstration and lecture methods, there were 36 skills increased. Or it can be said that the percentage of skill improvement was 100% from
bad category to good category. For food processing groups which given discussion and lecture method, the percentage of skill improvement was 86.4% from the bad category to good category, while the food processing group which was given the lecture method, the percentage of knowledge enhancement was 55.7% from the bad category to good category. The effective application of extension methods according to Mardikanto (1993), demonstration method, is often seen as the most effective method because this method is in accordance with the saying "seeing is believing" which can be interpreted as "by seeing, we believe" or believe in seeing and according Van Den Ban, AW and Hawkins, H.S. (1998), lecture or speeche are important tools to transfer information in counseling. The application of these two extension methods can simultaneously increase the knowledge of members of the food processing group. This can be seen from the number of members of the food processing group who experienced an increase in skills from the very low category 83.5%, increased to a good category of 100%. In the application of demonstration and lecture methods, the Adjusted R-Square value was 0.312 or 31.2%. The application of discussion and lecture methods with the value of Adjusted R-Square was 0.600 or equal to 60% while in the application of lecture method, the value of Adjusted R-Square was 0.237 or equal to 23.7%. The control of food production process of home industry can be explained by using variables of the increase of knowledge, skills and changing attitudes in the application of discussion and lecture methods. While the rest must be explained by outside factors of this regression model.
Table 7 - The Results of Partially Regression Test of the application of Extension Methods that Influence the Level of knowledge, skills and changes in attitude
Sub Change P t-hit Sig
1. The application of demonstration and lecture methods
(constant) -20,530 -,607 ,548
Knowledge ,286 1,539 ,134
Skill 1,214 1,939 ,061*
Attitude ,339 1,680 ,103
2. The application of discussion and lecture methods
(constant) 21,749 ,892 ,379
Knowledge -,336 -2,973 ,006*
Skill ,130 ,460 ,649
Attitude ,724 5,255 ,000*
3. The application of lecture !ethod
(constant) 27,690 ,975 ,337
Knowledge ,251 1,883 ,069
Skill -,430 -1,347 ,187
Attitude ,537 3,048 ,005*
a. Dependent Variable: The Control of food production process of IRT (Household).
In the group which treated by demonstration and lecture methods, increased skills and changing attitudes did not significantly influence the control of food production processes of home industry. Increased skills significantly influence the control of food production process in home industry. In the application of demonstration and lecture methods, participants were taught directly how to process good food so that the production had high selling value and could improve participants' skills in producing food. Materials and processing methods were delivered in stages and practiced directly by participants. The lecture delivered was applied together with demonstration method, the delivery of messages to participants could improve their skills in processing food. The lecture method, even though it is considered a weak method but after being combined with the demonstration method, it will achieve the purpose of counseling. Like the opinion of Van Den Ban, A.W. and Hawkins, H.S. (2017), they stated that the demonstration method teaches farmers certain skills. Farmers are given the opportunity to practice things that have been taught and get feedback from the instructor about their abilities. The lecture method is transfering information in counseling. In delivering lecture, lecturers can pay attention directly to the responses of participants when speaking and can change the way or the approach in delivering of material.
In group which treated with discussion method and lecture, increased knowledge and changing attitude significantly influence the control of food production process in home industry. Through discussion and lecture method,, the delivery of material to participants can influence the behavior of participants in food processing. In the application of discussion and lecture method, it can help participants to add knowledge, clarify new information that participants have known and communicate directly about food processing. Changes in the attitude of participants in processing food will affect the quality of their products. A conscious attitude toward the lack of knowledge in processing product and the willingness to change attitude in managing their business production will provide good results from their processed products. It relates with the opinion of Van Den Ban, A.W. and Hawkins, H.S. (2017) that lecture which followed by discussion are used to focus the attention of the masses on a problem. Group discussion helps the process of transferring technology to groups, integrates knowledge by providing opportunities to ask questions, renew views and fulfill several functions in the process of changing attitude.
In the group which given the lecture method, changes in attitude have a significant effect on controlling the food production process of homemade food industry. The lecture method conveyed the problem of processing the results faced by participants. The lecture delivered by food experts with material processing results and can inspire participants to change their attitude to process food according to the production stages. Submission of material with audiovisual displays material with concise and interesting images can encourage participants to listen well. Participants who were all female, in listening to the lecture about food processing, it attracted their attention. Participants in accepting materials are more subjective, friendly, sympathetic and easily influenced. According to Tarigan (2015) each person will tend to listen carefully to the topic or subject of the discussion he agreed to. When listening to something valuable from the conversation, they will be eager to listen to the materials diligently and thoroughly.
Table 8 - The Results of Simultaneously Regression Test and the application of Extension Methods that influence the level of knowledge, skills and changes in attitude
Sub Change F Sig.
1. The application of demonstration and lecture methods 6,289 ,002a
2. The application of discussion and lecture method 18,515 ,000a
3. The application of lecture method 4,632 ,008a
a. Predictors: (Constant), Change of Attitude, Increased Knowledge, Skill Improvement;
b. Dependent Variable: The Control of the production process of IRT (Household).
In groups which treated with demonstration and lecture methods, discussion and lecture methods and lecture method, it can be concluded that the estimated linear regression model was used to explain the effect of changes in attitude, knowledge enhancement, and skill enhancement I the food processing group. Or it can be concluded that the application of demonstration and lecture methods, discussion and lecture methods and lecture method jointly influence the control of food production process of homemade food industries in the application of the lecture method.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The group which was with the demonstration and lecture method gained a significant difference in skills improvement. The group which given the discussion and lecture method gained a significantly higher increase in knowledge than the experimental group which was with the demonstration and lecture methods and the control group which was with the lecture method.
The application of demonstration and lecture methods, discussion and lecture methods and lecture method in increasing knowledge, improving skills and changing attitude together have an effect on controlling the food production process of food of home industry.
Groups which were treated with demonstration and lecture methods, increased skills and changing attitude did not significantly influence the dependent variable, controlling the process of food production of home industry. In groups which were treated with discussion and lecture methods, the increased knowledge and attitude change had a significant effect on the control of the food production process of household industry while in groups which given the lecture method, changes in attitudes have a significant effect on the control of food production process of home industry.
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