CC BY
16
Section 8. Agricultural sciences
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-16-11.12-120-122
Prihodko Alexander Alexandrovich, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Kuban State Agrarian University",
Krasnodar, Russia E mail: sady63@bk.ru
Effectiveness of low-volume irrigation for orchard in farms of the south of Russia
Abstract: The efficiency of low-volume irrigation for orchards in the conditions of southern region of Russia. The material for the study of the question was obtained by routing studies of farms in the region. Defined improvement the water content of leaves during the growing season, including during the period of summer drought, the optimum content of nutrients in the leaves, shoots, increasing plant productivity.
Keywords: orchards, low-volume irrigation, the water content of leaves, nutrients in the leaves, apple productivity.
The flat part of the Krasnodar Territory is the basis of agricultural production in the region. Leached low-humus superthick chernozem is the most valuable in agronomic terms, also for fruit corps. The average annual rainfall here is up to 700 mm or more, but rainfall is uneven. In winter, there is often an increased moisture accumulation in the humus horizon because of the low water mobility at low temperatures and systematic soil moisture in spring. In summer with a decrease of moisture reserves and soil drying, occurs fast water flow due to the prevalence of the capillary porosity (up to 85% in comparison with noncapillary). [1-7]. This is the reason of crops unsatisfactory moisture, also it greatly reduces the availability of mineral elements, including received from fertilizers, disrupting the process of root nutrition during the crop formation and fruit crops' buds differentiation. Furthermore, in summer there is a lack of rainfall with high air temperatures
and dry winds in the conditions of the southern region of Russia. From June to August the daytime temperatures reach 38 °C and above, the average temperature is 24-27 °C, and the temperature of the arable soil horizon often rises to 30 °C. In these conditions, particularly important to create the optimum mode for fruit trees water consumption and the initial conditions of moisture for the growth and development ofyoung fruit trees. The most economic and effective way to optimize the water regime of fruit plants is drip irrigation, it has firmly established as the must-use agricultural method for horticultural activities in the region's farms, and also as a stimulus for fertigation. Stimulating activity of the regional administration and the relevant departments related with the compensation of capital expenditures for business entities, as well as practical advices and guidance of scientists and specialists encourage gardeners to introduce drip irrigation.
Figure 1. Four-year planting group of dwarf apple varieties ripening in winter and equipped with drip irrigation system
Effectiveness of low-volume irrigation for orchard in farms of the south of Russia
Material for the study was obtained from the route surveys of farms enterprises of Dinskoi and Timashevsky districts of Krasnodar Territory. Intensive planting of fruit crops in farms presented in arrays of 3-5 hectares with an arrangement of plants from 5.0 x 2.0 m to 4.0-4.5 x 1.2-0.6 m (Fig. 1). Basically they consist of the dwarf winter period ripening apple on stocks of domestic and foreign selection. Bulk of the roots of dwarf apple reached the productive period is concentrated in 0-80 cm under the soil layer, which ensures high efficiency of drip irrigation method.
Installation of drip irrigation systems is generally carried out immediately after the installation of supports, trellises and planting.
Special requirements for the quality of irrigation water: salt content should not exceed 1.5 g/l, with harmful alkaline salts content of water should not exceed 0.2-0.3 g/l.
Depending on the layout of trees, 2 droppers per plant are accounted, located at a distance of 60 cm and a height of ~ 35 cm from the soil surface. Systematic irrigation regime provides hydration of a soil to a depth of 60 cm or more, depending on the duration of irrigation and irrigation water flow within 1.5-2.2 l/h. Under these irrigation parameters, most often characteristic circuits are created with moisturized contour not exceeding 10 cm in diameter (Fig. 2).
Figure 2. Typical circuit moisture Soil moistening in near-stem zone of plants creates the best mode of aeration throughout the growing season, especially during the summer drought, due to increased content of available nutrients. The influence of these factors on the physiological condition and productivity of apple were analyzed on the example of the fruit-bearing apple varieties: Idared, Golden Delicious and Jonagold under conditions of a number of farms enterprises and farms of Krasnodar region.
Determined that the water content of apple leaves during the growing season when irrigation is higher than in rainfed conditions by 1.6-12.0% depending on the cultivar (Fig. 3), and during the summer drought related forms of water content higher than in rain-fed conditions on 2.9-9.0%, especially in stands with the highest density of plants per hectare.
Against this background, determined average content of main mineral elements in the leaves of apple shoots within optimal values: nitrogen — 1.8-2.4%, phosphorus — 0,15-0,32%, potassium — 1.2-1.7% calcium — magnesium 0.7-1.6% — 0.2-0.4%. Trace element content varied for boron — 20-30 mg/kg, manganese — 40-60 mg/kg, copper — 8.10 mg/kg, zinc — 30-135 mg/kg.
under drip irrigation of an orchard
Most favorable moisture regime also contributed to increased productivity of plants. Specific productivity of apple plant crown volume averaged by grades from 3.3 to 6.0 kg/m 3 (at spindle-forming system). Analysis of commodity products quality in accordance with the UNECE Standard FFV- 50 also showed the benefits of using drip irrigation system in the apple orchard. The highest percentage of high-value products — 8592% — obtained on the background of the optimum moisture availability of plants, with an average weight of 140-160 g fruit (cultivar Idared), 150-170 g (cultivar Golden Delicious), 180200 g (variety Jonagold).
Thus, the effectiveness of low-volume method (drip) irrigation for dwarf garden for farms of the region is characterized by the creation of moisture regime, contributing to a fuller realization of production potential of apple plants by optimizing the water content of leaves during the growing season, including the summer drought period, the optimal content of nutrients in the leaves of the shoots. Against this background, getting mostly high-value fruits is guaranteed, thus ensuring high profitability.
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68 67
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63 62
Without irrigation
dared variety on irrigation
Golden Delicious variety on irrigation
variety Jonagold on irrigation
variety on irrigation variety J°nag°ld °n irrigation
irrigation
Figure 3. The dynamics of water content of apple leaves for growing season
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