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Received: 29.08.2017 Authors information
Elena V. Kvashnina - Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor The Ural State University of Physical Culture, Str. Ordzhonikidze, d. 1, Chelyabinsk, 454091, Russia, E-mail: Alenakvashnina@gmail. com
For citations: Kvashnina E.V. Effectiveness increase of the training process among girls, who go in for calisthenics, The Russian journal of physical education and sport (pedagogico-psychological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports), 2017, Vol. 12, No.3, pp. 43-48. DOI 10.14526/03_2017_234
DOI 10.14526/03_2017_235
EFFECTIVENESS INCREASE MODEL OF BODY-BUILDING LESSONS
Svetlana N. Klyuchnikova - Associate Professor, Candidate of Pedagogics Vladimir V. Vavilov - Candidate of Pedagogics Anatoli I. Ushnikov -Associate Professor, Candidate of Pedagogics Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University Named After I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th Anniversary of V.I. Lenin'sBbirth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia
E-mail:ld nazarenko@mail.ru
Annotation. The problem of health, mental and physical working capacity support by means of physical activity intensification demands the search for new directions in physical culture means use, which increase their effectiveness. 40-49 year-old men (second adulthood) form a considerable part of employable population of the country; on the level of their intellectual and physical activity, health indices, physical readiness depends the tempo of economic growth and social development. Functional, psycho-emotional state preservation and support is achieved by means of a purposeful physical activity volume increase and it conditions the necessity to choose an optimal for this age group kind of muscular activity. Scientific-methodical literature analysis proves the fact, that bodybuilding means provide effective solution of these objectives. Materials. Theoretical and methodical importance substantiation of body-building lessons effectiveness increase model creation among men of the second adulthood on the basis of its structural components revelation. Research methods: Scientific and scientific-methodical literature analysis, progressive pedagogical experience of body-building specialists-trainers summarizing, pedagogical experiment, mathematical statistics methods. Results. The article presents the model of effectiveness increase of body-building lessons, which includes structural components, which determine the orientation of lessons, their content, demands to organization and realization; the aim, objectives, principles of education and training; physiological mechanism of body-building means influence; individual program of physical training; methodology of body-building lessons effectiveness increase, the conditions of high effectiveness achievement of the training process. Conclusion. The results of the pedagogical experiment showed the expediency and effectiveness of this model application, the use of which provides an integral approach to body-building lessons organization and realization; real goals and objectives setting, means use on the basis of physiological mechanism of their influence on an organism.
Keywords: body-building, model, methodology, pedagogical experiment.
Urgency. Modern society development is characterized by difficult economic, political and ecological situation, its openness and broad spectrum. The need for the specialists increases, who understand the tendency of industrial processes development and improvement by means of new technologies, highly-effective sanitation facilities introduction, which minimize industrial waste and prevent air, water and food pollution. It actualizes age-related demands to the level of professional training of different economic sectors second adulthood workers, their social-cultural competence, which provides new information in the sphere of industry perception and reproduction. In these conditions increases the necessity to preserve a high level of health indices, an optimal level of working capacity provision, psycho-emotional state control [3, 6].
One of the most important parts of a specialist's success is own image formation, important elements of which are the following: many-sided physical development, harmonious body shape and physical readiness. Image creation is a necessary condition for social interaction in any multicultural sphere with the partners and colleagues, the opportunity to have professional contacts with the collective, form professional career. The effectiveness of physical culture exercises, in order to form an optimal for 40-49-year-old men morphofunctional status is conditioned by their complex influence provision: on muscular power, quickness, endurance, flexibility, balance development; bearing and other characteristics improvement [2, 4, 7, 8]. One of the kinds of physical activity, which influences the organism, is body-building.
The aim of this research work is in theoretical and methodological importance substantiation of the model creation of bodybuilding lessons effectiveness increase among men of the second adulthood on the basis of its structural components revelation.
Objectives:
1. To project the model of bodybuilding lessons among 49-50 year-old men, which includes structural components, and
determine orientation of the lessons and their content.
2. To create the methodology of bodybuilding lessons effectiveness increase, on the basis of the model and check its effectiveness during the pedagogical experiment.
Materials. The peculiarity of bodybuilding is its content orientation to locomotor apparatus strengthening of general and local character and it is demonstrated in interconditionality of outer and inner connection of physical load; absolute and relative power of the working muscles development. The effectiveness of the training load for the men of the second adulthood is determined by the ratio of speed-power exercises in anaerobic and aerobic regimen [ 5, 8].
The main means of health-improving training is the exercises with different kinds of poundage (dumbbells of different weight, weights, barbell); exercises with own weight overcoming (modified pull-up, dip up; body, legs lifting from prone position; legs lifting from prone position till touching the floor with the toes over the head; squatting on one and two legs (in turn, on the right leg, on the left leg) with the apparatus and without it). Different training simulators also provide the indices of muscular power increase.
Isometric exercises effectiveness is conditioned by the following:
- relatively simple structural content;
- local character of the influence;
- the opportunity to regulate muscular tension on different physiological systems.
Created by us model of body-building lessons effectiveness increase (picture 1) helps to realize the aim and objectives of this kind of physical activity means use on the basis of several basic principles of teaching and training: availability, systematic character, gradual increase of the training loads and others.
An optimal effectiveness of bodybuilding lessons is achieved in case of a rational combination of anaerobic and aerobic exercises. Positive influence of power oriented training load anaerobic regimen improves the activity of cardiac muscle, as it is local and provides normal functioning of cardiovascular and muscular systems,
physical development indices stability, the main parameters of the phenotypic status. Muscle-strengthening exercises in case of their systematic use improve the bearing, increase muscular tonus, owing to vertebras stating help to solve the problems of arthrosis, osteochondrosis prevention and cure [8].
Different distances running with different strength makes great demands and conditions morphofunctional changes in physiological systems.
Running in the zone of moderate power provides general endurance, aerobic
working capacity development. Speeding-up running exercises provide quickness and muscular power indices increase, improve anaerobic abilities of an organism. One of the most important structural components of body-building lessons effectiveness model increase is an individual program of physical training, the content of which should correspond to health indices and include exercises, oriented at the main muscular groups strengthening and development, which are weak because of physical activity insufficient volume.
Picture 1 - The model of effectiveness increase of body-building lessons
Depending on physical and functional state some people, training in terms of the considered age range, can fulfill series of the exercises with dumbbells the weight of which, varies and is chosen individually. Moreover, during motional tasks fulfillment with the dumbbells it is important to set an optimal tempo and rhythm of movements.
For 40-49 year-old men with higher indices of muscular power it is reasonable to use weights, the weight of which is also regulated in terms of the set optimal tempo-rhythmic parameters. Exercises in isometric regimen are characterized by greater range of power load: starting from using barbell without additional weight and using plates of different weight. The importance of the exercises with the barbell is conditioned by different conditions of its use. For example, in prone position on gymnastic bench the volume of muscular tension and also chest muscles vary using different grasps (close grasp, wide grasp, mixed grasp, cubital grasp and others).
An effective means of muscular power development is the training simulators, the orientation of which conditions the effectiveness of the training lessons objectives solution. The content of physical readiness individual program provides different combination of muscle-strengthening exercises, the selection of which is conditioned by means of personality-oriented approach. The methodology of body-building lessons effectiveness improvement includes the exercises, which provide aerobic and anaerobic abilities of an organism increase; increasing aerobic abilities it is possible to create the conditions for maximum level of oxygen consumption increase, the ability formation to keep this level during necessary time period; effectiveness of respiratory processes achievement.
Respiratory abilities improvement is provided by physical exercises, which give an optimal for this age volume of cardiac and
respiratory capacity with a high level of oxygen consumption during a training lesson. Aerobic capacity increase provides the following complex of methods use: proportional, stream, repetitive, variable. The most effective is repetitive method of training, which is connected with different variants of muscular load use: the method of repetitive efforts, the method of increasing and decreasing intensity exercises use, exercises with step-like and wave-like intensity use [4, 5]. Physical activity, which is one of health, physical readiness and working capacity indices, is provided by a complex of motional-coordinating qualities with a definite character of interconditionality and interconnection formation. A low level of any qualitative side of physical activity development (muscular power, dexterity, flexibility and others) conditions insufficient level of physiological systems functioning and it leads to quick tiredness and working capacity decrease [8]. The content of bodybuilding lessons effectiveness methodology increase provides the exercises for motional-coordinating qualities development. Physical exercises, which are connected with moving in space and time, are very important in a person's activity. The ability to differentiate spatio-temporal parameters helps to set micro-intervals of time and it is necessary for quickness of reaction provision. In order to develop these qualities it is reasonable to fulfill the following exercises: running 20-30 meters parts with the set speed; with gradually increasing speed, with maximum speed, with close to maximum speed.
Complex health-improving training includes strength increasing exercises of aerobic character together with cyclic load for endurance development. According to V.I. Belov, 1996, an optimal combination of strength improving and aerobic exercises is their use in the definite time interval. For example, in case of two-time training, it is reasonable to fulfill aerobic exercises in the
morning, strength improving exercises in the evening. The component of body-building lessons methodology is physical state evaluation criteria of people, who train, in dynamics (the main are the indices of lung capacity, maximum oxygen consumption, heart rate, dynamometry), muscular power, quickness, endurance, dexterity, flexibility.
Structural component of body-building lessons effectiveness increase model are the conditions of effectiveness provision. They provide the leading motives study of the kind of activity selection in order to solve the problems of health improvement, many-sided, harmonious development and physical readiness increase; psycho-emotional state control and it is especially important at the stage of an organism adaptation to unusual training load. The importance of this condition is in moral support during uncomfortable state of an organism overcoming under the influence of the directed load, which provides motional function development; sense of satisfaction upbringing during the process of bodybuilding means use. Sense of satisfaction with the orientation and content of the lessons is in the base of positive emotional state and is formed with the help of special methodical techniques.
Results and their discussion. In order to check the expediency of this model use the pedagogical experiment was held. 44 men (40-49 year-old), who go in for bodybuilding, took part in the experiment. Two groups were organized: the control group (CG) -20 people, the experimental group (EG) -24 people. Before the pedagogical experiment the initial complex index of health level of all experiment participants was revealed (according to G.L. Apanasenko methodology [1]). Also the level of physical readiness was revealed with the help of the following generally adopted tests: running 30 and 60 meters distances (seconds); running 100 meters (seconds) and 1000 meters (minutes) distances; standing long-jump (cm); dip up in prone position (quantity); body lifting from prone position (quantity within 30
seconds); leaning forward from standing position (cm); L hang at the bar (s).
Comparative analysis of the received results didn't reveal considerable differences according to complex index of health and physical readiness among men from the CG and the EG, fo>0,05). In the CG bodybuilding lessons were held according to traditional methodology using different strength improving exercises, training simulators. Training load was directed at aerobic capacity development. In the EG created by us methodology of body-building lessons effectiveness increase, on the basis of aerobic and anaerobic muscular load combination, was used. After the pedagogical experiment one more test was held in order to reveal the dynamics of health and physical readiness complex index. The results of the pedagogical experiment showed, that health and physical readiness indices increase was in both groups: the CG and the EG, with considerable advantage of men from the EG. In the CG with the initial indices of body mass index 481,22±33,84 standard units, to the end of the pedagogical experiment indices were 478,31±38,15; in the EG with the initial results 483,17±29,28 standard units these indices were 467,73±35,16 at the end of the pedagogical experiment. In the CG with the initial results of life index 47,65±20,49 standard units, to the end of the pedagogical experiment indices were 46,87±31,15; in the EG with the initial results 47,98±3,56 standard units, to the end of the pedagogical experiment the results were 45,17±3,68. The same tendency of health indices change among men from the EG and the CG was also revealed according to other tests.
Physical readiness indices of the men from the CG and the EG also differed according to the degree of their increase. In the CG in 60 meters running with the initial results 8,4±0,66 seconds to the end of the pedagogical experiment the results increased to 2,39%, ^>0,05); in the EG with the initial indices 8,27±0,61 seconds the increase was 3,27%, ^>0,05). In 100 meters running in the CG with the initial results 14,8±1,11 seconds to the end of the pedagogical experiment the
indices improved to 2,03%, (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 14,5±1,23 seconds the increase was 5,37%, (p>0,05). In 1000 meters running in the CG with the initial indices 4,35±0,42 minutes to the end of the pedagogical experiment the results increased to 3,22%, (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial indices 4,50±0,38 minutes the increase was to 18,0%, (p<0,05).
The revealed tendency of slight results improvement in short distances in the EG is conditioned by difficult technique of the running steps in sprint; by age-related peculiarities of health indices. 1000 meters running is characterized by other spatiotemporal and spatio-power parameters of motional actions and in case of systematic running load it led to considerable results improvement in the EG. According to other indices of physical readiness: standing longjumps, body lifting from prone position and others - men from the EG also were ahead of the CG representatives, (p<0,05).
Conclusion. Thus, the results of the pedagogical experiment showed, that the use of body-building lessons effectiveness model increase, on the basis of aerobic and anaerobic components optimal combination, helps to organize qualitatively new body-building lessons. Running exercises at 30 and 60 meters distances, short distances: 100 meters inclusion into an individual program of physical training provides cardiovascular, respiratory and other systems strengthening; 1000 meters running also has a positive influence on an organism. Optimal combination of many-sided muscular load considerably increases the effectiveness of body-building lessons.
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Submitted: 23.08.2017 Received: 25.08.2017
Authors information
Svetlana N. Klyuchnikova - Associate Professor, Candidate of Pedagogics Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University Named After I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th Anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia
Vladimir V. Vavilov - Candidate of Pedagogics Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University Named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia Anatoli I. Ushnikov - Associate Professor, Candidate of Pedagogics Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University Named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th Anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia
For citations: Kluchnikova S.N., Vavilov V.V., Ushnikov A.I. Effectiveness increase model of body-building lessons, The Russian journal of physical education and sport (pedagogico-psychological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports), 2017, Vol. 12, No.3, pp. 48-54. DOI 10.14526/03_2017_235
DOI 10.14526/03_2017_236
SYSTEM APPROACH USE FOR THE METHODOLOGY CREATION OF TECHNICAL TRAINING IMPROVEMENT AMONG QUALIFIED BOXERS
Igor S. Kolesnik - Doctor of Pedagogics, Professor Faat A. Gatin -Postgraduate Dmitriy A. Osipov — Postgraduate Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University Named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th Anniversary of V.I. Lenin's Birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia
E-mail: kolesnik.65@mail.ru
Annotation. Striking actions form the main content of qualified boxers' competitive activity. Their effectiveness is conditioned by several factors: the level of general and special physical readiness; the ability to master, analyze and use new information about the means and methods of technical readiness increase among qualified boxers; the influence of technical readiness indices on the tactics of the fight; the use of single and series of striking actions; the ability to control the opponent's actions; psycho-emotional state control as structural components and technical training components. Material. The article is about the necessity to use system approach in order to reveal structural content of technical readiness; systematize its components and elements. It helps to determine the role and place of each element and component of technical training for boxers' sportsmanship improvement, for the tactics of the fight selection. Research methods: scientific and methodical literature analysis and systematization, progressive pedagogical experience of the specialists-boxing trainers summarizing, pedagogical experiment, testing, mathematical statistics methods. Results. With the level of general and special physical readiness increase the importance of independent training among qualified boxers increases, directed at coordination training indices increase, which is closely connected with the results of competitive activity. Technical training is directed not only at the most effective means and methods of the attacking and defensive techniques
