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73.77-092.9 https://doi.org/10.26641/2307-0404.2021.1.227726
EFFECT OF WHOLE BODY VIBRATION ON BONE NANOCOMPOSITES ORGANISATION AND PREVENTION OF LOSS OF BONE MINERAL DENSITY UNDER CONDITIONS OF MODELING OBESITY AND SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE: EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University
department of Normal Physiology 1
Pekarska str., 52, Lviv, 79010, Ukraine
department of Toxicological and Analytical Chemistry2
Pekarska str., 69, Lviv, 79010, Ukraine
Ivan Franko National University
department of Theoretical and Applied Statistics 3
Universytetska str., 1, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
department of Metal Physics 4
Kyryla andMefodiya str., 8, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
Львiвський нацюнальний медичний утверситет iM. Данила Галицького
кафедра нормальног фiзiологii1
(зав. - проф. О. С. Заячювська)
вул. Пекарська, 52, Львiв, 79010, Украгна
кафедра токсикологiчно'i та аналтично'г xiMii 2
(зав. - доц. 1.Й. Галькевич)
вул. Пекарська, 69, Львiв, 79010, Украгна
Львiвський нацюнальний унiверситет iменi 1вана Франка
кафедри теоретичног та прикладног статистики 3
(зав. - проф. Я.1. Слейко)
вул. Утверситетська, 1, Львiв, 79005, Украгна
кафедра фiзики металiв 4
(зав. - проф. С.1. Мудрий)
вул. Кирила i Мефодiя, 8, Львiв, 79005, Украгна
e-mail: kostyshyn.nm@gmail.com
Цитування: Медичт перспективы. 2021. Т. 26, № 1. С. 30-39 Cited: Medicniperspektivi. 2021;26(1):30-39
Key words: whole body vibration, bone remodeling, bone mineral density, osteoporosis, X-ray diffraction Ключовi слова: загальна вiбрацiя, ремоделювання юстковог тканини, мтеральна щшьтсть, остеопороз, рентгенiвська дифракця
Ключевые слова: общая вибрация, ремоделирование костной ткани, минеральная плотность, остеопороз, рентгеновская дифракция
Abstract. Effect of whole body vibration on bone nanocomposites organisation and prevention of loss of bone mineral density under conditions of modeling obesity and sedentary lifestyle: experimental study. Kostyshyn N.M., Gzhegotskyi M.R., Yarova O.A., Kostyshyn L.P., Kulyk Yu.O. This study aimed to investigate the influence of high-frequency whole body vibration (WBV) on metabolic and structural responses of rats' bone tissue under the sedentary lifestyle and obesity. Obesity combined with a sedentary lifestyle can present the potential negative health effects. However, whole body vibration can be used as a means of non-pharmacological correction of bone mineral density. For characterization of bone nanocomposites organisation and prevention of mineral density loss, X-ray diffraction method was used. Markers of bone remodeling in the rats' blood: leptin, osteocalcin, tartarate resistant acid phosphatase 5b, alkaline phosphatase. Using a high-calorie diet and low-mobility model, we proved that bone mineral mass had been decreasing since 8th week. It should be noted that the decrease in the relative amount of crystalline phase (hydroxyapatite) continued throughout the experiment, up to 24 weeks (p<0.05). These structural changes were accompanied by changes in quantitative indicators of the bone remodeling markers. Rats had lower bone mineral density compared to the animals that were on the normal diet and were additionaly affected by WBV. We
UDC 612.014.45:612.015.3:611.018.4]-!
N.M. Kostyshyn 1, M.R. Gzhegotskyi1, O.A. Yarova 3, L.P. Kostyshyn 2, Yu.O. Kulyk 4
observed the increase of the crystalline phase volume fraction from 84% to 93% (p<0.05) in group with additional whole body vibration and the decrease of the mineral component in rats with limited mobility and high-calorie diet. Therefore, WBV could improve structural conditions of bone and prevent fat accumulation and obesity-associated biochemical markers in obese rats. This can be an effective method to improve the structural and functional state of the bones while preventing the loss of bone mineral density.
Реферат. Вплив загальноТ Bi6pa^T на оргашзащю ккткових нанокоммозитш та замоб^ання втрати мшеральноТ маси кктковоТ тканини за умови моделювання ожирмшя та обмеженоТ рухомостi: ексмериментальне дослiджеммя. Костишин Н.М., Гжегоцький М.Р., Ярова О.А., Костишин Л.П., Кулик Ю.О. Це до^дження мало на Memi до^дити вплив високочастотно'1' загально'1' вiбрацii на метаболiчнi та структуры змти юстково'г' тканини щурiв за умови моделювання ожиртня та обмежено'1' рухомосmi. Поеднання цих двох факmорiв може представляти nоmeнцiйнi негативн на^дки для здоров'я та стану юстковог тканини зокрема. У лimeраmурi зусmрiчаюmься дат, що вказують на можливкть застосування мeханiчних коливань, з певним вiброприскорeнням, як засобу нeфармакологiчноi корекцИ мтеральног щiльносmi юстки. Для характеристики орган1зацИ юсткових нанокомпозиmiв та запобiгання втрат мiнeральноi маси застосовували рентгеноструктурний анал1з пiдгоmовлeного юсткового порошку. Визначали цитоюни жирово'1' тканини та маркери ремоделювання юсток у кровi щурiв: лептин, остеокальцин, тартратрезистентну кислу фосфатазу, лужну фосфатазу. Використовуючи висококалортну дiеmу та модель з обмеженою рухомiсmю, ми довели, що мiнeральна маса юсток зменшуеться вже з 8-го тижня експерименту. Слiд зазначити, що зниження вiдносноi кiлькосmi крисmалiчноi фази гдроксиапатиту) тривало протягом усього експерименту аж до 24-го тижня до^дження (р<0,05). Щ структурш змти супроводжувалися змтою юльюсних показниюв маркeрiв ремоделювання юсток Щурi мали меншу мтеральну масу юсток порiвняно з тими тваринами, яю перебували на звичайному харчуванн та на яких додатково впливали загальними мeханiчними коливаннями. При цьому спостер^али збшьшення обсягу фракци крисmалiчного компонента з 84% до 93% (р<0,05) у груш з мехатчною сmимуляцiею та зниженням мiнeрального компонента у щурiв з обмеженою рухливiсmю та висококалоршною дiеmою. Установлено, що загальна вiбрацiя покращуе структурно-функцюнальний стан юсток i запобiгае накопиченню жиру, про що свiдчаmь змти бiохiмiчних маркeрiв у до^дних щурiв. Тому фiзичнi навантаження е ефективним методом для полiпшeння стану юсток та можуть використовуватися як доповнення до фармакологiчноi терапп остеопорозу.
Obesity and a sedentary lifestyle are risk factors for chronic health disorders such as heart disease, diabetes type 2, osteoporosis, etc. [13]. However, there is evidence of these factors' positive impact on bone tissue formation through the increased mechanical stress [11, 12], that can stimulate the bone tissue remodeling by reducing apoptosis of osteoblasts and osteocytes, increasing their proliferation and differentiation [10, 17]. Therefore, the assumption that obesity leads to an increase of mechanical stress on the bone and facilitates the prevention of osteopenia is fallacious. Reduced functional stress leads to the decrease both of the bioelectric potentials and circulation intensity, which inhibits bone formation and stimulates resorption of the bone tissue [2, 14, 15, 16]. Lack of exercise causes reduced microvasculature capacity and capillary network, when the first signs of bone atrophy and osteoporosis are manifested, and long-term reduction of functional stress may cause irreversible changes in the bone tissue. As a result, the regressive transformation of bone leads to increased porosity and osteoporotic fractures of bone structures, even under minimal stress [7, 9]. Despite conflicting data, the pathophysiological connection between obesity, sedentary lifestyle and bone mineral density (BMD) loss is rather complicated and requires further study. The majority of researches is devoted to studying the
influence of high frequency vibration acceleration < 0.5 g. In particular, Rubin and McLeod proved high bone sensitivity to mechanical stimuli. By modelling general vibration fluctuations with the frequency of 30 Hz and vibratory acceleration of 0.3 g for 5 min daily within 30 days, the scholars have determined bone mass acquisition in the trabecular layer of turkeys' tibia. Much later, Rubin et al., 1994, proved anabolic effect of the aforementioned fluctuations and deceleration of remodelling bone tissue by means of retardation of osteoclastogenesis processes (downregulation of RANKL and cytokines related to osteoclastogenesis).
The aim was to study the influence of high-frequency whole body vibration on the process of remodeling of the rats' bone tissue under the sedentary lifestyle and obesity conditions. For characterization of bone nanocomposites organisation and prevention of bone mineral density loss X-ray diffraction method was used [3, 4]. We determined markers of bone remodeling in the rats' blood, which allow the definition of actual bone metabolism.
MATERIALS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
The experimental study was performed on 54 male rats of the Wistar line weighing 180-200 g, kept under the same vivarium conditions. All animal experiments were conducted in compliance with
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bioethical principles per the provisions of the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes (Strasbourg, 1986), Council Directive 86/609/EEC (l986), Law of Ukraine No. 3447-IV On the Protection of Animals from Cruelty, General Ethical Principles of Animal Experiments, approved by the First National Congress of Ukraine on Bioethics (2001).
The experimental rats were divided into 3 groups, 18 rats in each: control group - standard vivarium conditions, I experimental group - limited mobility condition + high-calorie diet (LMC+HCD), II experimental group - LMC+HCD+WBV. Obesity condition was modeled through a high-calorie diet (C 11024, Research Diets, New Brunswick, NJ); limited mobility condition was modeled using partition cages to restrict the rats' mobility. All experimental rats were weighed every two weeks. Vertical vibration oscillations were modeled using a 250 W vibrating table with the maximum pressure of 7 bar and 50 Hz frequency, g - 0.3. After the 8th, the 16th and the 24th week, six animals from each group were removed from the experiment by decapitation under general intraperitoneal anesthesia at 0.3 g/kg.
Concentrations of cytokines and bone remodeling markers in blood plasma were determined using commercial immune-enzyme analysis kits (ELISA). We determined leptin (anti-Leptin (rat), pAb, Adi-poGen Life Sciences, osteocalcin (DRG® Mouse Osteocalcin ELISA); Mouse Tartarate Resistant Acid Phosphatase 5B (TRAP5B) ELISA Kit, MyBioSource. The activity of alkaline phosphatase in blood serum was performed through photo-colorimetry. All analyses were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions [5, 8].
To study the ultrastructure of the bone mineral component we used the method of X-ray diffraction analysis. The femur was dried at 110°C in a drying cabinet. The X-ray diffraction spectra of the samples were obtained on an automated X-ray diffractometer DRON-3 in Cu Ka radiation (^=1.5418 À), mono-chromatized by reflection from a plane (002) of a single pyrographite crystal, mounted on a diffracted beam. We used the Bragg-Brentano focusing scheme (9-29). [3, 4, 6, 8].The diffraction patterns were recorded in the continuous movement mode of the detector with an angular velocity of 20/min, a constant value of the integration time t=1 s., x-ray tube voltage at U=26 kV, and anode current at I=15 mA. To estimate the quantitative content of the amorphous and crystalline phases we used the following ratios:
X __1 am_ X _ 1_ X
am. ( I j ) ' cr am.
( am ^ cr)
(Iam — the maximum intensity from the amorphous phase, measured at
20-21,5°
Icr - the maximum intensity of the crystalline phase, measured at 20-32,1°, while taking into account the background scattering).
Statistical analysis of the data was performed in StatSoft STATISTICA 8.0.360. In the STATISTICA package, the comparison of two average samples of normally distributed features (Student's t-criterion) was implemented in the Basic Statistics/Tables module. The t-test, independent, by variable submodule, was used for two different general summations. One-way ANOVA is implemented in the Breakdown & one-way ANOVA submenu of the Basic Statistics and Tables module [1].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The rats' weight in I group (HCD+LMC) increased from 194.63±6.1 g to 340.82±8.62 g in the 24th week, which indicates a statistically significant increase in weight compared to the control group (p<0.014). In the HCD+LMC+WBV group, the rats' weight increased from 198.3±6.61 g to 304.93±5.07 g in the 24th week, respectively (p>0,05), the experimental group was not statistically different, Fig. 1.
Leptin is the primary hormone involved in the regulation of body weight. While increasing weight by 10 %, the level of serum leptin may become more than 3 times higher. Therefore, to assess energy metabolism, it is advisable to determine its concentration. In the 8 th week of the experiment, the leptin level in control group was 5.25±0.42 ng/ml, in I experimental group it amounted to 15.01±1.19 ng/ml (p=0.000007), and in II - 11.13±1.71 ng/ml (p=0.004). In the 16th week of the experiment, the dynamics of leptin levels was the following: in the control group it remained nearly unchanged at 5.91±0.35 ng/ml, in I experimental group the average level was at 21.01±1.95 ng/ml (p=0.000008), in II -16.07±1.84 ng/ml (p=0.00014). In the 24th week of the experiment: the control group showed 4.93±0.25 ng/ml, I experimental group -24.51±2.29 ng/ml (p=0.000003), and II -18.07±1.67 ng/ml (p<0.032) (Fig. 2A). Regression analysis found that the mass depends on the level of leptin and is described by the equation: Weight =179.51-6.4 * Leptin, with a correlation coefficient of 0.98.
To determine bone remodeling we investigated bone formation markers - osteocalcin, alkaline phos-phatase and bone resorption marker - TRAP-5b. Blood analysis showed significant differences in osteocalcin levels between the control and experimental groups of rats (Fig. 2B). In the 8th week of the experiment, the concentration of osteocalcin in the control group was at 43.12±2.72 ng/ml, in II experimental group - 41.33±2.58 ng/ml (p=0.62>0.05), and II - 65.37±3.89 ng/ml (T=-5.13, p<0.01). In the
16th week of the experiment, there were the following changes in the osteocalcin level: in the control group it remained practically unchanged at 46.12±2.84 ng/ml, in I experimental group the average was at 38.7±2.11 ng/ml (p=0.021), and in II
- 73.27±3.44 ng/ml (p=0.000052). In the 24th week of the experiment in the control group the osteocalcin level was at 44.68±1.99 ng/ml, in I experimental group at 39.0±4.05 ng/ml (p>0.05), and in II - at 76.15±4.29 ng/ml (p=0.0004).
■ control group; ■ limited mobility + high-calorie diet; ■ limited mobility + high-calorie diet + WBV
Notes: * - groups do not differ statistically p >0,05; ** - groups differ statistically at p<0,05.
Fig. 1. Body weight
In the 8th week of the experiment, the indicator of the alkaline phosphatase (APH) level between the control and experimental groups of rats (Fig. 2C) was at 353.16±13.92 U/L, 318.0±13.94 U/L (p>0.05) in I experimental group and 363.82±10.7 U/L (p>0.05) in II. In the 16th week of the experiment the dynamics of the APH level was the following: in the control group the indicator remained almost unchanged and amounted to 226.42±10.09 U/L, in I experimental group the average value was at 203.58±19.79 U/L (p>0.05) and in II -375.05±9.07 U/L (p<0.01). In the 24th week of the experiment the indicator was at 209.71±9.55 U/L in the control group, 175.72±16.15 U/L (p>0.05) in I experimental group and 326.9±19.79 U/L (p=0.00007) - in II group.
TRAP-5b levels in the control and experimental groups of rats are presented in Fig. 2D. In the 8th week of the experiment the TRAP-5b level in the control group of animals was at 4.62±0.29 U/L, in I experimental group at 5.23±0.25 U/L (p>0.05), in I
group at 2.45±0.2 U/L (p=0.000057). In the 16th week of the study, the dynamics of the TRAP-5b level was the following: in the control group the index remained practically unchanged and amounted to 3.8±0.2 U/L, in the I experimental group the average value was at 5.42±0.33 U/L (p=0.001), at II - 2.51±0.24 U/L (p=0.001). In the 24th week of the experiment, the indicator was at 3.9±0.24 U/L in the control group, 6.83±0.25 U/L (p=0.000003) in I experimental group, 4.84±0.26 U/L (p=0.000007) in II group.
Correlation analysis of bone cytokines: the coefficient of determination - 0.84 indicates the adequacy of the constructed model of regression equation (Osteocalcin level and phosphatase level dependent on Spearman correlation coefficient level -0,88 (inverse); Osteocalcin level and TRACP-5 level dependent on Spearman correlation coefficient level - 0.83 (inverse); Phosphatase level and leptin level dependent on Spearman correlation coefficient level 0.88 (direct).
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Leptin
gth 16th 24tfl
B
Alcaline Phosphatase
gth 16th 24th
D
Fig. 2. Cytokines levels and bone remodeling markers in serum (A - concentration of leptin, ng/ml; B - concentration of osteocalcin, ng/ml; C - concentration of alkaline phosphatase, U/L; D - concentration of TRAC-5b, U/L;)
The diffraction patterns of the femur series decrease in the intensity of the diffuse maximum of I
samples are shown in Fig. 4 compared to the experimental group sample indicates a decrease in
theoretical diffraction pattern of the Ca10P6O26H2 the content of the amorphous phase (fig. 3). At the
chemical compound (hexagonal syngony, space same time, in the sample of II experimental group
group P 63/m, unit cell parameters a=9.42 A, c=6.88 we observe both a decrease of the diffuse maximum
A). Significant erosion of the diffraction maxima of and an increase in the intensity of the maxima of the
the Ca10P6O26H2 crystalline phase indicates a low crystalline phase, which is especially pronounced in
degree of crystallinity of the compound due to the the region of the most intense lines (211), (121),
small size of the coherent scattering regions (the (112) and (300) of the Ca10P6O26H2 phase. crystallite size does not exceed 10 nm). Also, a wide The calculations results are shown in Table 1. In the
diffuse halo is observed in the diffraction patterns 8th wk. ^ 16th wk. ^ 24th wk. sequence, we can
around the diffraction angle 26^21°, indicating the observe the increase of the crystalline phase volume
presence of an amorphous (disordered) phase rep- fraction from 84% to 93%, (p<0.05) in II experimental
resented by collagen fibers in the samples. In the group and the decrease of the mineral component in I
series of samples, the highest content of the amor- experimental group, (p<0.05), (Fig. 4, Table). phous phase is observed in the control group. The
1600-
1400-
1200-
>-
UI 1000-
01
1= 600-
600-
400-
200-
Cu K
J
20 3D 40 50 60 70 00 90
20, deg. C
D
Fig. 3. A - XRD of bone nanocomposites in control group. B, C, D - diffraction patterns of the rat's femur in I experimental group (HCD+LMC) in the 8th, 16th and 24th week respectively. To determine the integral intensity of the hydroxyapatite reflex we chose the reflex of the 30-370 angular range since it is of the highest intensity
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A
20, deg.
в
Fig. 4. A - Although this reflex consists of four reflexes of hydroxyapatite with Miller indices, the diffraction angles from the crystallographic planes are close to these indices: 31,7410; 32,1790; 32,8680 and 34,0450, B -Diffraction patterns of II experimental group samples (HCD+LMC+WBV) in - 8th ; - 16th ; - 24th week. The arrow indicates the position of the amorphous phase diffuse maximum, while the dashed line indicates the background scattering
Using a high-calorie diet and low-mobility model, we proved that bone mineral mass had been decreasing since week 8. These structural changes were accompanied by changes in quantitative indicators of the bone remodeling markers. In our experimental model, rats had lower bone mineral
density compared to the animals that were on the normal diet and were further affected by WBV. It is clear that high-frequency mechanical oscillations activate osteoblasts, accelerate metabolic processes, and slow BMD decline. The obvious competitive impact of obesity and mechanical stress on bone
metabolism requires further study [11, 12]. Our increased risk of osteoporosis and osteoporotic experiment suggests that excess fat does not prevent fractures, due to excessive pressure on the muscu-bone mineral decline and is often associated with an loskeletal system.
Volume fractions of amorphous and crystalline phases of the samples
Group/week X cr X am B (002), o L, nm
Control 8th week 0.83 0.17 1.123±0.05 11.0±0.9
Control 16th week 0.88 0.12 1.173±0.03 12.0±0.5
Control 24th week 0.85 0.15 1.170±0.06 11.3±0.9
HCD+LMC 8th week 0.82*» 0.18 1.618±0.09 6.6±0.4
HCD+LMC 16th week 0.80* 0.2 1.597±0.04 7.9±0.3
HCD+LMC 24th week 0.76* 0.24 1.237±0.03 11.7±0.4
HCD+LMC+WBV 8th week 0.84*» 0.16 1.244±0.05 11.6±0.9
HCD+LMC+WBV 16th week 0.88* 0.12 0.978±0.02 16.4±0.8
HCD+LMC+WBV 24th week 0.93* 0.07 0.961±0.03 16.6±1.2
Notes: * - groups differ statistically p<0.05; ** - groups do not differ st the half-width of the maximum (002) of the Ca10P6O26H2 phase. L — the av
It is also known that obesity can affect bone metabolism through multiple mechanisms. Since adipocytes and osteoblasts originate from a common multipotent mesenchymal stem cell, obesity may increase adipocyte differentiation and fat accumulation, thus reducing differentiation of osteoblasts and bone formation [14]. A slight increase in proinflammatory cytokines which may also occur under obesity, may increase osteoclast activity and bone resorption through changes in the RANK/RANKL/OPG system. In the HCD+LMC group there was an increase in serum leptin and TRAP-5b, while bone formation markers, osteo-calcin and alkaline phosphatase were reduced. Leptin effect on bone is ambiguous, in particular, there are reports on both positive and negative effects. According to the literature, increased leptin level (as observed in our animal models with obesity) may have a negative impact on bone metabolism. We also found out that increased leptin level in blood serum is a negative regulator of bone mass that may occur through the cytokine inhibition of osteoblasts. The activated osteoclasts form the so-called "resorption holes" with low pH level, which are the areas of the inorganic matrix destruction. It should be noted that this process occurs due to the lysosomal enzymes, namely tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and cathepsin K. It allows the efficient digestion of Type I collagen and its degradation products. Osteoblasts are drawn to the ruined surface and begin to form new osteoid. Type I collagen is secreted in the form of molecule-precursor of procollagen into the extracellular space where it breaks down to amino- and carboxyl-terminal propeptides with their subsequent release
tically p>0.05; Xcr - the volume fraction of the crystalline phase. B(002) -ige crystallite size of the Ca10P6O26H2 phase.
into the bloodstream, accompanied by an increase in the alkaline phosphatase level. First crystals of hydroxyapatite are deposited in osteoid, then undergo a process of mineralization, which lasts a few months (for adults) and then this is followed by a period of physiological respite of the bone. We must note that about 70-90% of the osteoblast-synthesized osteocalcin is fused in the bone matrix, and the rest gets into the bloodstream. Therefore, it is considered the most particular protein of bone tissue. It is also known that bone consists of organic matrix and mineral phase structural units which are composed of hydroxyapatite crystals. Osteocalcin is located predominantly in mineralized tissue acting as a mediator for matrix mineralization and has a high affinity for calcium. After separation from osteo-blasts, osteocalcin is deposited in the bone matrix and released into the blood, and therefore this marker may indicate the rate of bone remodeling. A rapid increase of the osteocalcin level in the rats' venous blood in II experimental group indicates the effect of high-frequency oscillation on bone metabolism and increased osteoblasts activity.
CONCLUSIONS
Thus, whole body vibration, with acceleration of 0.3 g, have a positive effect on body weight, biochemical laboratory indicators of obesity and leads to normalization of body weight. Vibration can be used as a potential non-pharmacological correction of bone mineral density and has an anti-resorptive effect for preventing bone loss in obesity. In particular, for individuals with obesity and sedentary lifestyle it is important not only to correct diet, but also to apply mechanical loads on to the
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musculoskeletal system, which was modelled by whole-body vibration platform. Therefore, vibration of the whole body with a vibration acceleration of 0,3 g can be considered as the method of weight correction and has a positive effect on the remode-lingand structural state of bone nanocomposites.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This work was supported by the Department of Normal Physiology of Danylo Halytsky Lviv Natio-
nal Medical University, "Researching the role of systemic and paracrine regulatory mechanisms in providing homeostasis of functional and metabolic parameters of the organ- ism under conditions of adaptation to extreme factors of diverse nature" (state registration number 0116U004510). Ethical approval. Ethics Commission Report No. 10, 16.12.2019, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University.
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a randomized controlled trial. European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine. 2013. Vol. 49, No. 4. P. 439-450.
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12. Shapses S. A., Pop L. C., Wang Y. Obesity is a concern for bone health with aging. Nutrition research. 2017. Vol. 39. P. 1-13.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2016.12.010
13. Smith K. B., Smith M. S. Obesity statistics. Primary care: clinics in office practice. 2016. Vol. 43, No. 1. P. 121135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j .pop.2015.10.001
14. The effects of fat-induced obesity on bone metabolism in rats / W. Li et al. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice. 2017. Vol. 11, No. 4. P. 454-463. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2016.12.001
15. Whole-body vibration mimics the metabolic effects of exercise in male leptin receptor-deficient mice / M. E. McGee-Lawrence et al. Endocrinology. 2017. Vol. 158, No. 5. P. 1160-1171.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2016-1250
16. Whole-body vibration training in obese subjects: A systematic review / M. Zago et al. PloS one. 2018. Vol. 13, No. 9. P. e0202866.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/iournal.pone.0202866
17. Whole body vibration training with repetitive interval musculoskeletal loading on bone in young women / J. Flores et al. Southern California Conferences for Undergraduate Research. 2017.
Crana Hagmmga go pegaKmi' 15.04.2020
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