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Effect of Socio-Economic Attributes on Resident's Satisfaction in Low-Density Area of Bauchi Metropolis
Muhammad Umar 1, Oyediran Olufemi Oyeleke 2, Moses Adegbile Adeleke 3 Sulaiman Adekunle Ojeniyi 4
1 Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University
Dass road, P. M. B. 0248, Bauchi, 740272, Nigeria
2 Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa P. M. B. 01, Nasarawa, Nigeria
3 The Oke-Ogun Polytechnic, Saki P. M. B. 21, Saki, Nigeria
4 Ecole Superieure Sainte Felicite University 03 BP, 4050, Cotonou, Benin Republic
DOI: 10.22178/pos.71-9 JEL Classification: O18
Received 26.05.2021 Accepted 28.06.2021 Published online 30.06.2021
Corresponding Author: Muhammad Umar muhdmubarak30@gmail.com
© 2021 The Authors. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License L©—®J
Abstract. This study examined the effect of socio-economic attributes of residents on housing satisfaction in the Bauchi metropolis to reveal ways to improve households' housing situation in the Bauchi metropolis. The study adopted a quantitative approach. The questionnaire was designed and administered to 380 House Hold Heads with 258 retrieved. Households were surveyed employing stratified random sampling to generate data on the households' socio-economic attributes and housing satisfaction. Data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics (Mean score and frequency table) and multiple regression through the use of SPSS to examine the effect of variables. The study revealed that most households have means of earning income and that household size is large. Households in the low-density area have moderate satisfaction with their housing condition. The study demonstrated a significant effect of socio-economic attributes on housing conditions and satisfaction in the study area. As a matter of urgency, it was recommended that the government provide the lacking social amenities, renovate the deteriorating ones, and enforce development control standards.
Keywords: socio-economic characteristics; housing; housing satisfaction; Bauchi; Nigeria.
INTRODUCTION
Socio-economic characteristic defines family's position, rank, class, status or economic position in a community [3]. Socio-economic attributes differ from one household to the other, and it provides a social picture at a glance, such as occupation, income and education. In addition, it is based upon the concepts of allocating limited resources to various activities related to protection and conservation [1].
The quality of life is closely associated with housing. Housing is committed by other factors such as income, employment, education, work-life balance, life satisfaction, and society's perceived
quality [9]. Housing is the sole pillar of individual satisfaction and has been considered "to be the determinant of the quality of life" [8].
Housing satisfaction thus is determined by residents' perceptions of their neighbourhood and living conditions. This suggests a low level of dissatisfaction and a high degree of agreement between desired and actual conditions and the satisfaction of residents' everyday housing needs. On the contrary, incongruence between their actual and desired housing conditions may lead to dissatisfaction [5]. However, there is a propensity for low-income families to be satisfied with housing with more deficit than middle-income families. This is because low-income acts as a constraint in
that low-income families cannot obtain non-deficit housing [4].
Furthermore, Bauchi observed that an individual's socio-economic characteristics influence his earnings, influencing his housing satisfaction. Hence the practical gap is acknowledged. Against this backdrop, this study examined the effect of individual-based socio-economic characteristics on housing satisfaction in the Bauchi metropolis and ascertained how households' socio-economic characteristics affected their housing satisfaction.
This study aims to determine the effect of socioeconomic attributes on resident's satisfaction in the low-density area of the Bauchi metropolis, revealing the significant relationship of the effect of socio-economic attributes condition on resident satisfaction.
Objectives:
1. To identify the socio-economic characteristics of residents in the Bauchi metropolis.
2. To examine the level of resident's satisfaction in the study area.
3. To assess the effect of socio-economic attributes on residents' satisfaction in the study area.
Methodology
The research methodology adopted is quantitative. The questionnaire was developed and administered to the respondents. A total of one hundred and twenty-six (126) copies of the questionnaires were administered in which Out of the 126 questionnaires administered, 94 valid copies were filled and retrieved. The sample size selection is somewhat similar to those used by other social science researchers (such as [2, 6]) in Nigeria as the basis for obtaining the sample size. Sixty-three households are sampled within each of these residential neighbourhoods making a total number of 126 households. The old and new GRA was chosen from the low-density residential areas. The sampling method adopted was the stratified random sampling method, which is the most fundamental method and gives every subject in a population an equal chance of being selected. After the considerable collection of data, the method of data analysis employed to analyse the data gathered from the field was descriptive, mean ranking and multiple regression using SPSS Version 22.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Table 1 revealed the socio-economic attributes of the respondent. Again, males were the predominant respondents in the study area. Similarly, the research has found that people within the age less than 30 years accounted for (53.19%) of the total population. Also, the survey indicates that the majority of the respondents were married (67.02%).
Table1 - Demographic Data of the Respondents
%
Sex
Male 75 80.2
Female 19 19.8
Age
Less than30 years 50 53.19
between 31-40 years 20 21.28
between 41-50 years 18 19.15
above 50 years 6 6.38
Marital status
Single 31 32.98
Married 63 67.02
Education
Primary school 14 14.90
O level 29 30.85
OND/NCE 32 34.04
HND 12 12.77
BSC 5 5.32
MSC 1 1.06
PHD 1 1.06
Occupation
Farming 17 18.09
Civil Servant 29 30.85
Business 9 9.57
Retired 14 14.89
Artisan 25 26.60
Religion
Islam 82 87.23
Christianity 12 12.77
Income
Less than #30,000 27 28.72
#31,000- #60,0000 39 41.49
#61,0000-#91,000 18 19.15
#91,000 and above 10 10.64
Household Size
6-10 51 54.26
11-15 23 24.47
16-20 14 14.89
21 persons and above 6 6.38
Tribe
Hausa 78 82.98
Yoruba 10 10.64
Igbo 6 6.38
The result of the households' occupation shows that majority of the respondents are civil servants. At the same time, 69.15% of the entire respondent are people who are retirees, students, craftsmen and artisans in the whole study area. This indicates that most of the respondents in the study area have the means to derive some income and are NCE holders.
Also, analysis of households' income indicates that most participants have an income of N31,000- N60,000. Furthermore, the majority of the residents practice Islam as a faith. This corresponds with [00] findings, which stated that most Bauchi metropolitan area residents practise the Islamic religion. Also, the study reveals that the majority 51 (54.26%) of respondents have 6-10 members within the fold of their households. Finally, the principal tribe are the Hausas which also conforms with the study by [6].
Table 2 - Ranking Residents Sa tisfaction
Physical Characteristics Mean Std. Deviation Ranking
Toilet and Bathroom 3.6809 .88248 1
Facilities
Rendered and painted 3.5745 1.20473 2
Tiles 3.5426 1.48588 3
Well Equipped 3.5000 1.41231 4
Kitchen
No finishing at all 3.3617 1.12500 5
Electricity from public 3.3404 1.21419 6
main
Generator 3.2872 1.20592 7
Kitchen without 3.1596 1.24696 8
modern Facilities
Sand Crete 3.1489 1.48075 9
Pit Toilet 3.0957 1.38400 10
Candle 3.0319 .96667 11
Waste Disposal 3.0213 1.42918 12
Facilities
Rendered without 2.9787 1.42164 13
Paint
Burnt Bricks 2.9574 1.45849 14
Bore hole 2.8723 1.45346 15
Aluminium 2.6809 1.71152 16
Cemented 2.6596 1.50664 17
Well 2.6170 1.52475 18
Terrazo 2.4681 1.47890 19
Clay/Mud Block 2.2979 1.48708 20
Corrugated Iron Sheet 2.2234 1.43050 21
Kerosene Lamp 1.9894 1.30750 22
Asbestos 1.8191 1.29484 23
Pipe Borne 1.6915 1.20952 24
Table 2 above revealed the satisfaction of households in the low-density area of Bauchi Metropolis. The household expressed their opinion that their satisfaction is moderate. The Toilet and Bathroom Facilities has (M=3.68, S= 1.88) and was ranked 1st. The Rendered and Painted has (S=3.57, S=1.20) and was ranked 2nd. The Tiles has (M=3.54, S=1.48) and was ranked 3rd.their satisfaction with Well Equipped Kitchen was also moderate with (M=3.50, S=1.41) and was ranked 4th. They were dissatisfied with their Kerosene was ranked 22nd with (M=1.98, S=1.30). The Asbestos has (S=1.82, 1.29) and was ranked 23rd, Pipe-borne has (M=1.98, S=1.23) and was ranked 24th. Therefore, the table indicates that the majority of the household have reasonable satisfaction in their neighbourhood characteristics. But they are dissatisfied with a few of their neighbourhood characteristics.
Table 3 - Model Summary and ANOVA
Model R R2 Adjusted R2 Std. Error of the Estimate F Sig.
1 .387a .150 .101 .45754 3.052 .000b
Table 3 shows the regression model summary and the ANOVA result. The model produced an overall R-value of 0.387 and R2 value of 0.101 with F-sta-tistics of 3.052, which shows a highly significant value of .000 which means p is less than 0.05. The model as a whole predicts about 38.7 % of the variance in housing satisfaction. In other words, about 15 % of the changes in housing satisfaction can be explained by changes in socio-economic attributes. The table presents the goodness fittest of the model, which shows that the model is fitted and suitable for the analysis as it produced a highly significant p-value of .000.
Table 4 is the coefficient table that shows the significant relationship between socio-economic attributes and housing satisfaction. Gender and Farming were the socio-economic attributes that significantly impact housing satisfaction as they have a Beta value of -.210 and .270 with a p-value of both .001 and .000, respectively. While single, divorced, widow, Yoruba, Jarawa Gyarawa Business, Occupation, Age, Income, Education, and Family have a beta value of .007, 051, -161, .068, .032, -.133, -.052, .083, .021 and .025 respectively were found to have a less significant impact.
Table 4 - Coefficient Ta ble
Model Unstandardised Coefficients Standardised Coefficients T Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
Constant 2.970 .177 16.736 .000
Gender -.254 .078 -.210 -3.251 .001
Single .007 .074 .007 .095 .924
Divorced .134 .179 .051 .749 .455
Widow -.563 .230 -.161 -2.444 .015
Yoruba .133 .118 .068 1.130 .260
Business .034 .076 .032 .449 .654
Farming .432 .104 .270 4.141 .000
Occupation -.159 .087 -.133 -1.826 .069
Age -.041 .059 -.052 -.689 .491
Income .040 .031 .083 1.300 .195
Education .009 .029 .021 .320 .749
Family .012 .029 .025 .394 .694
So, this concludes that Gender and Farming as a form of occupation were the only socio-economic attributes that significantly affect housing satisfaction.
CONCLUSIONS
From the analysis conducted so far, it is evidenced that socio-economic attributes affect neighbourhood satisfaction. The analysis is based on mean scoring and multiple regression, revealing that most households are pretty satisfied with their neighbourhood characteristics. Furthermore, the study revealed that out of the socio-economic attributes, gender and Farming as a form of
occupation were the only socio-economic attributes that significantly affect housing satisfaction. Therefore, the generation of employment opportunities, otherwise known as economic revitalisation, is highly needed in the area.
In view that socio-economic characteristics influence resident satisfaction, the government should provide lacking social amenities, rehabilitate any that are deteriorating, and enforce development control standards to improve resident satisfaction in the study area. In addition, organised private sectors should establish institutions to create employment opportunities and quality education for residents of the study area to improve their financial status.
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