CC BY
172
Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, Vol. 9 No. 4 2013, pp. 25-31 ISSN 1997-0838 Original Text Copyright © 2013 by Tabatabaei
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Effect of Osmo-priming on Germination and Enzyme Activity in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Seeds under Drought Stress Conditions
Tabatabaei S. A.
Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Yazd, Iran *E-Mail: [email protected]
Received May 18, 2013
Seed priming was used in barley to increase seed germination and tolerance on stress exposure. Barley seeds were treated with PEG (Polyethylene 6000 mw). After 7 days our results showed that, seed priming treatments significantly (p< 0.01) affected germination percentage, normality seedling percentage, and germination index. Seed priming with PEG increased germination characteristics as the compared to the unprimed. Also, priming increased catalase as compared to the unprimed seeds. Therefore, the highest germination characteristics and catalase activity were attained from priming with PEG.
Key words: Osmo-priming, Seed germination, Drought stress, Enzyme activity, Hordeum vulgare L.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Effect of Osmo-priming on Germination and Enzyme Activity in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Seeds under Drought Stress Conditions
Tabatabaei S. A.
Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Yazd, Iran *E-Mail: [email protected]
Received May 18, 2013
Seed priming was used in barley to increase seed germination and tolerance on stress exposure. Barley seeds were treated with PEG (Polyethylene 6000 mw). After 7 days our results showed that, seed priming treatments significantly (p< 0.01) affected germination percentage, normality seedling percentage, and germination index. Seed priming with PEG increased germination characteristics as the compared to the unprimed. Also, priming increased catalase as compared to the unprimed seeds. Therefore, the highest germination characteristics and catalase activity were attained from priming with PEG.
Key words: Osmo-priming, Seed germination, Drought stress, Enzyme activity, Hordeum vulgare L.
Barley is one of the most widely grown crops in arid and semiarid regions of the world. The seeds of barley show a delayed or reduced germination when the water potential of surrounding medium decreases. Stress conditions are widespread problem around the world.
Germination characteristics are usually essential process in seedling establishment and plant development to obtain seedling numbers those results in higher seed crop (Almansouri et al., 2001, murungu et al., 2003). Seed germination and establishment are the most sensitive stages to abiotic stress in more crop species (Patade et al
2011, Redmann, 1974). Abiotic stress maybe delay seed germination and reduce the rate (Patade et al., 2011. Rouhi et al., 2011. Ansari et al., 2012). Patade et al. (2009) and Ashraf and Foolad (2005) reported that seed priming is one of the methods that can be taken to counteract the adverse effects of abiotic stress (Patade et al., 2009. Ashraf and Foolad., 2005). The purpose of seed priming is to a partially hydrated with water, or various chemical solutions the seeds to a point where germination processes are begun but not completed (Asfraf and Foolad., 2005), followed by drying of seeds to the original moisture level. Seed priming techniques
have been used to increase germination, improve germination uniformity, improve seedling estabilishment and stimulate vegetative growth in more field crops (Iqbal and Ashraf, 2007; Kaya et al, 2006; Kaur et al., 2002; Patade et al., 2011; Saglam, et al, 2011; Sadeghi et al, 2011), under stressed conditions. Also, the priming strategies enhanced activities of free radical scavenging enzymes such as CAT and SOD (Ansari et al., 2012). Therefore, the study aimed was to determine the effect of osmo-priming treatment on germination characteristics and enzyme activity of barley, under drought stress.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted in the Faculty member, Agricultural and natural resources reasearch center of Yazd,Iran.
Drought stress at osmotic potentials of 0 (as control), -4, -8, -12 and -16 bar were adjusted using PEG 6000 before the start of the experiment.
Seeds of were pretreated with PEG 6000. For osmo-priming, seeds were exposure in -8 bar concentrations PEG for 24 h at 15 ± 1°C. Barley seeds were exposure in 20 cm glass petri dishes containing 15 ml solution. The imbibed seeds were then washed three times with tap water and dried on filter paper at 15±1°C for 24 h (Ansari and Sharif-Zadeh, 2012).
After test time expiration, some germination indexes were evaluated such as: germination
percentage, normality seedling percentage, and germination index.
All extraction procedures were carried out at 4 °C (Primed and unprimed). The seed samples, weighting about 0.3 gr, were homogenized with 3 ml of tris (PH 7.8), followed by centrifugation of 20000 g for 20 min (Ansari and Sharif-Zadeh, 2012). The supernatants were used for determination of
enzyme activity. The supernatants were used for determination of enzyme activity. Catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) activity was determined spectrophotometric ally following H2O2 consumption at 240 nm (Bailly et al., 1996). The activities of CAT were expressed per mg protein, and one unit represented 1 ^mol of substrate undergoing reaction per mg protein per min.
All data were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance using SAS Software. Data for germination and normal germination percentages were subjected to arcsine transformation before analysis of variance was carried out with SAS software. Mean comparisons were performed using an ANOVA protected least significant difference (Duncan) (P < 0.01) test.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
According to our results of variance analysis, effect of priming treatments on GP, GI, NSP and MTG, under droght stress conditions were significant (P < 0.01) (Table 1).
Osmo-priming increased germination characteristics as compared unprimed seeds under drought stress conditions (Fig. 1, 2, 3 and 4).
Our results showed that germination and seedling growth were significantly improved in barley seeds primed with PEG as compared to the unprimed seeds. The highest germination percentage was attained from osmo-priming in control conditions but was no significantly with unprimed seeds (Fig. 1). Priming with PEG, also improved the GI as compared to the unprimed seeds under drought stress (Fig. 2). The highest NSP was attained from treatment of PEG in control conditions (Fig. 3). The highest MTG was attained from unprimed seeds under drought stress conditions (Fig. 4).
Seed germination and seedling growth are critical stages in the life cycle of a plant, especially under adverse abiotic stresses. Seed priming is one of the methods that can be taken to counteract the adverse effects of abiotic stress (Patade et al., 2009. Ashraf and Foolad., 2005). The results are in agreement with the earlier study Ansari et al. (2012) who reported the significant reduction in the germination as well as growth of Rye. Also, earlier reports (Patade et al., 2011; Ansari et al., 2012; Rouhi et al., 2011) have shown positive effect of priming in relation to seed performance, germination percentage and seedling indices. Therefore, our results showed that in across drought stress levels priming increased germination indexes as compared to the unprimed seeds.
Enzyme activity was significantly improved in barley seeds primed as compared to the unprimed (Fig. 5). CAT significantly improved in barley seeds primed with PEG as compared to the unprimed. Also APX significantly improved in barley seeds
primed with PEG as compared to the unprimed (Figure 5).
Oxidative stress blocks growth and development by decreasing cell division, therefore protection from oxidative stress is critical for seed germination. Recent studies show that the presence of several antioxidative and hydrolytic enzymes in dry cereal grains, and activities raised considerably after the start of seed imbibition (Chang et al. 2000, Morohashi 2002, Reichheld et al. 1999). Increasing CAT could significantly increase seed tolerance to environmental conditions (Ansari et al., 2012). Recently Moosavi et al. (2009) in Amaranth genotypes and Rouhi et al, (2012) in Berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L) showed that antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase) in treated seeds of were significantly increased compared to those in control group. The priming strategies enhanced activities of free radical scavenging enzymes such as CAT and SOD (Rouhi et al., 2012).
Figure 2. Effect of priming on germination index of barley seeds under drought stress.
7
6 -
I Osm o-prime I Unprime
H
ill
-12
-16
drought stre s s (b ar)
Figure 3. Effect of priming on mean time to germination of barley seeds under drought stress.
Figure 4. Effect of priming on normal seedling percentage of barley seeds under drought stress.
Figure 5. Effect of priming on enzyme activity.
Table 1. Variance analysis of studied traits in barley under drought stress
S.O.V
df
Germination percentage Germination index mean time to germination N ormal seedling percentage
Treatment (T) Stress (S) T*S Error
1
4
4
20
1009.2
**
3752.2
**
88.2
7.33
263.41
**
676.7
**
4.8
0.6
7.25
**
5.35
**
0.42
0.029
2033.63
**
4953.05
**
192.55
3.66
CV %
4.76
4.97
4.84
4.05
CONCLUSIONS
Osmo-priming improved germination percentage, germination index, normality seedling percentage, and reduced means time to germination, in barley seeds under stressed conditions. Also, priming increased CAT and APX, therefore can be said that improvement this germination characteristics of primed seeds could be results of increasing the antioxidant profile of treated seeds.
REFERENCES
Almansouri, M,, Kinet, J.M., and S. Lutts. (2001) Effect of salt and osmotic stresses on germination in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). Plant and Soil., 231: 243-254.
Ashraf, M., and Foolad, M.R. (2005) Pre-sowing seed treatment a shotgun approach to improve
germination, plant growth, and crop yield under saline and non-saline conditions. Adv Agron. 88: 223-271.
Ansari, O., Choghazardi, H.R., Sharif Zadeh, F., and Nazarli, H. (2012) Seed reserve utilization and seedling growth of treated seeds of Mountain Rye (Seecale montanum) as affected by drought stress. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova. 2 (150): 43-48.
Ansari, O., and Sharif-Zadeh, F. (2012) Osmo and hydro priming improvement germination characteristics and enzyme activity of Mountain Rye (Secale montanum) seeds under drought stress. Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry. 8 (4): 253-261.
Bailly, C. (2004) Active oxygen species and antioxidants in seed biology. Seed Sci. Res. 14: 93 107.
Chang, S., Tan, C., Frankel, E.N., and Barrett, D.M. (2000) Low-density lipoprotein antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds and polyphenoloxidase activity in selected slingstone peach cultivars. J Agri and Food Chem. 48:147-151.
Iqbal, M., and Ashraf, M. (2007) Seed treatment with auxins modulates growth and ion partitioning in saltstressed wheat plants. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 49: 1003-1015.
Kaur, S. A., Gupta, K., and Kaur, N. (2002) Effect of osmo and hydropriming of chickpea seeds on seedling growth and carbohydrate metabolism water deficit stress. Plant growth Regul. 37: 17-22.
Kaya, M.D., Okcu, G., Atak, M., Cikili, Y., and Kolsarici, O. (2006) Seed treatments to overcome salt and drought stress during germination in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). EurJAgro. 24: 291-295.
Moosavi, S.A., Tavakkol Afshari, R., Sharifzadeh, F., and Aynehband, A. (2009) Effect of seed priming on germination characteristics, polyphenoloxidase, and peroxidase activities of four amaranth cultivars. J Food Agri. Envi. 7 (34): 353-358.
Morohashi, Y. (2002) Peroxidase activity develops in micropykar endosperm of tomato seeds prior to radical protrusion. J Experimental Bot. 53(374): 1643-1650.
Murungu, F.S., Nyamugafata, P., Chiduza, C., Clark, L.J., and Whalley,W.R. (2003) Effects of seed priming, aggregate size and soil matric potential on emergence of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and maize (Zea mays L). Soil and
Tillage Research , 74: 161-168.
Patade, V.Y., Bhargava, S., and Suprasanna, P. (2009) Halopriming imparts tolerance to salt and PEG induced drought stress in sugarcane. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 134: 24-28.
Patade, V.Y., Maya, K., and Zakwan, A. (2011) Seed priming mediated germination improvement and tolerance to subsequent exposure to cold and salt stress in capsicum. Res. J. Seed Sci., 4 (3): 125 -136.
Reichheld J.P., Vernoux T., Lardon F., Van Montagu M., Inze D. (1999) Specific check point regulate plant cell cycle progression inresponse to oxidative stress. Plant. J. 17: 647-656.
Rouhi, H.R., Aboutalebian, M.A., and Sharif-zadeh, F. (2011). Effects of hydro and osmopriming on drought stress tolerance during germination in four grass species. International journal of Agrisience. 1 (2): 107-114.
Rouhi, H.R., Aboutalebian, M.A., Moosavi, S.A., Karimi, F.A., Karimi, F., Saman, M., and Samadi, M. (2012) Change in several antioxidant enzymes activity of Berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) by priming. International Journal of AgriScience., 2(3), 237-243.
Sadeghi, H., Khazaei, F., and land Sh, S. (2011) Effect of seed osmopriming on seed germination behavior and vigor of soyeBean (Oglycin max l.). APKN journal of Agricultural and Biological science. 6(1).
Saglam, S., Day, S., kaya, G., and Gurbuz, A. (2010) Hydropriming increases germination of lentil (Lens cutinaris medik) under water stress. Notulae Scientia Biologicae. 2(2): 103- 106.
