CC BY
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7. Методические рекомендации по сбору и обработке материалов при гидробиологических исследованиях на пресноводных водоемах. Зообентос и его продукция. Л.: ГосНИОРХ, 1984. 52 с.
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УДК 636.053
EFFECT OF GALEGA AND PEA SEEDS ON GOAT MILK PRODUCTION AND QUALITY INDICES
J. SPRUZS, E. SELEGOVSKA Latvia University of Agriculture, Liela street 2, Jelgava, Latvia LV 3001
(Поступила в редакцию 18.01.2010)
Introduction. Feeding strategies for goats can include green chop, agricultural and industrial by-products besides commercial grain rations. This will provide variety, increase intake, lower feed costs, and stimulate milk production. Lopping of tree leaves, crop residues from the canning industry like pea and bean vines, fruit pulp, fresh brewer's grain, fresh distiller's grain, cotton seed, rice, maize, sugarcane by-products have been successfully used in many countries for goat production improvement [16].
Many factors can have major or minor effects on the goal of improving milk and meat production of goats. Ruminant animals are usually fed supplemental protein to make up for dietary shortfalls. When animals are consuming low quality forage, a grain supplement may also improve protein status by providing additional energy for protein synthesis by ruminal microbes [8].
Increased use of forage legumes provides opportunities to reduce costs of milk production enhance the environment and increase efficiency of land use [13]. Forage legumes also have an important role in low-cost sustainable agriculture systems because of their role in N fixation and their high nutritional value [7].
Among the many plant protein sources, feed pea meal is a high energy, medium protein ingredient that has been widely and successfully used for agricultural feeding in Europe, Canada, Australia, and the USA. These round-shaped, low tannin varieties of Pisum sativum, are a major pulse crop
marketed in these countries as a source of carbohydrates, mainly starch, and protein for livestock feeds [15]. Feed peas are an excellent source of nutrients for all species of animals. Peas are rich in protein, lysine and starch (23%, 1,8% and 44,9% dry matter, respectively), and are therefore able to provide both the amino acids and energy required by high-producing animals [18].
Galega sp. has proved interesting as a forage herb suitable for production of fresh green feed and winter forage [1,6]. Galega officinalis, commonly known as goat's rue, French lilac, Italian fitch or professor-weed, has been known since the Middle Ages for relieving the symptoms of diabetes mellitus. Upon analysis, it turned out to contain guanidine, a substance that decreases blood sugar by decreasing insulin resistance. The plant has been extensively cultivated as a forage crop, an ornamental, a bee plant and as green manure. Its name derives from gale (milk) and ega (to bring on), as Galega has been used as a galactogogue in small domestic animals (hence the name «Goat's rue»). A galactogogue is a substance which is used to increase the production of milk in humans and other animals [17].
A few reports exist of toxicity of galega to mammals [5], though the plant is often fed to cows and goats in order to increase their milk yield [2]. It is still used in modern herbalism, though mainly for its effect in promoting milk-flow in lactating mothers (it has been shown to increase the flow of milk in cows and goats by 35-50% [2,4] and for its positive effect on the digestive system [2]. The plant contains galegine, an alkaloid that strongly reduces blood sugar levels which make it useful in the treatment of diabetes
[3]. The leaves and flowering tops are diaphoretic, diuretic, galactogogue and hypoglycaemic[4,9,11]. It has also been used in the treatment of fevers
[4]. It is taken internally to treat insufficient lactation, late-onset diabetes, pancreatitis and digestive problems, especially chronic constipation caused by a lack of digestive enzymes [2].
There are many investigations in including of peas in animal feed rations, but only few data's about chemical composition of galega seeds and possibility to use these seeds in animal nutrition. Galega seed yields ranged from 254 to 357 kg/ha depending on row spacing and sowing rate [10], versus peas seeds yield can reach 3000 kg/ha. Chemical content of galega and pea seeds is quite similar, differences is only in protein content (Crude protein of galega seeds 39,4% DM vs. 22,9% of pea seeds) and fiber content (NDF of galega seeds 30,0% vs. 17,2% of pea seeds) [12,14].
The goal of our investigation was to evaluate the use of peas and gale-gae seeds in goat nutrition and impact of these grains on productivity indices of goat milk.
Material and methods. The feeding trial was carried out in Latvia farm "Mezadruvas-1", Riga district from April 1 to June 30, 2008, i.e. for 91 days totally.
In the preparatory period, which was lasting for two weeks, feeding, keeping and rearing conditions were equal for all Zanen goats included in the trial.
During accounting period, goats of the 1st group (control) were fed basal feed (BF) produced in the farm. Goats of the 2n trial group received BF supplemented with Galega seeds (tabl. 1).
Tablel. Trial scheme
№ Groups Number of animals per group Feed ration
1 1st group -control 10 Hay + Barley + Oat meal (BF)+ Pea seeds
2 2"" group - trial 10 BF + Galega seeds
Nutrient requirement in goats was determined according to animal live weight and milk yield following the normative regulations adopted in Latvia (tabl. 2, 3).
Table 2. Daily feed ration in the 1st group of goats
Animal feedstuffs Amount, kg Feed units, kg Digestible protein, g Ca, g P,g Carotene, mg
Meadow hay 1,5 0,80 91 5,3 2,1 35
Pasture hay 0,5 0,30 14 5,0 1,2 30
Barley 0,35 0,40 27 0,5 1,3 0
Oats 0,35 0,40 33 0,5 1,2 0
Pea seeds 0,20 0,22 40 0,4 0,8 0
Total X 2,12 205 11,7 6,6 65
Requirement X 2,10 200 13,9 9,9 49
Balance, % (+ or -) X +0,9 +2,5 -15,8 -32,4 +32,6
By the amount of feed units, digestible protein, calcium, phosphorus and main biologically active substances feed rations for the goats of the 1st and 2nd groups were practically of equal value.
Table 3. Daily feed ration in the trial 2 nd group of goats
Animal feedstuffs Amount,kg Feed units, kg Digestible protein, g Ca, g P, g Carotene, mg
Meadow hay 1,5 0,80 91 5,3 2,1 35
Pasture hay 0,5 0,30 14 5,0 1,2 30
Barley 0,35 0,40 27 0,5 1,3 0
Oats 0,35 0,40 33 0,5 1,2 0
Galega seeds 0,20 0,22 42 0,4 0,19 0
Total X 2,12 207 11,7 6,0 65
Requirement X 2,10 200 13,9 9,9 49
Balance, % (+ or -) X +0,9 +3,5 -15,8 -39,4 +32,6
Goats from all groups during trial received mineral supplement COD-IBLOC U.A.B. for organic farming. Composition of the mineral supplement: Ca 14%, P 5%, Mg 3%, J 60 mg/kg, Zn 5000 mg/kg un Se 15 mg/kg.
During trial, milk yield produced by each goat was measured with a precision to ±0,05 kg. Milk fat, protein, lactose content and somatic cell count were determined by a daily average sample once a month using Milko Scan
133 in Milk quality laboratory of A/s „Siguldas ciltslietu un maksligas apseklosanas stacija".
In certified laboratory of Scientific Research Institute of Biotechnology and Veterinary Medicine "Sigra" were determined special milk indices like trace elements (LVS ENISO 6869-2002); aminoacids (AAT 339); pH (ГОСТ 26180-84), coagulase-positive staphylococci (LVS EN ISO 68881:1999).
Results and discussion. During trial, milk yield 2584,4 kg was obtained from control group, or each goat produced 258,4 kg milk, i.e. 2,84 kg per day (tabl. 4).
Table 4. Milk yield in trial, kg
Indices Groups
1 st control 2 nd trial
Milk yield in trial period (91 days) 2584,4 3003,0
Milk yield per 1 goat in trial period 258,4 300,3
Milk yield per 1 goat per day before trial 2,70 ± 0,08 3,21 ± 0,11
Milk yield per 1 goat per day in trial period 2,84 ± 0,10 3,30 ± 0,14
Increasing of milk yield, % 5,3 2,8
The biggest milk yield 3003,0 kg was produced by goats of the 2 nd trial group, or 300,3 kg from each goat, i.e. 3.30 kg milk per day, and its mean that more by 16,2% compare to milk yield of the 1st control group. Totally increasing of milk productivity in trial period was bigger for 1st control group (by 5,3%), where goats received pea seeds as feed additives.
Feedin of goats with pea and galega seeds had influence on milk fat and protein content in goat milk (tabl. 5).
Table 5. Chemical composition of goat milk, %
Indices Groups
1 st control 2nd trial
Milk fat content before trial 4,18 ± 0,34 3,47 ± 0,22
Milk fat content in trial period 4,29 ± 0,30 3,77 ± 0,22
Increasing of milk fat content, % 2,6 8,6
Milk protein content before trial 2,88 ± 0,10 2,50 ± 0,09
Milk proteint content in trial period 2,96 ± 0,07 2,74 ± 0,09
Increasing of milk protein content, % 2,8 9,6
In both groups milk fat and protein content increased during trial period, and biggest increasing was in 2nd trial group, where goats were fed with galega seeds additives.
In trial period animals of the 2nd trial group used the least amount of feed units (by 14,7%) and digestible protein (by 13,2%) for 1 kg milk production.
The use of galega seeds in diet of goats resulted in higher amount of Cu, Mn and Fe (respectively by 7,5%, 163,6% and 7,9% to control), smaller amount of Zn and Mg (respectively by 22,1% and 1,6% to control) (tabl. 6).
Tab le 6. Trace elements in goat milk, mg/kg
Goups Cu Zn Mn Fe Mg
1 st control 8,57 0,95 1,73 37,60 113,60
2nd trial 9,21 0,74 4,56 40,58 111,77
% to control 107,5 77,9 263,6 107,9 98,4
Goat milk protein contains all essential and non essential amino acids for optimal health and is tolerated well by most people. There were no significant differences between both groups in amino acid content in milk (tabl. 7).
Table 7. Content of aminoacids in milk, mg/100 ml
Aminoacids 1 st control 2nd trial % to control
Aspartic Acid 0,083 0,080 96,4
Serine 0,065 0,068 104,6
Glutamic Acid 0,258 0,253 98,1
Glycine 0,048 0,045 93,8
Histidine 0,023 0,024 104,6
Arginine 0,025 0,025 -
Threonine 0,050 0,048 96,0
Alanine 0,055 0,053 96,4
Proline 0,113 0,110 97,3
Tryosine 0,035 0,035 -
Valine 0,075 0,073 97,3
Methionine 0,013 0,013 -
Lysine 0,083 0,078 93,9
Isoleucine 0,055 0,053 96,4
Leucine 0,105 0,120 114,3
Phenylalanine 0,038 0,038 -
NH3 0,170 0,160 94,1
Supplementing feed ration with galega seeds leads that amount of serine, histidine and leucine was respectively by 4,6%, 4,6% and 14,3% higher than in control group.
It should be noted that in goat milk we didn't find coagulase-positive staphylococcus, what mean that milk quality in farm " Mezadruvas-1" satisfy quality standards.
Conclusions. 1. Adding of pea seeds and galega seeds in feed ration led to optimization of feed ration and better utilization of feed nutrients. For producing of 1 kg of milk goats consumed 0,64 - 0,75 feed units and 62,7 -72,2 g digestible protein. 2. The biggest milk yield (3.30 kg milk per day) and more by 16.2% compare to milk yield of the 1st control group was produced by goats of the 2nd trial group, where in goats diet had included galega seeds. 3. The highest increasing of milk fat and protein content during trial period (respectively by 8,6% un 9,6%) was in 2nd trial group, where goats were fed with galega seeds additives. 4. The use of galega seeds in diet of goats resulted in higher amount of Cu, Mn and Fe (respectively by 7,5%, 163,6% and 7,9% to control), smaller amount of Zn and Mg (respectively by 22,1% and 1,6% to control).
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5. For higher milk yield and nutritive value it is possible to optimize goat feed ration not only with pea seeds, but also with galega seeds, if it is necessary.
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УДК 636.4.087.7
ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ПОДКИСЛЯЮЩИХ ДОБАВОК НА ОСНОВЕ ОРГАНИЧЕСКИХ КИСЛОТ И МЕСТНЫХ ПРИРОДНЫХ МИНЕРАЛОВ
В.А. МЕДВЕДСКИЙ, А.Ф. ЖЕЛЕЗКО, И.В. ЩЕБЕТОК, В.Ю. МАСЛАК, А.В. СИНКОВЕЦ УО «Витебская ордена «Знак Почета» государственная академия ветеринарной медицины» г. Витебск, Республика Беларусь, 210026
Введение. Государственной программой возрождения и развития села на 2005-2010 годы предусматривается дальнейшее развитие свиноводства - важнейшей отрасли животноводства [2]. Решение поставленных задач во многом определяется гигиеной кормления.
REFERENCES
(Поступила в редакцию 18.01.2010)
