CC BY
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14. Singh B.P., Singh S.B., Singh D.C. and Singh T.B. Effect of soil and foliar application of urea on the physico-chemical composition of fruit of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Langra // Bangladesh Horticulture. - 1977. - 5: 29-33.
15. Singh R.R. and Rajput C.B.S. Effect of various concentrations of zinc on vegetative growth characters, flowering, fruiting and physico-chemical composition of fruits in mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Chaunsa // Haryana Journal of Horticultural Sciences. -1977. - 6: 10-14.
16. Singh U.R., Gupta J.H. andDhar L. Performance of mango cultivars against malformation in Uttar Pradesh // Prog. Hort. - 1991. - 8: 65-8.
17. Steel R.G.D. and Torrie J.H. Multiple comparisons, Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc., New York, 1984. - Р. 336-354.
18. Tiwari J.P. and Rajput C.B.S. Effect of urea spray on the vegetative growth and fruit weight of different cultivars // Bangladesh Horticulture. - 1976. - 3 (1): 31-36.
Ferdosi M.F.H., Farooq A. Влияние некорневой подкормки микроэлементами Zn и B на качественные характеристики плодов манго (Mangifera indica) var. Langra // Woks of the State Nikit. Botan. Gard. - 2017. - Vol.144. - Part I. - P. 87-91.
Этот эксперимент был проведен для изучения влияния некорневой подкормки микро-нутриентами (борной кислотой (Н3ВО3) и сульфатом цинка (ZnSO4)) на качество плодов манго (Mangifera indica var. Langra). Максимальное значение общего содержания растворимых твердых веществ (18.50%) наблюдалось в варианте (Т4) 1% Н3ВО3 + 1.2% ZnSO4, 18.25% - в варианте (Т1) 0.8% Н3ВО3 и варианте (Т6) 1.2% ZnSO4 (17.57%). Максимальное количество витамина С (54.3 мг/100г) было отмечено в варианте (Т4) по сравнению с контролем (94.7 мг/100г). Максимальное количество общих сахаров (51.08%) было обнаружено в (Т5) 1% ZnSO4 по сравнению с контролем (45.0%). Принимая во внимание, что количество редуцирующих сахаров было незначительное, самое высокое из них было в варианте (Т1) - 19.30%.
Ключевые слова: манго; мангифера индийская; Langra; качество плодов; физико-химический анализ; микро-нутриенты.
УДК 634.441:581.47
EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF MICRONUTRIENTS (Zn & B) ON VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH OF MANGO (Mangifera indica L.)
VARIETY LANGRA
MALIK FIAZ HUSSAIN FERDOSI1, AMER FAROOQ2
1 Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
malikferdosi@yahoo.com
An experiment was conducted at Post Graduate Research Station (PARS), University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan to investigate the effect of micronutrients i.e. (B & Zn.) on vegetative and reproductive growth of mango (Mangifera indica L.) variety Langra. The maximum flushes (686) were emerged in the plants treated with treatment (T1) 0.8% H3BO3 as compared to control (572). Whereas the maximum panicles (433) were emerged in the plants treated with (T4) 1% H3BO3 & 1.2% ZnSO4 as compared to control (305) and T1 (362) respectively. The analysis showed that maximum yield/plant (52.60 kg) was recorded in the treatment T1 as compared to control (40-57 kg).
Key words: mango; Mangifera indica L.; Langra; vegetative and reproductive growth; micro-nutrients; B; Zn.
Introduction
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an important tropical fruit which is being grown in more than 100 countries of the world (Sauco, 1997). Delicious taste & unique flavor with high nutritive value has made it equally popular across the globe and its demand and trade is expanding rapidly in other parts of the world especially in Europe and America. It is believed to be originated in the Indo-Burma region and has evolved as a canopy layer species in the tropical rainforest of South and South East Asia (Kaur et al, 1980). It is estimated that mango cultivation appeared to have begun six thousand years ago. (Hill, 1952)
The rapid Growth of mango production in recent years has been due to its expansion in New World, China & parts of Africa and the adoption of modern field practices, which include irrigation management and control of flowering etc. (Mukherjee & Litz, 2009). Mango has become popular in the world and is praised due to its delicious taste, attractive flavor, diuretic and therapeutic values. It is a good source of vitamin A and ascorbic acid (Meadows, 1998). At present it is being cultivated in about 87 countries in the world but nowhere it achieve the same position as in the subcontinent of Indo-Pakistan that's why in Asian region it is considered as king of the fruits (Purseglove, 1972). Mango is the important fruit crop of Asia and currently ranked 5 th in the world as regards of its total production among major fruit crops after bananas, citrus, grapes and apples. Pakistan is considered the world's 5th largest producer of mango after India, China, Thailand & Mexico with peak production occurring from June to August. (Anonymous, 2005). Langra is one of the commercial & principal culti-vars of the Pakistan while others are Chaunsa, Dusehri, and Anwar Rataul etc. (Chadha & Pal, 1993). Nutritional status of the mango tree is considered as a key factor affecting vegetative growth, flowering, bearing of fruits & even malformation. As nutritional imbalance has also been recognized as a cause of malformation and irregular bearing (Jagirdar & Jafri, 1996; Sen, 1943). Deficiency of boron in mango results in poor flowering, pollination and reduced fruit set. Similarly leaves fail to reach full size in Zinc deficiency conditions (Bally, 2009). Zinc is essential for the synthesis of proteins, hormones, auxins and is required for the maintenance of bio membranes. (Salisbury & Ross, 1992; Marschner, 1995). Most of soils in the World where mango is being cultivated as commercial crop are in depreciation of these micronutrients and the question is that by which method these micronutrients should be applied and what should be the right time for this operation. Further, what are the effects of these micronutrients on the growth & physiology of mango tree?
The present research was hence aimed to determine the effect of foliar application of micronutrients i.e. Boric acid (B) & Zinc Sulphate (Zn) on vegetative, reproductive and malformation physiology of mango.
Materials and methods
The study was conducted at Post Graduate Research Station (PARS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad during 2006-2008. Fifteen to twenty year's old mango plants (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Langra were selected as experimental material. Foliar spray of Boric acid & Zinc Sulphate micronutrients alone and their combinations were applied. Each treatment was applied twice in a year (before fruit maturity and before the panicle emergence).
Experiment was laid out using RCBD with four replications. Data were analyzed statistically by using the Fishers analysis of variance and treatments were compared by using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at 5% probability level (Steel and Torrie 1984). There were seven treatments making total number of experimental units twenty eight. Treatments Micro-nutrients & dose
T0 Control
T1 0.8% Boric acid (H3BO3)
T2 1% Baric acid (H3BO3)
T3 0.8% Boric acid (H3BO3) + 1% ZnSO4
T4 1% Boric acid (H3BO3) + 1.2% ZnSO4
T5 1% ZnSO4
T6 1.2% ZnSO4
Data was collected on following parameters:
1. Vegetative growth pattern
Total number of flushes/plant, Length of Flushes (cm) & Vegetative malformation percentage.
2. Reproductive growth pattern
Panicles/Plants, Flowers/Plant, Male Flower %, Hermaphrodite Flower %, Initial Fruit Set %, Initial Fruit Drop %, Final Fruit Drop %, Yield per Panicle (Kg) & Yield/Plant (Kg).
Results and discussion
The project was aimed to understand the pattern of vegetative & reproductive growth behavior of mango; cultivar, Langra and thus to proceed against the threatening drawbacks like poor fruit setting, fruit drop and low yield of mango by applying micronutrients (Zinc Sulphate and Boric acid) through foliar spray.
Samples of 4-6 months old healthy leaves of mango were collected and analyzed for their nutrients as shown in Table 1.
According to Chadha et al. (1984) optimum range of NPK in mango leaves was 0.951.45%, 0.040-0.117% and 0.45-0.77% respectively. The present analysis indicated that NPK before treatment application was within range and according to Singh et al. (1991) optimum range of Ca & Mg was 2.22-2.47%. 0.20-0.33% respectively in mango leaves. The present analysis indicated that Ca and Mg before treatment were within this range.
Analysis was again carried out after the application of treatment to determine the status of nutrients in the leaves s (Table 2 and Table 3).
1. Vegetative parameters
Total flushes. Data regarding the total flushes indicated maximum number of flushes (686) per plant in the treatment T1 (0.8% H3 BO3), which was significantly different from all other treatments, at 5% level of significance. It was followed by T3 (622) that were statistically similar to T1 (Table 4). Best treatments which helped to improve the total number of flushes per plant were T1 and T3 as already discussed above. Next best treatment was T6 in which 598 flushes were counted. T0 and T4 showed intermediate results in which 572 and 546 flushes were counted (Table 4). Minimum flushes were observed in case of T5 (503) indicating that increased level of ZnSO4 decreased the total no. of flushes per plant. It was due to that the function of Zinc Sulphate that it was not related to vegetative growth. Tiwari and Rajput (1976) reported that foliar sprays of boric acid (0.6%) as aqueous solution improved the vegetative growth and fruit weight in mango.
Length of flushes (cm). The results regarding the length of flushes are non-significant among the treatments at 5% level of significance (Table 4). Maximum length of flushes was found in T1 (14.60cm) followed by T0 (14.53cm) and T4 (14.37cm). Minimum length of flushes was observed in T2 (13.06cm), trees sprayed with 1% boric acid. The results revealed that more length of flushes gained could be due to high photosynthetic reserves increasing the length of flushes potential in mango trees (Singh, 1978).
Number of leaves/flush. The results regarding number of leaves/flush are nonsignificant (Table 4). Maximum leaves per flush were found in T4 (12.72) followed by T2, T3, T5 and T6 having 12.38, 12.35, 12.30 and 12.21 leaves respectively. Minimum leaves per flush were found in control (11.30). It was also supported by Banik et al., (1977).
Vegetative malformation. When all the panicles were emerged the counting for vegetative malformed panicles was conducted. Data pertaining to the number of vegetative malformed panicles showed non- significant results among the treatments at 5% level of significance (Table 4). Minimum vegetative malformed panicles were observed in T3 (11.88%) followed by T2 (12.50%).
It was observed that the treatment T3 at 0.8% boric acid + 1% Zinc Sulphate was much effective for controlling the malformation. Maximum malformation was observed in T0 (13.75). As we increased the concentration of Zinc Sulphate, the incidence of malformation was also decreased as it was in T3. The results of this parameter were contrary to the findings of Khan and Khan (1958) who reported that the foliar spray of nitrogen significantly reduced malformation. Results also correlated with the earlier findings of Singh and Rajput (1977).
2. Reproductive parameters
Panicles/plant. Data regarding the total no. of panicles per plant revealed that maximum number of panicles recorded in T4 (433.0) which was significantly higher than control (305.5) followed by T5 (413.12) and T2 (372.2) (Table 5) T6 and T1 showed intermediate results in which (366.2) and (362.0) panicles were observed. Minimum number of panicles recorded in T3 (301.5). Combined applications of Boric acid and Zinc Sulphate i.e. 1% + 1.2% significantly increased no. of panicles per plant. It is also supported by Qin. (1996).
Flowers/plant. Maximum number of flowers/plant were found in T2 (1348.0) followed by control (1318.0) and T1 (1302.0) (Table 5). There was no statistical difference between the treatments because treatment means showed non-significant results. Minimum number of flowers/plant was found in T3 (1227.0). The results revealed that more number of flowers per plant was obtained with the application of Boric acid (1%). Regarding the number of flowers per panicles results confirmed the findings of Banik et al., (1997) who concluded that application of B at higher rate (0.4% + 1% urea) promoted reproduction.
Male flowers. The minimum percentage of male flowers was observed in T6 (81.03%) followed by control T6 (80.79%) and T2 (79.66%) (Table 5). Treatments which helped to reduce the male flower percentage were T3 and T1. The maximum percentage of male flowers was observed in T3 (75.570) at 0.8% H3BO3 + 1% ZnSO4. It was concluded that with the application of boron and zinc male flower % was controlled but not much effectively.
Hermaphrodite flowers. The maximum percentage of hermaphrodite flowers was observed in T3 (24.43%) followed by T1 (24.21%) and T5 (22.24%) (Table 5). Tb T5 and T4 were statistically similar and showed that male flower % age was not effectively improved by these treatments. The minimum percentage of male flower was observed in T6 (18.97) at 1.2% ZnSO4) that was less than control (Table 5).
It was concluded that treatment of boric acid at 0.8% alone and in combination with zinc sulphate at 1% improved the percentage of hermaphrodite flowers. Results are also comparable with the earlier findings of Bahadur et al., (1998). Who showed that application of ZnSO4 at 1% increased the number of flowers per panicle.
Initial fruit set. Data regarding the initial fruit set percentage showed that maximum initial fruit was set in T6 (16.00%) sprayed with 1.2% Zinc Sulphate followed by T2 (14.80%) sprayed with 1% H3BO3 (Table. 5) Treatments T5, T4, T1 and T3 having 13.45, 13.31, 13.16 and 12.87% initial fruit set respectively were statistically similar. The minimum initial fruit set percentage was recorded in control (12.38%). The best treatment was T6 which significantly improved initial fruit set percentage. The results are according to the findings of Rajput and Tiwari (1975) and Singh and Rajput (1977).
Initial fruit drop. A healthy mango tree produces more than one thousand panicles and each panicle has 1000-3000 flowers, which comprise 21.1 to 90.6% hermaphrodite flowers. (Anjum et al., 1999). Maximum fruit drop percentage was found in T0 (99.89%) followed
by T1 (86.81%). Minimum fruit drop percentage was recorded in T3 (82.23%) followed by T6 (84.00%). The best treatment was T3 that significantly reduced the initial fruit drop.
It was observed that the fruit drop pattern in this experiment was not in accordance to the treatments. Results were supported by Abd El-Migeed et al., (2002) who reported that Boron as a micro nutrient played an important role in growth behavior and productivity of trees. It increases pollen grains germination and pollen tube elongation, consequently fruit set percentage and finally the yield (reference).
Final fruit drop. Data observed on final fruit drop showed highly significant results for final fruit drop minimum (table 5) final fruit drop percentage was found in T3 & T6 (99.82%) and these treatments are statistically best to reduce fruit drop percentage. Next best treatment T2 in which 99.85% fruit drop was observed T3 and T5 showed intermediate results in which 99.2% and 99.83% fruit drop was observed. Maximum fruit drop (99.95%) was recorded in T4 that was even higher than control having 99.89% fruit drop. It indicated that increased levels of boric acid and Zinc Sulphate caused the more fruit drop when applied in combination. But boric acid and Zinc Sulphate at increased levels of concentrations significantly decreased final fruit drop percentage that was the next best treatments. And also in T6 (99.82%) it was observed that the fruit drop pattern in this experiment was within the accordance to the treatment.
Yield per panicle (kg). Maximum fruit yield per panicle was recorded in T4 (2.80 kg) at 1% H3BO3 + 1.2% ZnSO4 followed by T2 (2.60kg) (Table 5). There was no statistically significant difference between the treatments that showed that an increase in the concentration and their combination are not very effective because all have increased in yield per panicle, statistically as it is very clear from the Table No. 5. Minimum fruit yield per panicle was recorded in T6 (0.536) which was also less than to. Result are in accordance to the earlier work of Bahadur et al., (1998) that with the increasing foliar spray of ZnSO4 will increase the yield of mango fruit.
Yield / plant (kg). Maximum fruit yield per plant was found in T4 (52.60kg) followed by T3 (47.52kg). Minimum yield per plant was found in control (40.57%). There was no statistically significant difference between the treatments T1 and T2 indicating that an increase of boric acid was not effective for enhancing per plant mango yield. On the other hand treatment combinations of Boric acid and Zinc Sulphate showed the best results for improvement of the yield. Results are in accordance with the earlier work of Bahadur et al, (1998) that with increasing foliar spray of ZnSO4 increased the yield of mango fruit.
Table 1
Leaf analysis for macro and micronutrients before treatment
Nutrients N P K Ca Mg Zn Cu Mn Fe
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg)
Concentrations 1.37 0.04 0.52 2.41 0.27 22.02 34.77 67.24 186.80
Table 2
Macronutrients, status of healthy leaves after treatment
Treatments Nitrogen % Phosphorus % Potassium % Calcium % Magnesium %
T0 1.28c 0.069dc 0.59b 2.20c 0.35bed
Ti 2.36b 0.075d 0.77b 2.38bc 0.38bc
T2 1.92bc 0.056e 0.69b 2.54b 0.53a
T3 2.60ab 0.070de 0.81a 2.21c 0.39bc
T4 3.18a 0.074c 0.82a 3.29a 0.30cd
T5 2.55ab 0.081b 0.69b 2.32a 0.42b
T6 2.25b 0.083a 0.61b 3.15a 0.27d
Table 3
Micronutrient concentrations (mg kg-1) in healthy leaves (after treatment)
Treatments Zinc Copper Iron Manganese Boron
To 26.02d 38.27c 191.75b 68.00a 40.20dc
Ti 22.28b 39.80de 197.00a 70.9a 46.98d
T2 34.98bc 38.00e 180.00e 68.2b 56.43c
T3 35.58b 40.95cd 183.25d 84.8b 65.20ab
T4 38.60a 43.73b 191.0b 80.1b 58.87ab
T5 32.19c 42.23bc 186.50c 68.5b 69.98a
T6 33.48bc 47.92a 192.00b 62.4b 65.43ab
Table 4
Vegetative growth parameters of the mango variety, Langra
Treatments Total Flushes Length of Flushes (cm) Leaves/Flush Vegetative Malformation %
T0 572 bcd 14.53 a 11.32 a 13.57 a
T1 686 a 14.60 a 11.33 a 13.12 a
T2 533 cd 13.06 a 12.38 a 12.50 a
T3 622 ab 13.85 a 12.35 a 11.88 a
T4 546 bcd 14.37 a 12.72 a 13.12 a
T5 503 d 13.21 a 12.30 a 13.75 a
T6 598 bc 14.14 a 12.21 a 13.12 a
Table 5
Reproductive Parameters of the mango variety, Langra __
Treatments Panicles/ Plant Flowers/ Plant Male Flowers% Hermaphrodite Flowers % Initial Fruit Set % Initial Fruit Drop & Final Fruit Drop % Yield per Panicle (kg) Yield/ Plant (kg)
T0 305.5 c 1318.0 a 80.79 a 19.214 d 19.21d 12.38 c 99.89 b 0.56 a 40.57 b
T1 362.0 bc 1302.0 a 75.79 c 24.21 ab 24.21ab 13.16 bc 99.88 b 1.79 a 43.94 b
T2 372.2 ab 1348.0 a 79.66 ab 20.33cd 20.33cd 14.80 ab 99.85 c 2.23 a 43.20 b
T3 301.5 c 1227.0 a 75.57 c 24.43a 24.43a 12.87 bc 99.82d 2.33 a 17.52 ab
T4 433.0 a 1268.0 a 78.44 b 21.56c 21.56c 13.31 bc 99.95 a 2.80 a 52.60 a
T5 413.0 ab 1258.0 a 77.79 b 22.24b 22.24bc 13.45 bc 99.83 cd 2. 59a 46.01 ab
T6 366.2 bc 1279.0 a 81.03 a 77.79b 18.79d 16.00 a 99.82d 2.53 a 45.23b
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25. Singh U.R., Gupta J.H. andDhar L. Performance of mango cultivars against malformation in Uttar Pradesh // Prog. Hort. - 1991. - 8: 65-8.
26. Steel R.G.D. and Torrie J.H. Multiple comparison, Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc. New York, 1980. - Pp. 336-354.
27. Tiwari J.P. and Rajput C.B.S. Effect of urea spray on the vegetative growth and fruit weight of different cultivars // Bangladesh Horticulture. - 1976. - 3(1): 31-36.
Ferdosi M.F.H., Farooq A. Влияние некорневой подкормки микроэлементами Zn и B на качественные характеристики плодов манго (Mangifera indica) var. Langra // Woks of the State Nikit. Botan. Gard. - 2017. - Vol.144. - Part I. - P. 91-98.
Эксперимент был проведен на постдипломной исследовательской станции (PARS) в Университете сельского хозяйства Фейсалабад (Пакистан) для изучения влияния микронутриентов, а именно B & Zn на вегетативно-репродуктивный рост разновидности манго (Mangifera indica L.) Langra. Максимальные flushes (686) возникали у растений, обработанных вариантом (T1) 0,8% H3BO3 по сравнению с контролем (572). В то время как максимальные метелки (433) возникали на растениях, обработанных (T4) 1% H3BO3 и 1,2% ZnSO4 по сравнению с контролем (305) и T1 (362), соответственно. Анализ показал, что максимальный выход / растение (52,60 кг) регистрировалось в варианте Т1 по сравнению с контролем (40-57 кг).
Ключевые слова: манго; Mangifera indica L.; Langra; вегетативный и репродуктивный рост; микроэлементы; B; Zn.
СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ, МЕТОДЫ И РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ СЕЛЕКЦИИ ПЛОДОВЫХ, ЯГОДНЫХ, СУБТРОПИЧЕСКИХ ПЛОДОВЫХ И
ОРЕХОПЛОДНЫХ КУЛЬТУР
УДК 634.14:631.521
СОЗДАНИЕ СОРТОВ АЙВЫ ДЛЯ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО САДОВОДСТВА
Валентина Леодоровна Баскакова
ФГБУН «Ордена Трудового Красного Знамени Никитский ботанический сад -Национальный научный центр РАН» с. Новый сад, Симферопольский р-н, Республика Крым, Россия
valentina.gnbs@rambler.ru
Приведены результаты многолетнего изучения новых сортов айвы селекции Никитского ботанического сада. Выделены сорта, перспективные для использования в промышленном садоводстве Крыма и юга России: Дачная, Знахидка, Мрия, Новоричная, Октябрина, Осенний Сувенир, Сладкая, Сказочная. Дана их характеристика. Они соответствуют современным требованиям, предъявляемым к сортам интенсивного типа
Ключевые слова: айва; селекция; гибрид; новые сорта; устойчивость; урожайность; интенсивное садоводство.
Введение
Айва - ценная плодовая культура, которая, благодаря достаточно высокой устойчивости к абиотическим стрессорам, может успешно возделываться в Крыму. С развитием консервной промышленности в пятидесятые годы прошлого столетия в Степном отделении Никитского ботанического сада была начата работа по интродукции, сортоизучению и селекции айвы. Полученные результаты показали широкие возможности и целесообразность возделывания этой культуры в степной зоне Крыма, располагающей достаточными земельными ресурсами [2].
В настоящее время айве, к сожалению, не уделяется должного внимания и промышленных насаждений практически не существует. В производстве соков, нектаров,
