CC BY
84
UDC 621.319
doi: 10.20998/2074-272X.2018.6.09
G.V. Bezprozvannych, A.N. Boyko, A.V. Roginskiy
EFFECT OF A DIELECTRIC BARRIER ON THE ELECTRIC FIELD DISTRIBUTION IN HIGH-VOLTAGE COMPOSITE INSULATION OF ELECTRIC MACHINES
Introduction. Modern high-voltage systems for composite insulation of electrical machines consist of tape glass mica paper materials (dry or pre-impregnated). The electrical characteristics of a multilayer composite insulation system are determined by both the fractional content of the individual components and their electrophysical properties. Purpose. The analysis of the influence of electrophysical characteristics and thickness (fraction) of the dielectric barrier on the distribution of the electric field in the composite high-voltage insulation of electrical machines. Methodology. Simulation of surface charge accumulation at the interface between the substrate and the dielectric barrier is based on the Maxwell-Wagner theory for interfacial polarization. Practical value. The influence of the electrophysical characteristics and thickness of the dielectric barrier on the distribution of the electric field has been established. In the steady state, the electric field strength in the dielectric barrier exceeds the average value by 50 %. In the region of small transition times (up to 1 s), the relative dielectric constant of the barrier has a significant effect on the distribution of the electric field. The use of a dielectric barrier with a higher dielectric constant and fractional content in comparison with the substrate leads to an increase in electric field strength by 5 % relative to the average value in composite insulation. Experimental studies of the long-term electrical strength of glass mica-belt ribbons in the cured (thermosetting) state are consistent with the simulation results. Composite insulation based on glass fiber mica tape with a high content of the mica barrier and fiberglass of smaller thickness has (8-16) % higher values of long-term electric strength. References 9, figures 5.
Key words: high-voltage composite insulation, dielectric barrier, fiberglass substrate, interfacial polarization, electric field distribution, long-term electrical strength.
Представлены результаты распределения электрического поля в высоковольтной композитной изоляции на основе предложенной математической модели накопления поверхностного заряда на границе раздела подложка - барьер. В установившемся режиме напряженность электрического поля в диэлектрическом барьере может превышать среднее значение на 50 % в зависимости от электрофизических характеристик и толщины компонентов. Показано, что в области малых времен переходного процесса на характер распределения электрического поля влияют как относительная диэлектрическая проницаемость, так и толщина диэлектрического барьера. Экспериментальная проверка выполнена для пяти типоразмеров стеклослюдобумажной ленты по 5-ть макетов в каждой. Установлено, что композитная изоляция с повышенным содержанием слюдинитового барьера и стеклотканью меньшей толщины имеет на (8-16) % более высокие значения длительной электрической прочности. Библ. 9, рис. 5.
Ключевые слова: высоковольтная композитная изоляция, диэлектрический барьер, стекловолокнистая подложка, межфазная поляризация, распределение электрического поля, длительная электрическая прочность.
Introduction. Modern high-voltage systems for composite insulation of electrical machines consist of ribbon glass mica paper materials (dry or pre-impregnated) [1, 2]. The main function of such insulation is the preservation of long-term electrical strength under the conditions of long-lasting thermal, mechanical and thermomechanical effects. High-voltage insulation should also have the necessary level of manufacturability and relatively low cost while maintaining high technical and operational characteristics.
Use as a dielectric barrier of mica paper is cost-effective, as it is made from waste of scarce and fairly expensive splinter mica [1]. Compared with materials based on splinter mica, micaceous and mica plastics papers have a greater thickness uniformity, increased and more uniform electrical strength. The combination of good elasticity and mechanical strength allows to obtain a dense, monolithic thermosetting insulation [2]. Flat mica particles form a dielectric barrier and, depending on the conditions, are bound by various impregnating compositions and substrates. The binder can be introduced into the composition of the tape either in advance, then the tape is called pre-impregnated (Resin Rich), or introduced into the dry tapes after they have been processed in the process of vacuum-pressure impregnation [1].
Epoxy resins (diano, cycloaliphatic and epoxy drawing) are used as a binder, which have high mechanical properties, good adhesion to various materials, sufficient heat resistance (class B and F) and corona resistance, have a slight shrinkage ratio (3-5) % [2].
The mechanical strength is provided by the glass fabric substrate, which is a reinforcing material in such a system. It also contains most of the binder in the case of impregnated tape. Composite insulation, made with the use of glass fiber materials, has an increased tensile strength and flexural strength. Glass fiber materials are highly thermally resistant [1, 2].
The electrical characteristics of a multilayer composite insulation system are determined by both the fractional content of the individual components and their electrophysical properties.
Problem definition. The real interface between the substrate and the dielectric barrier has a surface layer of finite thickness, within which the thermodynamic parameters (concentration of components, pressure and temperature) undergo drastic changes. The surface layers of each phase with a thickness of about 0.5 nm have special properties, since they are in the field of action of the molecular forces of the neighboring phase (the so-called Rebinder effect) [3].
© G.V. Bezprozvannych, A.N. Boyko, A.V. Roginskiy
The desire of a heterogeneous system to reduce the surface energy causes an appropriate orientation of polar molecules, ions and electrons in the boundary layer, as a result of which the contacting phases acquire charges of opposite sign, but of equal value. At the interface between the substrate and the dielectric barrier, as on the interfacial surfaces, a double electric layer arises as a result of the interaction of the contacting phases due to excess surface energy [4] with the corresponding electric potential, surface charge density, capacity [5-7].
The goal of the paper is analysis of the influence of electrophysical characteristics and thickness (fraction) of the dielectric barrier on the distribution of the electric field in the composite high-voltage insulation of electrical machines.
Mathematical model of surface charge accumulation at the flat interface between two dielectrics. A high-voltage thermosetting composite insulation of electrical machine can be represented in the form of two layers of dielectric: a glass fiber substrate (1) with an impregnating compound (3) and a mica paper tape (2) as a dielectric barrier (Fig. 1). The anisotropy of the properties of mica in this case is weakly expressed.
Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the three-component insulation by a double layer tape
The most common approach in simulating the accumulation of surface charge at the interface of two dielectric media is based on the Maxwell-Wagner theory for interfacial polarization [8].
The hypothetical configuration of the interface between two flat isotropic dielectrics with electrodes is represented by a Maxwell capacitor (Fig. 2). In such a system, the insulation properties change depending on the step function at the interface of the media [8].
> f
U
Fig. 2. Representation of the accumulation of surface charges at the interface of two isotropic dielectrics when switched on under constant voltage U
At the dielectric interface, the dielectric permeability s (or the polarization vector) varies in steps [8, 9]. The jump of the normal component of the electric displacement vector D is equal to the surface density a of electric charges. The tangential component of the electric field strength vector is continuous at any interface
D2n - D1n = a E1t = E2t , (1)
where D2n, D1n are the normal components of the electric displacement vector: D2n = e0e2E2n, D1n = s0s1E1n ,
s0 = 8.85-10-12 F/m is the electric constant; s1, s2 are the dielectric permeabilities of dielectrics, a is the surface density of electric charges; E1n, E2n are the normal, E1t, E2t are the tangential components of the electric field strength vector of the first and the second dielectrics, respectively.
At the moment of switching on the capacitor to the voltage source U, the surface density a of electric charges is zero, as a result, in accordance with (1), the electric field strength in the layers is proportional to the dielectric permeability [8]
E1n S1 = E2ns2 . (2)
At the next instant, the conduction current with the corresponding density J begins to influence the distribution of the electric field in the layers
J1 = Y1Eb J2 =Y2E2, (3)
where y1 and y2 are the conductivities of each dielectric, S/m.
Since the current densities are not equal (the electrophysical properties of dielectrics are different), a space charge accumulates at the interface between the dielectrics. The transient ends with the balancing of the currents J1 and J2, as well as the stabilization of the surface charge at the interface of the dielectrics. For the steady state, the electric field strength in the layers is proportional to the conductivity
nE1 = 72E2 . (4)
From the initial moment and steady state, the total current in the first and second dielectrics is the same and has two components: active, which is caused by conduction current (leakage current), and reactive, due to displacement current (absorption current). Thus, the total current density will be determined as
J = 71E1 + ^0 S1 ^T = 72E2 + s0 s2 dEr. (5) dt dt
The sum of the voltage drop across each layer is equal to the applied DC voltage
E1 h + E2h2 = U , (6)
where h1, h2 are the dielectric thickness.
When combining (5) and (6), the differential equation for E1 is
dE1
—1 ^0 (S1 h2 + ^2 h) + E1 (rh +72 h) = 72U , (7) dt
whose solution is searched in the form
( 7h2 +72 h1
E1(t) = Ae
e0 (>^2 +^2hi)
+ U-
Ï2
(8)
(nh2 +72 h1 )
where A is the integration constant, which, taking into account the initial conditions at time t = 0 and (2), (6) is defined as
(
A = U
2___72
s1h2 ~S2h j nh2 +72 h1
(9)
After substituting (9) into (8), the electric field strength in the first layer of a two-layer dielectric varies with time in accordance with (10)
h1 ■ (£71 -£172)
E1t=U-
72
- + U-
-t /t
7lh2 + 72h1 (s1h2 + s2h1 )-( 7lh2 +72h1) and in the second one in accordance with (11)
E2t = U-
71
- + U-
d2 ■ (s172 -s271)
-t It
(10)
(11)
J (t) = U-
h1h2(872 -g271) , 2 ' (sh +82^ ) (7h +72h)
(13)
X exp(-t /t) + U
7172
71h2 + 72h1
= Jabs +J
cond-
The time variation of the surface charge density o{t) at the interface between two dielectrics can be written as
a(t) =
s1 72 -s2 71 71 h2 +72 h1
■U (1-e-t/t). (14)
The effect of electrophysical characteristics and thickness of the dielectric barrier on the distribution of the electric field in high-voltage composite insulation. Fig. 3 shows the simulation results for two cases: curves 1 - the identity of the electrical characteristics of the barrier and the substrate: = s2 =
= 4.5; 7j =y2= 2-10 8 = 4.5; s2 = 3.
S/m; curves 2, 2'- different:
7! = 2-10-13 S/m,
72 = 2-10-12 S/m.
71d2 +72d1 (s1d2 +s2d1 ) ■( 71 d2 + 72d1) where t is the time constant, s
^^L^L. (12)
71h2 +72 h1
The density of the total current, which consists of the current of absorption and leakage due to the presence of free charges, is determined by the formula (13)
t, s 10
E/Emid i V'.iiW
Indexes 1 relate to the barrier, 2 - to the substrate. The thickness of the dielectric barrier is h1 = 0.1 mm, of the glass fiber substrate is h2 = 0.05 mm. Curve 2 corresponds to the distribution of the electric field in the barrier, curve 2' in the substrate (Fig. 3,6). The calculations were performed for the average electric field strength Emid = 15 kV/mm in composite insulation.
If the electrical characteristics are identical, surface charges do not accumulate at the interface between dielectric media (curve 1, Fig. 3,a) and the electric field is equal to the average value: E = Emd = 15 kV/mm (curve 1, Fig. 3,b). The transient is absent.
In the case of different characteristics, a transient of a duration of about 10 s is observed. In the steady state, the surface charge density is 0.85 mC/m2 (curve 2, Fig. 3,a), the electric field strength in the dielectric barrier exceeds the average value by 50 % (curve 2, Fig. 3,b), in the substrate it is insignificantly small (curve 2', Fig. 3,b).
Fig. 4 shows the dynamics of the time variation of the electric field distribution with varying conductivity, relative dielectric permeability and thickness of the dielectric barrier.
b
Fig. 3. The distribution of surface charge density (a) and the electric field strength (b) at the interface between the substrate and the dielectric barrier
In Fig. 4,a,b curves 1 and 2 correspond: £i=4.5, £2=3.8, 7j = 2-10-13 S/m, 72 = 2-10-12 S/m; curves 1' and 2' - el = 4.5, £2=3.8, 7j = 2-10-13 S/m, 72 = 2-10-11 S/m, respectively. The thickness of the dielectric barrier is assumed to be hi = 0.1 mm, of the substrate is h2 = 0.05 mm. The share content of mica in this case is 67 % of the total volume of composite insulation.
The effect of relative dielectric permeability and barrier thickness on the distribution of the electric field is shown in Fig. 4,c. Curves 1 and 2 correspond to the characteristics: £ = 4.5, s2 = 3.8, 7 = 2-10-13 S/m, 72 = 2-10-12 S/m, h1 = 0.1 mm, h2 = 0.05 mm. Curves 1' and 2': £ = 3.8, £2 = 4.5,7 = 2-10-13 S/m, 72 = 2-10-12 S/m; h1 = 0.1 mm, h2 = 0.05 mm. Curves 1'' and 2'': £1 = 4.5, £2 = 3.8, 7 = 2-10-13 S/m, 72 = 2-10-12 S/m, h1 = 0.05 mm, h2 = 0.1 mm.
In the region of short transient times (10 ms - 1 s), the nature of the distribution of the electric field is significantly affected by the ratio between the dielectric permeabilities of the barrier and the substrate, with their constant thickness. In the case when £1 < £2, the electric field strength in the barrier exceeds the average value of 1.05, while in the substrate it is 1.1 times, respectively (compare curves 1' and 2, Fig. 4,c). This fact is especially important when working under alternating voltage: a dielectric barrier provides long-term dielectric strength of composite insulation.
A decrease in the thickness of the dielectric barrier (fractional content), provided that £1 > £2, leads to an increase in the electric field, although it «unloads» the substrate electrically (compare curves 1'' and 1' in Fig. 4,c).
e
a
10 10' a - semi-log scale
t, s 10"
t, s 10
b - double log scale
1.6 E/Emid
1.4
short transient times, the influence of both the electrophysical characteristics and the fraction of the dielectric barrier on the distribution of the electric field in the composite insulation is manifested (see Fig. 4,a-c) [long-term electrical strength at 50 Hz alternating current is lower in comparison with constant current due to large losses due to the polarization process].
Fig. 5 shows the results of tests of long-term electrical strength of the layouts, depending on the thickness of the composite insulation. The integral distribution functions of long-term electric strength are shown in Fig. 5,a, average values in Fig. 5,b.
Normal Probability Plot
0.95 0.90
o 0.50
0.25
...................+....................... 1 --.-j* À
5 ! jt ___________«ÉL__________4_____________
A
2/ ______________________¿.. I I 1 3 __________j__________________________
y A
ft / = J _____________________________4____________________ ' 1 f.........................................
20
25
30 35
Ebr, kV/mm
0.6
10-2 10-' 10" c - semi-log scale Fig. 4. The effect on the distribution of the electric field of the electrophysical characteristics and thickness of the components at the interface between the substrate and the dielectric barrier
Experimental verification of the effect of the fractional content of mica paper tape on the long-term electrical strength of composite high-voltage insulation samples. For testing tapes in the cured state, 5 layouts were made with each glass-mica paper tape of different thickness from different manufacturers: 1 - h = 0.15 mm, 2 - h = 0.14 mm, 3 - h = 0.14 mm, 4 - h = 0.18 mm, 5 - h = 0.18 mm.
The layouts are copper busbars of 6*30*800 mm size, which are isolated on the .HHCn-4 tape insulation machine with a tape heated to temperature of 50-60 ° C and tension of 40-60 N. Layouts, covered with slats on wide faces, are pressured by hydrostatic method. Long-term electrical strength of the finished layouts is determined with continuous exposure under voltage from the calculation 15 kV/mm at industrial frequency.
The correctness of the adequacy of the results of modeling on direct current by experimental research on alternating current is permissible, since in the region of
1
7-------------------------------------
5 ------------------------------------
240.14
h,mm
b
Fig. 5. The effect of the micaceous barrier on the long-term electrical strength of the composite high-voltage insulation of electrical machines
The smallest scatter of the values of the breakdown electric strength is for insulation systems with thickness h = 0.14 mm (curve 3, Fig. 5,a), which may be due to a more uniform thickness of glass-mica paper tape due to the use of a different type of binder. The slope of the integral distribution function of the electrical strength of the layouts with this insulation system differs significantly from the rest (compare curve 3 with curves 1, 2, 4, 5 in Fig. 5,a).
For sample thickness of composite insulation h = 0.15 mm (curve 1, Fig. 5,a) the greatest value of long-term electric strength is observed: at the level of 50 % probability, the average value is 28.75 kV/mm (Fig. 5,b). In this layout, a tape with a high content of the micaceous barrier and a less thick fiberglass (in accordance with the technical description on the tape) are used.
Conclusions. For the first time, the distribution of the electric field in high-voltage composite insulation of
0
10
0.75
0.10
0.05
a
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
electrical machines is obtained on the basis of the proposed mathematical model of surface charge accumulation at a flat interface between the substrate and the dielectric barrier.
It is established that in the steady state the electric field strength in the barrier exceeds the average value by 50 % depending on the electrophysical characteristics and thickness of the components.
In the region of short transient times (up to 1 s), the relative dielectric permeability of the barrier has a significant effect on the distribution of the electric field in composite insulation. The use of a dielectric barrier with higher dielectric permeability and fractional content in comparison with the substrate leads to an increase of 5 % of the electric field relative to the average value.
Experimental studies of the long-term electrical strength of layouts of glass mica tapes in the cured (thermosetting) state are consistent with the simulation results.
Composite insulation based on glass fiber mica tape with a high content of the mica barrier and fiberglass of smaller thickness has (8 - 16) % higher values of long-term electrical strength.
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Received 14.07.2018
G.V. Bezprozvannych1, Doctor of Technical Science, Professor, A.N. Boyko2, Candidate of Technical Science, A.V. Roginskiy3, Postgraduate Student,
1 National Technical University «Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute», 2, Kyrpychova Str., Kharkiv, 61002, Ukraine,
e-mail: bezprozvannych@kpi.kharkov.ua
2 Company «WebMeridian in Ukraine»,
13, Chernyshevskogo Str., Kharkiv, 61002, Ukraine,
3 SE Plant Electrotyazhmash,
299, Moskovsky Ave., Kharkiv, 61089, Ukraine, e-mail: roginskiy.av@gmail.com
How to cite this article:
Bezprozvannych G.V., Boyko A.N., Roginskiy A.V. Effect of a dielectric barrier on the electric field distribution in high-voltage composite insulation of electric machines. Electrical engineering & electromechanics, 2018, no.6, pp. 63-67. doi: 10.20998/2074-272X.2018.6.09.
