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ECOTOURISM - PERSPECTIVE IN CHOICE ECOLOGICAL REST E.K. Choguldurova1, Acting Associate Professor
G.N. Yusupova2, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor M.D. Choguldurov3, Candidate of Geographical Sciences, Associate Professor ^Bishkek State University named after K. Karasaeva international University of Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz Republic, Bishkek)
DOI:10.24412/2411-0450-2023-7-222-226
Abstract. The article is devoted to the most attractive type of tourism for consumers today, both ecological and recreational. On the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic, which has vast little-changed and untouched natural complexes, certain conditions are being formed for the development of these types of tourism. The article describes the experience of developing clusters in the field of nature-saving recreation in the Kyrgyz Republic. The authors in the article characterize the functions of ecological tourism and present various approaches to their classification: recreational, educational, environmental and economic functions of ecological tourism and analyze their specifics.
Keywords: tourism, ecological tourism, recreational tourism, nature-saving recreation, social and cultural tourism.
The Kyrgyz Republic has great tourism potential in the field of nature-saving recreation. The main factor of the problem, hindering the development of tourism in the field of nature-saving recreation in the Kyrgyz Republic, has long been the inaccessibility of the republic for a significant number of foreign tourists. To attract tourists and vacationers, it is especially important to develop such types of infrastructure as access roads and road network, hotels and boarding houses and other places of residence, the entertainment industry, international and domestic transport routes, and other services related to tourism. and rest.
The number of foreign tourists visiting Kyrgyzstan in 2022 is equal to the adult population. In the nine months of 2022, almost five million tourists from abroad visited the republic. Their main influx was provided by three post-Soviet countries - Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Russia.
It should be noted that «nature-saving recreation» and «ecological tourism» are a dynamically developing type of entrepreneurial
activity. The term «ecotourism» is often used by marketers to attract tourists [1].
The recreational function of ecotourism is to restore and develop the physical and mental strength of a person in nature through various types of active and passive recreation. The ecological function is to prevent or minimize the negative impacts and consequences of tourism activities. For this, such tools are used as strict regulation of types of impacts, determination of permissible norms of recreational load, zoning of territories, arrangement of tourist trails and objects. An indirect, but no less important way to manage the impact on natural complexes is the formation of environmental ethics among tourists and the change in stereotypes of their behavior by raising the level of environmental education (educational function). Thanks to the economic function of ecotourism, local residents have the opportunity to receive not only profit, but also financial incentives to preserve the nature of their region in its original form [6]. Consider the principles and objectives of eco-tourism activities according to the following table.
Table 1. Basic principles and goals of ecological tourism activities [5]
Principles of ecological tourism Goals of ecotourism
- stimulate and satisfy the desire to connect with nature through purposeful travel to unspoiled natural areas - development of ethical standards of behavior in the natural environment
- prevent negative impacts on nature and culture and encourage tour operators and tourists to promote nature conservation and socio-economic development of territories - improving the culture of relationships between man and nature
- combine leisure, entertainment and environmental education for travelers - fostering a sense of personal responsibility for the fate of the nature of the native country
- bring benefits to the local population and not contradict their interests and socio-economic development - comprehensive development of environmental education
- be an integral part of the tourism industry - promotion of environmental behavior at all levels
The scope of ecotourism often includes trips related to the satisfaction of amateur, professional and scientific interests, with training and education. It may include such types of tourism as religious, ethnic and health tourism. Consequently, the objects of ecological tourism can be both natural and historical and cultural monuments, specially protected territories and places of compact residence of peculiar ethnic groups of the population that have preserved their customs and traditions, which may be of interest.
The following functions of ecotourism can be distinguished:
- Enriching tourists with vital ecological knowledge;
- emotional recovery, getting rid of "urban" stress;
- socialization of tourists' outlook through the formation of their ecological culture;
- formation of a tolerant attitude towards previously unfamiliar cultures and ethnic groups, their way of life and traditions adapted to the environment;
- creation of new jobs for the local population;
- stimulation of traditional forms of nature management, production of environmentally friendly food products;
- growth of investments both in infrastructure and services, and in nature protection;
- the growth of the well-being of the local population and the development of special
education aimed at obtaining tourism and environmental professions [3; 6].
The above definitions, principles and functions of ecotourism show that it is advisable to distinguish between two interpretations of ecotourism - narrow (classical) and broad. It is interesting to note that in countries with a vast territory, a narrow interpretation of ecotourism prevails: Canada, USA, Australia. This interpretation is supported and developed, first of all, by representatives of the "green" movement. Tourism specialists and researchers from Western Europe, which has very limited "wildlife" resources, adhere to a broad interpretation.
Tourism is one of the types of nature management. Consider the types of tourism in the field of nature management, where out of the many types of environmental tourism, we will focus on three main types: tourist and recreational, tourist and sports and educational tourism:
1. Tourist and health-improving type of nature management serves to satisfy the needs of simple and expanded reproduction of the physical and mental forces of a person. This type of nature management is accompanied by significant changes in natural complexes, requires significant improvement of the territory, its functional zoning.
2. The tourist-sports type of nature management is associated with the satisfaction of a person's need for a long-term restoration of
physical strength. A special place in the structure of this type is occupied by groups of physical exercises with a training regimen. This type of nature management should be associated with unique and sometimes hard-to-reach natural complexes, which requires the presence of natural barriers, barriers, extreme natural conditions.
3. The cognitive-tourist type of nature management contributes to the development of the intellectual and spiritual powers of a person. This is done through the consumption of cultural and natural resources. At the same time, we are not talking about material and energy costs, but about the consumption of information - through the perception of excursion objects and landscapes in their places of localization [5].
There are three main types of ecotourism:
The data in the table show that the development of the hotel business in terms of profitability is growing compared to last year. There is a difference in the import and export of tourism services provided to foreign citizens and citizens of Kyrgyzstan, which are marked by a positive balance for our state.
In Kyrgyzstan, ecological tourism is successfully developing within the framework of natural areas, which include, first of all, nature reserves and national parks. In a number of national parks, ecological tourism has become one of the main areas of their activity, while bringing tangible income to the local budget. The low ecological culture of Kyr-gyzstan is one of the acute problems that have a restraining effect on the development of ecotourism. On all territories of regions and districts, in cities and villages, pollution with garbage and industrial waste, destruction of forests and plantations through cutting, trampling, natural fires are observed.
1) classical natural, the main object of which is wild nature, which practically does not experience anthropogenic impact;
2) recreational, the main object of which are territories modified by man, but relatively environmentally friendly for the purposes of recreation and tourism;
3) sociocultural, the essence of which is the knowledge and study of culture, customs, lifestyle, beliefs, features of interaction with the environment of various peoples inhabiting a particular territory, but without any interference from tourists.
In English-speaking countries, according to the specifics of occupations, ecotourism is conditionally divided into scientific, educational and recreational. Scientific ecotourism includes expeditions of scientists, summer field practices of students, and other trips.
This has a particularly negative effect on the image of the country and the popularity of the Issyk-Kul resort area. An unreasonable increase in the number of hotels leads to a significant transformation of untouched landscapes and ecosystems, an increase in the burden on infrastructure (roads, power grids, sewage treatment plants), and is accompanied by the destruction of natural ecosystems (cutting down coastal forests). belts for boarding houses). The development of the resort area is carried out with violations of environmental legislation. The critical situation is related to the transformation of agricultural land. In connection with new construction, electricity consumption is growing, the number of accidents at substations is increasing, and the practice of forced rolling blackouts is being introduced.
Today, the state of the country's biological diversity is alarming: an increase in the disturbance factor in the habitats of birds and animals, poaching by local residents and tour-
Table 2. The main indicators of the provision of services by hotels for tourist accommodation (million soms) in 2018-2022 in the Kyrgyz Republic [41 ____
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Total 23 833 25 бб3.5 1б 017.2 21 315.б 29 5б4.8
Provision of services by hotels and services for tourist accommodation, as well as other places for short-term accommodation 3 277.4 3 380.4 1 153 1 812.5 3 950.б
Provision of services by restaurants, mobile and other food services, as well as bars 20 555.б 22 283.1 14 8б4.2 19 503.1 25 б14.2
ists, illegal logging and logging. In recent years, the pressure on the water area of Lake Issyk-Kul, the entire coastal zone, as well as on unique natural objects: the Kok-Zhaiyk gorge, the Jeti-Oguz gorge, Altyn-Arashan, the Grigorievskoe and Semenovskoye gorges, Salt Lake, have increased significantly. Ignoring environmental restrictions and the permissible anthropogenic load on the lake ecosystem, the lack of a clear regulation of land use and the exploitation of natural resources - all this can lead to accelerated degradation of all Issyk-Kul ecosystems [1; 2].
Tourism can influence the natural environment both positively and negatively. Examples of the negative impact of tourism on the natural environment are numerous. At the same time, tourism can have a positive impact on the environment, contributing to its sustainable development, well-being and social progress. With the right organization, tourism can make a significant contribution to the preservation of the natural and cultural environment.
Summing up the results of the study, it should be noted that one of the promising areas for the development of ecotourism in
In this regard, the development of the tourism industry and careful attitude should be carried out in the ecosystem of Issyk-Kul. Thus, an assessment of the possible number of tourists, carried out jointly with Japanese experts, showed that the probable limit of tourists under the scenario of real development by 2025 is 1.1 million per year. At the same time, according to the maximum parameters of the ecological capacity of Lake Issyk-Kul, such a number of tourists is possible only if the fundamental requirements for bio-spheric zones are observed.
Kyrgyzstan is jailoo tourism, since the Kyr-gyz version of tourism, which has become widespread in the world in different countries, is much closer to ecotourism than traditional types of nature tourism.
Another unique type of tourism in the field of nature-saving recreation is koumiss treatment, perhaps one of the most unique parts of the ecotourism product of our country. Satisfying the need of tourists for a real knowledge of the life / culture of the Kyrgyz nomads living in harmony with nature, they are supported by the acquisition of services in the process of living and exotic recreation.
Table 3. The main objectives of the development of a sustainable tourism Complex in the Issyk-Kul region [6]__
Requirements for the conservation of the ecology of the biosphere zone Objectives of tourism development
- uniform distribution of the entire volume of tourist complexes along the water area of the lake - reconstruction, modernization and commissioning of environmental and engineering infrastructure
- provision of the entire tourist complex with centralized sewage systems with biological wastewater treatment - bringing the development of the tourism industry in line with international requirements for biosphere territories
- prohibition of all boats running on gasoline and diesel fuel - ensuring an integrated approach to the development of the tourism industry
- provision of all car parks with systems for capturing and collecting oil products - development of traditional and new types of tourism activities for Issyk-Kul
- ensuring adequate quality of roads, which will significantly reduce the ingress of oil products into the lake - improving the quality of tourism services provided to the international level
- develop tactics and strategy for the collection and processing of solid waste in the region - improvement of statistical accounting in the field of inbound tourism in order to regulate and determine the policy of its development
Referenses
1. Alimova A.A. Ecotourism in Kyrgyzstan //Social partnership in the field of environmental protection and «green» growth: materials of Int. Scientific-practical. conf., Tyumen, 12 Oct. 2020. - Tymen, 2021. - Р. 222-226.
2. Dzhumasheva Zh. (2017) Salt Lake and how tourism develops in Kyrgyzstan. -[Электронный ресурс]. - Режим доступа: http://www.awaytravel.ru/content/ (date of access: 05.05.2023).
3. Law of the Kyrgyz Republic "On Specially Protected Natural Territories", dated May 3, 2022. - [Электронный ресурс]. - Режим доступа: http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ru-ru/203262?cl =ru-ru. (date of access: 05.05.2023).
4. National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic, 2018-2022. - Bishkek, 2023. -97 p.
5. Decree of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic, dated 23 Oct. 2018 N 501 «On the Draft Law of the Kyrgyz Republic «On Tourism». - [Электронный ресурс]. - Режим доступа: http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ru-ru/126630 (date of access: 05.05.2023).
6. Choguldurov M.D., Choguldurova E.K., Yusupova G.N. Information technologies in the hospitality industry //Bulletin of the Bishkek Humanitarian University. - 2023. - № 2 (64). -Р. 432-436.
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ЭКОТУРИЗМ - ПЕРСПЕКТИВА В ВЫБОРЕ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ОТДЫХА
Э.К. Чогулдурова1, и.о. доцента
Г.Н. Юсупова2, канд. пед. наук, доцент
М.Д. Чогулдуров3, канд. геог. наук, доцент
1,3Бишкекский государственный университет им. К. Карасаева 2Международный университет Кыргызстана (Кыргызстан, г. Бишкек)
Аннотация. Статья посвящена наиболее привлекательному для потребителей на сегодняшний день виду туризма, как экологическому, так и рекреационному. На территории Кыргызской Республики, имеющей обширные малоизмененные и нетронутые природные комплексы, формируются определенные условия для развития этих видов туризма. В статье описан опыт развития кластеров в сфере природосберегающего отдыха в Кыргызской Республике. Авторы в статье дают характеристику функциям экологического туризма и представляют различные подходы к их классификации: рекреационная, познавательная, природоохранная и экономическая функции экологического туризма и анализируют их специфику.
Ключевые слова: туризм, экологический туризм, рекреационный туризм, природосберегающий отдых, социально-культурный туризм.
