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0УДК 33 Serhenov M., Amanakov A., Hajyyev R.
Serhenov M.
Turkmen State Architecture and Construction Institute (Ashgabat, Turkmenistan)
Amanakov A.
Turkmen State Architecture and Construction Institute (Ashgabat, Turkmenistan)
Hajyyev R.
Turkmen State Architecture and Construction Institute (Ashgabat, Turkmenistan)
ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES OF LEASING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF LEASING OPERATIONS IN THE ENTERPRISE
Аннотация: article provides a brief overview of the economic fundamentals of leasing and the implementation of leasing operations in an enterprise. It also deals with organizing the leasing process in a three-way leasing transaction.
Ключевые слова: economics, management, business economics, investment business, productive investments, competitiveness.
Leasing is a capital saving form of investment. Initially, leasing was understood as the process of leasing equipment, vehicles or houses, but as financial institutions developed, they began to call leasing the type of financing that combines the leasing of elements of the main funds with the borrowing of bank capital through a specialized leasing firm.
In world practice, the term "leasing" is used to denote various transactions based on the lease of goods for long-term use. Depending on the term of the contract,
three types of rental transactions are distinguished: short-term (from 1 day to 1 year) -renting, medium term (1 to 3 years) - donate, long-term (from 3 years to 20 years and more) the lease itself.
A typical leasing transaction is characterized by a three-way nature of interaction. First, it involves the owner of the property - the lessor, who provides the property for use on the basis of a lease agreement. The following can act as a lessor: -a financial leasing company that is specially created to carry out leasing operations. The main purpose of the company is to transfer the payment of the property, that is, to finance the transaction, - a specialized leasing company, which, in addition to providing financial support for the transaction, undertakes a whole set of non-financial services: property maintenance, repair, replacement of worn parts, advice on use, etc., - any firm or enterprise for which leasing is not the main business, but which has a line of business not prohibited by the charter, and has financial resources for conducting leasing operations.
Secondly, the user of the property - the lessee, who participates in leasing transactions, can be a legal entity of any legal entity. The third party - the supplier - is the person who sells the asset to the lessee.
A distinction is made between movable and immovable property based on the nature of the leased object. The term of the lease agreement takes into account the following factors:
1. The useful life of the device is determined by its technical and economic data. The term of the leasing transaction may not exceed the period of possible use of the equipment by the lessee. There are times when the term of the contract is limited by law. For example, in Austria, the lower limit is set at 40% of the usage period and the upper limit at 90% of that period.
2. The period of use of the device is specified in regulatory documents.
3. Speed of depreciation processes. It is not advantageous for the lessor to enter into a long-term contract with fixed rents when depreciation is rapidly increasing, but on the contrary, when the rate of depreciation is decreasing, the lessor wants to enter into longer-term contracts.
Lease payments include: usage capacity, payment for funds drawn by the lessor in the transaction, leasing margin, which includes the lessor's income for services (1-3%), The risk premium depends on the level of risk the lessor is taking.
In recent years, leasing operations have become an integral part of the investment process of most industrialized countries. In some countries, the spread of financial leasing is hindered by the lack of regulatory and legal regulation of the leasing industry, high interest rates for commercial loans and the existing level of taxation.
Leasing's growth momentum depends on the benefits it receives for both the lessor and the lessee. The advantages for the lessor include: - expansion of the system of use of bank capital, - lower risk than bank loans, - tax benefits.
Lesseees enjoy the following benefits: - 100% transaction financing for fixed amounts, with no interest payments, which is especially important for new and emerging businesses, - the ability to expand production, install and adjust new equipment without spending a lot of money and borrowing funds, - dividing the costs for the purchase of the equipment evenly over the duration of the contract, which allows freeing up funds for other purposes in the first phase, - protection against moral wear - leasing allows to quickly replace the used equipment with a more modern one.
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ:
1. Law of Turkmenistan "On State Support of Small and Medium Entrepreneurs". - Ashgabat, 2009;
2. Law of Turkmenistan "On Enterprises". - Ashgabat, 2000
