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УДК 332.25
Kamolov A.A. Xolmirzayev U.A. teachers of the department«Economics» Namangan Engineering Construction Institute
Uzbekistan, Namangan city ECONOMIC LAWS AND CATEGORIES Abstract: This article discusses economic laws and categories Key words: economy, market, category, system, analysis, law
Камолов А.А. преподаватель Холмирзаев У.А. преподаватель кафедра «Экономика» Наманганский инженерно-строительный институт
Узбекистан, г. Наманган ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАКОНЫ И КАТЕГОРИИ Аннотация: В данной статье рассматриваются экономические законы и категории
Ключевые слова: экономика, рынок, категория, система, анализ, закон
The task of economic science, like almost every other, is to collect facts, systematize, interpret them and deduce from them inferences. «Observation and description, definition and classification are only preparatory work. But the fact that we are striving to achieve this is a knowledge of the interdependence of economic phenomena ...» A. Marshall, op.cit., P. 81. In other words, the task of economic science is the disclosure of economic laws.
The economic law is a necessary, essential, lasting, constantly repeating, interdependence of the phenomena and processes of economic life. Economic laws are objective, which means that their action does not depend on the will and consciousness of people. The laws formulated by economic science are a theoretical expression of objectively existing economic laws. So there is a difference between them, that the laws of science are subjective reflection through the prism of the scientific consciousness of objective reality.
Economic laws differ from the laws of nature in that their action is associated only with society, most of them are temporary, transient. However, the laws of human action are by no means so simple, precise as the law of gravitation. Many of them are comparable to the laws of those natural sciences, the subject of investigation of which is very complicated.
There are differences in the understanding of laws in political economy and economics. If political economy by means of laws knows the essential aspects of production relations (that is, research goes on the level of the depth of the essence), then the economy, when dealing with superficial economic processes, analyzes not the laws themselves but the forms of their manifestation, i.e. establishes the definition of trends and patterns of development. "Economic laws are generalizations of trends," writes A. Marshall, "characterizing the actions of a person under certain conditions" (A. Marshall, Edict, op., P.95) Essentially, this is about patterns. Samuelson also notes the same: "Our laws can only act on average, with a significant fluctuation of exceptions around this average," they are laws of probability. Economics operates with such laws as the law of rarity, the law of diminishing returns, the law of lowering demand, the law of diminishing returns, the law of diminishing marginal utility, and so on. All of them are manifested as trends. The combination of depth analysis of the essence with the analysis of surface economic processes will only enrich the economic theory.
Universal laws operate at all stages of the development of human society. For example, the law of saving time, the law of exalting needs, the law of reproduction, the law of the correspondence of production relations to the nature and level of development of the productive forces, etc.
General laws - do not work at all, but at several stages of society. For example, the law of value
Specific laws - act at every given stage of society. For example, the law of surplus value. Laws that act at a certain stage of development of a given society. For example, the laws of free competition differ from the laws of monopolistic competition.
The basic economic law acts as system-forming, which expresses the main feature in these production relations. A. Marshall writes: "Science moves forward, increasing the number and accuracy of its laws, subjecting them to an increasingly brutal test and expanding their scope until one single main law absorbs and replaces a number of narrower laws that have only been its particular manifestations "
Along with the laws, economic science formulates economic categories, i.e. scientific concepts that characterize certain aspects of economic phenomena. For example, the effect of the law of value manifests itself in a number of economic categories - value, money, credit, finance, etc.
Direct and inverse relations between economic laws form a mechanism for the operation of laws or an economic mechanism. It is objective, that is, it is given by the economic value itself. On its basis, the economic mechanism of society is formed, as a result of the empirical or conscious action of participants in social
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production. The main content of the economic mechanism as an economic category is organizational economic relations. However, this category goes beyond the relations of production and includes relations arising from the interaction of productive forces and production relations (cooperation, division and specialization of labor, etc.), as well as economic superstructure (economic consciousness, institutions that perform economic functions; economic law, economic policy). The society is interested in an efficiently functioning economic mechanism. The criterion for this is the economical use of the resources of the productive forces. Economic theory is designed to promote the development of rational economic relations. This it does by formulating the principles of economic behavior of individuals and public institutions.
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