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_МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ «ИННОВАЦИОННАЯ НАУКА» №6/2016 ISSN 2410-6070_
КУЛЬТУРОЛОГИЯ
УДК 008
Павелко Н.Н.
доктор культурологии, профессор, проректор по учебной работе Академии маркетинга и социально-информационных технологий - ИМСИТ г. Краснодар, Российская Федерация
Буряк Н.Ю.
Кандидат культурологии, доцент кафедры технологий сервиса и деловых коммуникаций Академии маркетинга и социально-информационных технологий - ИМСИТ
г. Краснодар, Российская Федерация
ECONOMIC CULTURE OF BUSINESS AS A SOCIAL FACTOR OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT
OF THE NATIONAL MANAGEMENT
Abstract
The article deals with the problems of mutual influence of business and culture as a fundamental social factor of innovative development of national management, the significance of the economic importance of culture in modern society, the whole complex of criteria indicating the main directions of development of economic culture of entrepreneurship.
Keywords
Entrepreneurship, economic culture, national management, motivation and cultural component of economic activity, value-motivational relationships, economic behavior, business ethics.
Issues of mutual influence and relationship of business and culture are complex and multifaceted and are therefore theoretically and practically relevant. Without deep study and the methodological and institutional definition of their roles it is impossible to understand the current trends in the globalized economic processes and new trends of culture in modern society.
The general methodological basis of these issues is the separation of activities and relationships that can be expressed in business and culture: economic (basic terms of the possible existence of mankind) and ideological. The intersection of these relations and their mutual points of contact reveal general patterns of development, matching and interference, mutual conditionality and the interpenetration of these spheres of human activity.
The nature of the relationship between business and culture underwent various changes recorded in economic theories. It is necessary, in our view, to distinguish two main periods of development and understanding of these relations separating milestone between the industrial revolution and development of managerial capitalist forms. Economic science has consistently tried to project basic economic theory as the sphere of culture. The initial concept of the universality of market regulatives turned creative employees into hired ones, those who became reproduction human factor of production (later - human capital). In today understanding the role of culture in economic aspect should be regarded as functionally related to all public production mainly in the reproduction labour strength and intellectual resources [1].
Entrepreneurship, as a fundamental factor in the development of institutional economy, [2] can be represented as a system of institutions, among which economic culture takes a certain place. Institutions are the constructions providing interaction between individuals and structures providing this interaction. In our view, the economic culture is one of the institutions of institutional economics, which provides the interactions of individuals in the field of economy and culture and actively influences the level of entrepreneurship. The specific factor of this institution is not just a mechanical unification of the two areas, but it is the interpenetration through economic human behavior. Economic laws in entrepreneurship are weak where there is a minimum of morality, social justice and the culture of
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doing business.
In contrast to the institutionalism, the main thing about the neo-institutionalism is a problem of motivation of economic behavior of the individual. It is interested in the process of a person decision-making, conditions and prerequisites of economic behavior of the individual in the process of entrepreneurship. In this context, great importance attaches to the norms and rules of behavior established in the community, cultural normativity. In general, the system of rules of human behavior in economic activities was classified by German economist W.Vanberg [3]. Rules of conduct are divided into inherited and the acquired and transmitted through culture. The last ones are divided into personal and social ones, and social rules are divided into formal and informal.
So, the economic culture is a quintessence of a man's understanding the essence of its historical role at every stage of its historical development. In this sense, economic culture of each individual is the product and the historical era he lives in, and the formation of economic relations, which he absorbed with his mother's milk. In this regard, general rules of education and development of human relations can be applied to the concept of economic culture as well [4].
Economic culture has the nature of the motion on the way of social, economic and technological progress. It is towards the future and while developing it encourages the ways of human society's activities to engage accumulated cultural values, present and expected achievements of socio-economic and scientific and technical progress in the reproductive processes.
Socio-economic and scientific and technical progress are interrelated and interdependent processes of development of productive forces and relations of production, economic and social interests of the members of society. Scientific and technical progress is a consequence and the result of social and economic progress, and not vice versa, although the scientific and technological progress contributes to the movement and development of socioeconomic progress.
As the phenomenon of socio-economic and scientific and technological progress, economic culture of public production specifically interacts with them, creating them and is developing under their influence. In this connection, the economic criteria are criteria of socio-economic and scientific and technological progress.
Our task is to find and explain the whole complex of criteria indicating the main directions of development of economic culture of entrepreneurial activity and the interaction of culture and business.
Main features of economic culture can be expressed as follows:
1) Economic culture covers only those values, norms, needs, preferences, which arose from the needs of the economy.
2) Specific feature of the economic culture consists in the fact that the main channel of influence on the economy here is not any behavior but primarily economic one;
3) The political groups of power play a great role of conductor of economic influence of culture on the economy (unlike religion, science, morality);
4) Economic culture is increasingly focused on the management of human behavior.
Economic culture as culture in general, performs certain functions in society:
- the role of social memory of society, but only in the part which relates to economic relations. Economic culture preserves, selects, accumulates values, norms, rules which are necessary for the preservation and development of the economy;
- creates and maintains standards of economic behavior;
- transmits from the past into the present values and norms underlying economic actions and attitudes;
- creates new and updates old values and rules governing the development of economy.
Thus, based on the characteristics of economic culture, we can define three main functions:
1) Transmission: transmission from the past to the present and the future of social values, norms, standards of conduct;
2) Selective: rejecting as defective obsolete values, norms, standards of conduct;
3) Innovative: renewal of social values, norms and standards of behavior and borrowing progressive ones from other cultures.
Today, some scientists suggest to address, first of all, to such "cultural" concepts as happiness and satisfaction
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with life.
Thus, a new stage in the development of cultural knowledge is impossible without the awareness that "the economy is a key area of modern life, in which culture has a direct impact on the welfare of the population", and "the relationship between the economy and culture are complementary, as it occurs on the various biological systems of the organism "[5].
Domestic applied cultural studies make the first steps in the study of the role of cultural and institutional subsystem in the economic life of Russia. So far, the focus is on institutional issues, as Russian society today is actively creates, produces and develops institutions specific to the market economy. However, now there is an immediate and genuine interest in the cultural component of the subsystem. This interest stems from the fact that a simple transplant of institutions that have proven effectiveness abroad on Russian soil without taking into account national cultural characteristics led to the disastrous consequences of the 1990s. Another important factor contributing to the interest in the culture, it is competition in the world and domestic (local) markets, as in the context of globalization and economic sanctions on the success of entrepreneurial activity is largely determined by the knowledge and is taking into account the subtle to the casual observer, the cultural differences of certain consumers. Appeal to the cultural interaction in the study of economic processes in business is necessary for the following reasons:
- to strengthen the Russian position on the world stage it requires a transition to an innovative path of development. It is realized by the political elite of the country, and the scientific community, and business. However, innovative economy requires the formation of an appropriate culture of entrepreneurship. So far, such a culture is not formed, and furthermore, in the language of A.K. Gastev we need today not just culture, we need a cultural setting.
- according to professor E.G.Yassin, since 1992, Russia has the steps of transformation: the first phase of reform - 1992-1998, ending the crisis; the second phase - after 1998, which is still going on, although with falling dynamics. Today the third stage is brewing, when changes in the system of values and culture will play a crucial role. The scientist noted that for the development and distribution of the productive system of values that promote prosperity of the country in the post-industrial era, we need time, the continuation and completion of the liberal institutional reforms, consistent democratization, humanization of power, politics and public life. You can add another important aspect - namely, the existence of adequate modern realities of public life, a comprehensive methodology for studying the dynamics of socio-cultural factors and management of business activities.
- to further the harmonious development of the Russian society it is necessary to change radically the outlook of the Russians, who have to understand that we can only consume what is created with our own hands.
One of the constituent elements of the methodology of the study of the dynamics of socio-cultural factors and their management can become a theoretical construct, dedicated to the development of economic culture in the domestic business system. The relevance of creating such a structure is dictated by the fact that:
-First, the entrepreneurial system appears as one of the key system blocks the life of modern Russian society, and economic culture, in turn, can be considered as an important factor in the productive development of the system;
-Second, modern society is entering a qualitatively new stage of development associated with globalization and the global economic crisis, with economic sanctions, which significantly affects the sources of economic development and culture;
- Third, the Russian enterprise runs a complex transformation of the economic culture characteristic "wild" market, to the economic culture of civilized business, which also requires a systematic understanding of the process;
-Fourth, there are still key methodological issues impeding the integrated perception of the economic phenomenon of culture (unsystematic consideration of the elements that form the economic culture and ask its development; methodological confusion associated with interdisciplinary origin of the conception; unsettled terminology and the absence of a clear categorical conceptual apparatus and systematization paired concepts of economic culture, which leads to diverse interpretation and provokes deepening administrative stagnation of business structures and their management; the abundance of "field" research, the results of which sometimes directly contradict each other, the complexity of the study of the problems arising at the junction of the economy interaction and culture);
-Fifth, gained vast theoretical and practical material on the place and role of culture in the economic system of business that requires further systematization, generalization and integration (the need for integration is seen, first
_МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ «ИННОВАЦИОННАЯ НАУКА» №6/2016 ISSN 2410-6070_
of all, with regard to foreign and domestic theory and practice);
- Sixth, the world economy is entering a characteristic of the market cyclic phase of recession. Will the domestic business system worthy to overcome it, is largely dependent on cultural attitudes, both the business and the country's population as a whole. Thus, culture appears as an important strategic resource, adequate use of which will be adjusted or even eliminate many of the current and potential problems of the Russian business.
All of the above suggests the need for more in-depth and comprehensive economic development of the concept of culture, particularly in relation to such a complex question of the modern economy, as the formation and management of economic culture in business. It should be noted that over the past decade, domestic science has developed a huge layer of problems related to the study of economic culture.
Thus, in writing this article, the author touched on the following scientific problems:
-resolution of conflicts that arise within the theoretical knowledge on the role and importance of organizational and cultural factors in the lives of economic systems;
- resolution of conflicts that arise at the intersection of theory and practice of formation and management of culture in business;
- resolution of conflicts that arise in the practice of formation and management of culture in business.
This proves the importance of considering the role of culture in the study of business systems. And, in addition to the economic culture, in management and economics add up, and other approaches to the classification of culture, exerting a fundamental influence on the development of business systems in the national management. Thus, the entrepreneurial culture is the culture peculiar to a certain part of the population, which is characterized by such features as the ability to take risks, the desire to search for all new faith in themselves and in their work, the desire to live a better life and the realization of this desire, etc. M.G. Lapusta defines business culture as a specific, existing set of principles, techniques and methods of doing business entities in accordance with applicable in the country (society) legal regulations, business customs, ethical and moral rules, norms of conduct for civilized business. Note also that some authors do not make clear distinction between the concepts of "entrepreneurial culture" and "economic culture", "entrepreneurial culture" and "organizational culture." [6]
As a rule, the concept of "culture" in the study of business management systems can be used in wide and narrow values. In the broadest sense, culture is seen in the traditional sense of the word, i.e., as the culture of the society, people and their groups, regions, etc. In this context, the concept of "culture" is frequently replaced by the term "cultural (social and cultural) factors." The management disciplines of culture or socio-cultural factors are considered as an element (variable) of the environment of business organization. Thus, the "culture" and "social and cultural factors" may be considered as synonymous with each other concepts and denote external cultural background of a commercial organization, affecting its activities.
In the narrow sense of the concept of "culture" is the same in meaning to the concept of "economic culture" or "entrepreneurial culture". However, here there is a problem with the definition of the concept of "economic culture". In today's academic and research literature they provide a relatively large number of definitions of economic culture. Let us try, starting from meaningful, attributive and functionalist views, give a detailed definition of the economic culture.
In summary, we can give the following definition of economic culture of entrepreneurship in the national system of management. Economic culture of enterprise system is a set of meanings (knowledge, values, regulators), signs and information processes, contributing to the successful adaptation of business organization (business system) to changes in the external and internal environment in terms of the national management in order to obtain and maximize profits.
According to J.J. Petrunina and V.K. Borisov, corporate ethics appears as a part of corporate culture [7]. From these scientific points, there is not a clear perception of a causal relationship between ethics and economic culture. We can assume that society precedes economic ethics and culture has a major impact on business ethics. At the same time corporate ethics will be an element of economic culture.
Economic culture is seen as such a force, and in this sense, the concept of "economic culture" becomes synonymous with the concept of "economic and cultural factors." In addition, it can be considered as a management tool and resource in the national management systems. In these cases, according to its semantic load, the concept of
_МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ «ИННОВАЦИОННАЯ НАУКА» №6/2016 ISSN 2410-6070_
"economic culture" and "economic and cultural factors" are not the same.
For the development of economic culture of entrepreneurship, you must have an appropriate infrastructure. Thus, under the economic culture of enterprise system infrastructure can understand the conditions that contribute to the emergence and development of this type of culture. Drawing an analogy with the infrastructure management [8] can be described three groups of characteristics that determine the potential for economic development and enterprise culture system in modern society: the mentality that reflects the way of thinking and value system; the potential of knowledge, which includes a certain level of knowledge about economic culture; public installation for the implementation of economic governance culture [9].
Thus, the economic culture of entrepreneurship in the development of the system is directly dependent on the development of the national management in a market society. As for the potential of knowledge in the field of economic culture, the modern science has accumulated a sufficient theoretical and practical experience to create effective economic management model of business culture. The aim of the implementation of economic management culture should be recognized as increasing the efficiency of the business system, which is the criterion for ethical business practices and the culture of entrepreneurship. That is why the economic culture of enterprise systems, national or regional culture emerge as important factors influencing the effectiveness of national management and economic welfare of the country as a whole. References:
1. Popov A.N., Gorshkov A.V., Kenzhebaev A.E. Economic culture: theory and practice. - Chelyabinsk, 2000. - P. 23-24.
2. Oleinik A. Institutional Economics: Training aid // Questions of economy. - M., 1999.
3. Blaug M. Economic thought in review. - M .: Case LTD, 1994. - P. 89.
4. Levkin N.V. Modern trends in the management culture of enterprise system: monograph. - Petrozavodsk: Petrozavodsk State University Publishing House, 2009.- 438p.
5. Inglehart R. Cultural shift in the mature industrial society. - M .: Academy, 1999. - P.249-250.
6. Tomilov V.V. Enterprise culture. - Stp.: Peter, 2000. - P.9-11.
7. Petrunin Y.Y., Borisov V.K. Business Ethics. - 2nd ed. - M .: Delo, 2001. - P.92.
8 Korotkov E.M. Concept of the Russian management. - M .: LLC Publishing and consulting company "Deka", 2005. - P.72.
9. Vikhansky O. Naumov "Other" Management Transition // Russian Journal. - 2009. - № 3. - P.105-126.
© Павелко Н.Н., Буряк Н.Ю., 2016
