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UDC 332.025.2; 34.023
I. О. Lychenko
Educational-Scientific Institute of Law and Psychology Lviv Polytechnic National University, D.Sc. (Law), Associate Professor lychenko7@gmail.com
I. М. Zharovska
Educational-Scientific Institute of Law and Psychology Lviv Polytechnic National University, D.Sc. (Law), Associate Professor irazhar@ukr.net
ECONOMIC AND LEGAL PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION OF PROPERTY RIGHTS IN THE AREAS OF CONDUCTING UNITED FORCES OPERATION
© Lychenko I. О., Zharovska I. М., 2019
The article is devoted to the economic and legal principles of protection of property rights in areas of operation of the united forces in Ukraine. Particular attention is focused on modern economic and legal challenges and threats, factors of anthropogenic influence on the sphere of property and ways of their overcoming. The article clarifies the problems of implementation of economic and legal measures to guarantee the citizens of Ukraine the right to own, use and dispose of property, factors of creating an effective economic and legal model of the reintegration of territories that are or were occupied, ensuring the proper living conditions of citizens who suffered as a result of conducting united forces operations in Ukraine.
Keywords: property; property rights; protection; economic and legal principles of protection; areas of conducting united forces operation.
И. О. Лыченко, И. М. Жаровская
ЭКОНОМИКО-ПРАВОВЫЕ ОСНОВЫ ЗАЩИТЫ ПРАВА СОБСТВЕННОСТИ ГРАЖДАН УКРАИНЫ В РАЙОНАХ ПРОВЕДЕНИЯ ОПЕРАЦИИ ОБЪЕДИНЕННЫХ СИЛ
В статье определены экономико-правовые основы защиты права собственности в районах проведения операции объединенных сил в Украине. Особое внимание сосредоточено на современных экономико-правовых вызовах и угрозах, факторах антропогенного воздействия на сферу собственности и способах их преодоления. В статье определены проблемы реализации экономико-правовых мер по обеспечению гражданам Украины права владения, пользования и распоряжения имуществом, факторы создания эффективной экономико-правовой модели реинтеграции территорий, которые являются или были оккупированными, обеспечения надлежащих условий жизнедеятельности граждан, пострадавших в результате проведения операции объединенных сил в Украине.
Ключевые слова: собственность; право собственности; защита; экономико-правовые основы защиты; районы проведения операции объединенных сил.
I. О. Личенко
Навчально-науковий шститут права та психологи Нацюнального ушверситету «Львiвська полтехшка», доктор юридичних наук, доцент, професор кафедри цившьного права та процесу
I. М. Жаровська
Навчально-науковий шститут права та психологи Нацюнального ушверситету «Львiвська полтехшка», доктор юридичних наук, професор кафедри теори та фшософи права
ЕКОНОМ1КО-ПРАВОВ1 ЗАСАДИ ЗАХИСТУ ПРАВА ВЛАСНОСТ1 ГРОМАДЯН УКРАШИ В РАЙОНАХ ПРОВЕДЕННЯ ОПЕРАЦIÏ ОБ ' еДНАНИХ СИЛ
У статт визначено eKOHOMÏKo-npaBOBÏ засади захисту права власност в районах проведення операцп об'еднаних сил в Украïнi. Особливу увагу зосереджено на сучасних економжо-правових викликах та загрозах, чинниках антропогенного впливу на сферу власност та способах Ухнього подолання. У статт з'ясовано проблеми реашзацп економiко-правових заходiв щодо гарантування громадянам УкраТни права володшня, користування та розпорядження майном, чинники створення ефективно'1 економжо-правово'1 моделi реiнтеграцiï територiй, якi е, або були окупованими, забезпечення належних умов життедiяльностi громадян, якi постраждали внаслiдок проведення операцп об'еднаних сил в УкраУш.
Ключовi слова: власшсть; право власностi; захист; економiко-правовi засади захисту; райони проведення операцп об'еднаних сил.
Problem statement.The scientific substantiation of economic and legal factors influencing the protection of property rights, the formation of basic economic and legal principles of overcoming problems in this sphere and the formation of effective economic and legal guarantees of ownership, use and disposal of property are the foundation of creating the effective economic and legal model of reintegration assistance to areas that are, or have been occupied, ensuring the adequate conditions of life of citizens affected in these difficult socio-economic conditions, the preservation of their rights to possess, use and dispose of property.The research proves the relevance of new socio-economic challenges and threats in forming modern economic and legal principles of protection of property rights in the areas of conducting united forces operations, determining the priorities of the state policy concerning this question.
Brief Literature Review.An important theoretical basis of the research is publications dedicated to the development of democratic public institutions in conditions of war and armed conflicts. This question is discussed in the publication of Pierre Yared (2010) [3], Debraj Ray (2017) [4], Tanisha M. Fazal (2017) [5], Gregory D. Hess, Athanasios Orphanides (2001) [6].
The general problems of ensuring the protection of property rights have been the subject of scientific studies of famous economists and lawyers. Right of ownership and its protection were investigated by Francisco M. Gonzalez (2007) [7], Jordan J. S. (2006) [8], Hrynchuk (2001) [9], Halunko (2009) [10] and others.
However, the authors of these publications did not take into account the emergence of new challenges and threats in the areas of conducting united forces operation, problems of the creation of the effective economic and legal model of reintegration assistance to areas that are, or have been occupied, lack of the proper conditions of life of the citizens affected in these difficult socio-economic circumstances. Only a comprehensive determination of economic and legal factors that affect the protection of property rights will define the ways of solving the existing problems in this area.
The purpose of the research is the analysis of modern economic and legal principles of protection of property rights in the areas of conducting united forces operation.
Results. In Ukraine during 2014-2017 a mass relocation of citizens from Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts in other regions and foreign countries took place. A significant number of these people moved to the countries of the European Union and applied to the immigration services in order to obtain the status of refugee. Many citizens applied for their recognition as internally displaced persons. On February 5, 2018, according to the data of the structural units of social protection of the population at regional public administrations and Kyiv City Public Administration, 1 493 057 migrants and 1 218 611 families from Donbas and Crimea were registered [11]. During 2014-2017 a large number of internally displaced persons were registered in the areas of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts, which are under the control of Ukraine, and in Kyiv, and this dynamics continues for the future (Table 1). More than 239100 persons addressed to the government organizations of the European Union in order to recognize them as refugees [1]. The largest number of citizens of Ukraine applied to the state migration agencies of Germany, Italy, Poland, France, and Sweden (Table 2).
Table 1
Internally displaced persons of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts that according to the Ministry of Social Policy were registered in other regions of Ukraine, 2017
Oblast of registration The number of migrants from Donetsk oblast The number of migrants from Luhansk oblast
1 2 3
Vinnytsia 6 2
Volyn 12 2
Dnipropetrovsk 420 108
Donetsk 6 023 371
Zhytomyr 27 24
Zakarpattia 10 4
Zaporizhia 573 99
Ivano -Frankivsk 0 0
Kyiv 285 204
Kirovohrad 29 14
Luhansk 100 1 879
Lviv 0 0
Mykolaiv 42 27
1 2 3
Odesa 31 6
Poltava 113 69
Rivne 4 1
Sumy 22 14
Ternopil 5 3
Kharkiv 872 873
Kherson 54 19
Khmelnytskyi 0 0
Cherkasy 46 17
Chernivtsi 0 0
Chernihiv 0 0
the city of Kyiv 1 150 569
Totality 9824 4305
Source: Compiled by the authors according to [12]
Table 2
Countries that have received the largest number of refugees from Donbas for the period from January 2014 to August 2017
Country The number of migrants
Germany 9616
Italy 9319
Poland 4278
France 3459
Sweden 3148
Totality 9824
Source: Compiled by the author according to [13]
According to the results of conducting a public opinion poll (200 citizens of Ukraine who live in Donetsk oblast (100 persons) and Luhansk oblast (100 persons), 40 % of respondents admitted that the basic economic and legal reason for migration is the improper protection of property rights. The same number of people (40 %) chose a threat to life and health as the main reason for migration. The interviewed persons attached much less importance to socio-economic conditions of life (20 %). The results ofconducting a public opinion poll showed that the most powerful economic and legal factors influencing the ownership in terms of united forces operation(UFO and ATO) are the hostilities (32 %) and the lack of the legislation on compensatory payments for destroyed and damaged dwelling, property expropriated in connection with the implementation of mobilization measures (24 %). Quite a lot of respondents (22 %) consider that the activities of the public administration concerning the protection of
property rights in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts are inefficient. Impossibility to profit from property in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts in terms of UFO and ATO (12 %) and sudden decrease in the value of property in terms of hostilities (10 %) have the less significance (Table 3).
Table 3
The results of conducting a public opinion poll of 200 Ukrainian citizens residing in Donetsk (100 persons) and Luhansk (100 persons) oblasts concerning economic and legal factors of influencing the ownership
Question: What economic and legal factors do affect the ownership in terms of UFO and ATO?
Response The number of persons who have chosen the response Percentage of selected responses (%)
Hostilities that lead to the destruction of property 64 32
Impossibility to profit from property in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts in terms of ATO 24 12
Sudden decrease in the value of property in terms of hostilities 20 10
Lack of the legislation on compensatory payments for destroyed and damaged dwelling, property expropriated in connection with the implementation of mobilization measures 48 24
Inefficiency of the activities of the public administration concerning the protection of property rights in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts 44 22
Source: Compiled by the authors
Loss of movable and immovable property in the areas of conducting united forces operationas a result of the hostilities, lack of the protection of property, which is located in the occupied part of Ukraine and at the «dividing line», where the implementation of transactions concerning the property is difficult, lack of a proper system of carrying out compensatory payments for destroyed, damaged housing, property expropriated in connection with the implementation of mobilization measures, mechanisms of compensation for lost dwelling, the cost of construction and acquisition of housing instead of destroyed ones are the significant factors reflecting the methodological problems of the protection of property rights in Ukraine. According to the rating of the 2017 International Property Rights Index, Ukraine has taken the 123rd position among 127 countries [14].
The OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine has repeatedly stressed on this problem. It was reported that the property of the civilian population from both sides of the line of collision was damaged as a result of the numerous cases of mortar and artillery shelling. According to the thematic report of the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine «Difficult situation of the civilian population affected by the conflict in the East of Ukraine» 2017, the total amount of losses for the destroyed or damaged property is 1884.4 million UAN, the total number of damaged or destroyed facilities - 9029, including: 838 houses of communal property, 24 - building and loan associations, 42 - condominiums and 8125 -private dwelling houses. In Luhansk oblast the total amount of losses for the destroyed or damaged property is 519.8 million UAN, the total number of damaged or destroyed facilities - 6857, including: the
damaged objects - 6310 (994 apartments and 5316 houses); the destroyed objects - 547 (129 apartments and 418 houses) [15].
Economic principles of protection of property rights in the areas of conducting united forces operation
• Concepts: initial principles of ensuring the implementation of the freedom of economic activities of owners, guaranteeing their economic interests.
• Types: 1) general economic principles (rationality and economic efficiency of the use of property; development of property relations; stimulation of private property); 2) compensatory principles of forced deprivation of owners ' property and infliction of damage; 3) economic and management principles (freedom of appropriation of the means of production, combination of labour force with the means of production; security, infrastructure, information provision of property relations).
Legal principles of protection of property rights in the areas of conducting united forces operation
Source: Compiled by the authors
Concepts: initial principles of combating the violation of property rights.
Grounds of formation: the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the Civil Code of Ukraine, the Administrative Infraction Code, the Law of Ukraine "On Securing the Rights and Freedoms of Citizens and the Legal Regime on the Temporarily Occupied Territory of Ukraine" No 1207-VII dated April 15, 2014, etc.
Types: 1) normative and legal principles (absoluteness of property rights; legal certainty of property rights, legal ways and means of their implementation and protection); 2) organizational and legal principles (institutional isolation, sufficient ambit of competence of subjects of protection of property rights; coordination of their work; effectiveness of their human rights activities).
In accordance with the Comprehensive National Programme for Support, Social Adaptation and Reintegration of Citizens of Ukraine Internally Displaced from the Temporarily Occupied Territory of Ukraine and ATO Conduct Area to Other Regions of Ukraine for the period until 2017, approved by the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 1094 dated December 16, 2015, the task for the period of 2016-2017 was ensuring the right of internally displaced persons to housing.However, at present, the procedure for the implementation of this right is not defined in the legislation. Among the problems of the citizens of Ukraine internally displaced from the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine and ATOconduct area to other regions of Ukraine, this program determined the lack of information about the amount of damages (property damage) caused to displaced persons in course of hostilities and the mechanism of their compensation. The program declared a commitment to eliminate this problem until 2017. Despite the declared commitment, today there is no normative and legal act,
which would have determined the mechanism of compensatory payments for destroyed, damaged housing, property expropriated in connection with the implementation of mobilization measures or there is no body, which would have carried out an assessment of the damage. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine registered the bill. However, on December 22, 2016, the Verkhovna Rada did not pass it. The alternative bill has not been proposed for consideration.
A great number of citizens consider inefficiency of the activities of public administration concerning the protection of property rights in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts as an important economic and legal factor that affects the property in terms of UFO and ATO. The biggest problem is the lack of a special body of the protection of property rights of citizens affected as a result of conducting UFO and ATO.The creation of such a body of state power would allow beginning a detailed assessment of the damage caused to the property of citizens, the development of the concept of a phased return of citizens left for other countries because of conducting united forces operationto the previous place of residence. Achievement of this aim should be accomplished through the development of the system of compensatory payments for violations of property rights, the establishment of the comprehensive procedure for obtaining affordable housing.The experience of forming safeguards for the protection of property rights of persons affected by the Nagorno-Karabakh armed conflict should become the example for Ukraine. As a result of the implementation of the State programme on refugees and forced migrants in Nagorno-Karabakh, over 180 000 internally displaced persons and refugees moved into more than 80 specially constructed settlements [16].
Today, many European countries, the United States and international organizations provide assistance to persons who suffered from conducting united forces operation, and among them: Red Cross Society, Person in Distress, UNICEF, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Caritas and others. Measures implemented by these international organizations are deprived of coordination with each other and they only partially ensure the protection of property rights. Property rights of people are still not protected due to the lack of a clear mechanism for implementation of the compensatory payments for citizens who lost their housing, a unitary administrative center for coordination of such measures.
Conclusions. In order to reduce migration of the population of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts, Ukraine should create reliable economic and legal principles of protection of property rights that include the opportunity to possess, use and dispose of property in this region, which is guaranteed by the state due to normative and legal acts, the functioning of public institutions, which can protect this right, the mechanism of compensation for lost, damaged movable and immovable property. Creating effective economic and legal principles of protection of property rights in the areas of conducting united forces operationin Ukraine is connected with a number of important reforms. A special state program of economic integration of the territories affected by conducting united forces operationshould become the economic and legal basis for strengthening the protection of property rights in the areas of conducting united forces operation. It is important to adopt a new program of economic development of Donetsk region, the state program of strengthening the protection of property rights of citizens of Ukraine in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts. On the model of other countries that have experienced armed conflicts, Ukraine should provide funding for the construction of special settlements in order to return internally displaced persons to abandoned places of habitual residence. It is necessary to establish a mechanism of compensation for damaged or destroyed real estate, plots of land and personal property. It is necessary to create a government body protecting the property rights of persons affected by hostilities, which would include a special commission for assessment of damages incurred as a result of hostilities, determination of the amount of the required compensation, a complex of measures aimed at restoration of the technical conditions of the building structures of ownership, engineering networks and systems.
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Дата надходження: 07.02.2019р.
