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ECOLOGY-ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS OF ROAD TRANSPORT GASEOUS ENERGY CARRIER
A. Karlina, st., Ye. Voronova, ass. prof., P. Kanilo, prof., KHNADU
Abstract. The main fuel-environmental aspects of the motor-vehicles were reviewed including perspectives to replace oil fuel with alternative energy carriers. Fuel - resources issues were analyzed. Summary and conclusion are made based on the eco-analysis of the motor car without the neutralization system of exhaust gases.
Key words: synthetic motor fuel, biofuels., exhaust gases, greenhouse gases (C02), carcinogens, hydrocarbons, benzo(a)peren, aerosol (soot) particles.
Introduction
Out of all the global tasks to have been ever solved by the humanity the most important one was the problem of energy and transport production.
At present fuel-energy and ecological problems are the most topical and important ones.
The problem of the energy carriers lack which are mostly coming from the mineral fuel is getting bigger. There are over 600 million explosion engine motor-vehicles. For the last 30 years the total amount of the motor-vehicles increased by 3 times and there manufacture is going up. Motor vehicles are the main consumers of oil fuel (about 80 % of the produced oil). The own reserves of oil are very limited and for example in the North America they will be exhausted in 10 years, in Russia - in 20 years at constant decrease of its production level and the significant cost increase. Hence in the nearest years 20 - 30 % of oil fuel consumption decrease is forecasted practically in all countries. Nowadays out of all known ways of oil fuel economy there are two practical ways: the significant increase of fuel efficiency of vehicles (the usage of more advanced modern engines and hybrid electric power installation with high fuel efficiency and parametric reliability) and replacing the oil fuels (partial or complete) by alternative energy carriers: natural gases (transition period); electrical energy; synthetic motor fuel, including spirit
fuels produced of coals and slates; biofuels, obtained of agricultural organic fertilizers and also hydrogen which can be used as the highefficiency addition to gas mixtures as well as the necessary component for the synthetic motor fuel production.
Analysis of the fuel-resource problem
Today and in the nearest future it is impossible to built the power engineering including transport by means of only one energy fuel. It is impossible to make all transport means use only the energy traction or hydrogen fuel as the total engine power because only in vehicles it exceeds the power of all electrogenerating world facilities including atomic power plants. The main factors which determine a part of this or that motor fuel type in the general structure of the power consumption are the following: technical-economical potential and regional peculiarities of the fuel-energy balance, the dynamics of prices for raw stock and fuel in the world market, technical level and structure of the industry, power engineering and motor transport, and also the ecological situation in the region.
However the economical priority of the fuel choice for vehicles can be determined only in the result of multifactor system analysis taking into account the dynamics of the development of separate components relative to a concrete region.
The strategy of the usual transition is connected with the partial replacement of liquid oil fuels for the natural gas (or liquefied gas) and hydrogen. It is supposed that the natural resources of the natural gas in the CIS countries including Russia and Ukraine during the actual level of its usage will be sufficient for about 60 years.
At present natural gas is characterized by a lower energy cost (6$/Gj) which is practically 4-5 times lower than the cost of modern gasoline. In this way the natural gas can be considered as one of the most acceptable alternative energy carriers for Ukrainian
vehicles specially for vehicle enterprises of big cities.
Analysis of the ecological problem
Motor vehicles are not only the power consumer of material resources including oil fuels but it is a determinant factor in ecological (thermal, chemical, physical, acoustic, etc) environment pollution specially of the atmosphere of big cities. Here the integral ecological-chemical indices of vehicles are determined to the significant extent by their service fuel efficiency parametric reliability and the quality of the used fuels including energy indices, levels of the carbon, hydrogen, heavy metals, benzene hydrocarbon, sulfur content, etc.
At the first stage of the transient period for the public means of transport of Ukraine the most acceptable solution is the usage of the natural gas and its usage solves the problem of the greenhouse gases (C02) emission level decrease by 20 % which they are to achieve in Europe. The C02 emission level decrease mentioned above will be ensured by means of using the traditional oil fuels with the addition of about 7 % mas of hydrogen.
At the second stage it is advisable to introduce electric vehicles gradually (specially in big cities) and to replace oil fuels by liquefied synthetic energy carries it is also advisable to use biofuels widely for agricultural machinery.
The analysis of the pollution of a city atmosphere with the intensive auto traffic showed that the most dangerous (according to the health hazard) were NOx, carcinogens hydrocarbons, benzo(a)peren and specially their derivatives - nitrocarcinogen essences which
possed mutagenic properties as the result of the synergism phenomena.
Specially benzo(a)peren carcinogens hydrocarbons among the priority group marked out by scientists possess the biggest carcinogen aggressiveness index and the average daily maximum permissible concentration in the city atmosphere equaled 10-6 mg/m3 has been determined.
The correlation dependency between the specific emission levels with exhaust gases benzo(a)peren engines and the components of the carcinogens hydrocarbons priority group taking into account their carcinogen aggressiveness index has been defined.
At this main carcinogen and nitrocarginogen carriers significantly increasing their aggressiveness (promoting influence) are highly dispersed aerosol (soot) particles mostly emitted from exhaust gasesvehicles with diesel engines. It should be noted that sulfur quantity in fuel significantly influences aerosol particles emission levels and carcinogen-mutagenic essences with vehicle exhaust gases.
The sulfur content in local diesel fuels exceeds the requirements of the European standards (not more than 0,02 % mass). That’s why special attention should be paid to the vehicle dieselization increase which can aggravate the ecological problem of big cities.
Poor technical conditions of combustion engines, the defect of fuel equipment and systems of combustion, etc. have a big impact on the aerosol particles and carcinogens hydrocarbons emission a level increase from exhaust gases vehicles (several times bigger).
At present only Ukrainian vehicles emit more than 10 mln of various harmful particles into the environment out of which only several ones CO, CH, NOx are normalized and vehicles equipped with diesels also emit heavy particles.
Conclusion
By the results based on the carried out ecological researches of cars not equipped with the exhaust gases neutralization systems the following conclusions and recommendations can be made:
The execution of international standards of «Euro-II» and «Euro-III» for cars is possible by means of using natural gas, spirit motor fuels and also hydrogen both basic and additional energy carrier. Standards of «Euro-IV» will be realized by means of using hydrogen as the basic energy carrier.
For the decrease of ecological-chemical danger of cars with internal combustion engines it is required to increase the engine service fuel efficiency to the maximum extent which will ensure the minimization of the emission levels of specially hazardous carbon-bearing substances even at some NOX emission level increase.
For the NOX emissions decrease the usage of modern restoration neutralizers of the accumulative type is rational.
It is also advisable:
- to use depleted air-fuel mixtures with the increased hydrogen index and reduced aromatic hydrocarbons and also sulfur content.
- to augment the quality of the fuel automization and carburetion by means of realization of the electron-managed multiphase fuel feeding directly to the engine cylinders
- to use modern adaptive systems of the operating process quality regulation and their ecological-chemical indices
- to maintain the parametric (ecological-energetic) reliability of the internal combustion engines in the car exploitation conditions.
Литература
1. Канило П.М., Ровенский А.И., Бей И.С. Автомобиль и окружающая среда. -Харьков: Прапор, 2000.
Рецензент: Е.Б. Хоботова, профессор, д.х.н., ХНАДУ.
Статья поступила в редакцию 12 марта 2008 г.
