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Ecologization of thinking: economic and legal factors of formation
Due to the fact that collecting the maximum amount of data on competitors is simply not possible and the scheme proposed by M. Porter is used to determine the SZM in terms of position in the competition.
This scheme brings information to the four elements: future goals, current strategy, presentation and possible competitors [3].
Recognize the purpose of competitors in the near future is possible, using, for example, the following characteristics:
- Direction of investments;
- Orientation of R&D expenditure;
- Personnel policy of a competitor;
- The degree of product updates;
- The possibility of diversification, etc.
Current strategies can be determined with the help of using this information:
- Focus and aggressive advertising;
- Current personnel policies;
- Market share;
- Pricing policy;
- The level of after-sales service, etc.
Organization of the system of strategic monitoring in a
small business should engage in either the head or a specially prepared for this employee. It is possible to separate the functions of information collection and analysis.
The importance of defining the strategic business areas of management lies on this, that it is the beginning stage of determining whether, where a small business will move on. It is this analysis will allow the head owners of SB to see not only the economic side of their intended future actions, but also their qualitative assessment from the perspective of securing the future for small business.
References:
1. Ansoff I. Strategic Management. - M.: Economics, 1989.
2. Gulyaev S. L. Attractiveness of the strategic areas of management for small businesses, taking into account regional economic conditions.//Management in Russia and abroad. - 2001. - № 3.
3. Lapusta M. G., Starosti Yu. L. Small business. - 2nd ed., Rev. and supplemented. - M.: Infra-M, 2007.
Sautieva Tamara Batrbekovna, Branch of the FSBEIHPE «Plekhanov Russian University of Economics» in Pyatigorsk, Stavropol region, Professor at the Department of Theory and history of state and law E-mail: [email protected]
Ecologization of thinking: economic and legal factors of formation
Abstract: Rapid change of technological behavior in some countries and hopeless backwardness of the other, fast deterioration of the environmental condition and climate of the planet, destruction of the system of international relations with concurrent enhancement of conflict situations, especially in relation to natural resources, are typical for modern stage of development of world economy. The mankind lack not only knowledge to prevent natural catastrophes and negative consequences of climate changes, but even elementary ability to use the existing potential to ensure sustainable economic development [1,15].
Keywords: surrounding environment; environmental crisis; legal requirements concerning economic measures of nature use and protection of the environment; environmental thinking.
Degradation of the surrounding environment and its consequences are only one side of the environmental crisis. The other side is social, reflected in the crisis of state and public structures incapable of ensuring the performance of effective measures on environmental safety of the society. Externally, it is manifested, firstly, in the insufficiently effective work of special agencies for environmental protection, special agencies for protection and use of forests, animals and resources.
Secondly, environmental crisis is manifested in the incapability of law-enforcement agencies of ensuring sound control and supervision of the execution of laws on environmental protection.
Thirdly, environmental crisis is manifested in the social aspect in the mass ecological nihilism, i. e. in mass disrespect of ecological legal requirements, their violations or non-performance.
Among the reasons of exhaustion, pollution and destruction of the environment arising from man-induced activity, one can define objective and subjective ones. Objective reasons include the following:
• Firstly, it is maximum capacity of nature for self-cleaning and self-regulation. The nature processes, cleans the wastes of the man’s production for a certain time protecting itself from their harmful effect. But its capacities are limited.
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• Secondly, it is physical limitation of land within one planet. Consequently, the mineral reserves such as coal, oil etc. used by a man are gradually consumed and cease to exist.
Throughout its history, the mankind has already used up to a half of extracted reserves of traditional fossil fuel and current demand for it exceeds the growth of available reserves by nearly four times. The peak of extraction was crossed by 54 out of 65 countries-producers of oil. A planet maximum is forecast for 2015-2020. At the same time, according to the assessments of the International Energy Agency (IEA), the world demand for primary energy resources will rise by 2030 to 17.010 billion tons in oil equivalent (o. e.) against 11.730 billion in 2006. In the conditions of the modern structure of energy balance, to satisfy it, it would require to introduce the oil reserves for use that would be six times bigger than the current reserves of Saudi Arabia. The situation is better in respect of gas, coal and nuclear energy; but, according to the same IEA scenario, the preservation of orientation to traditional energy will cost the world some 26 trillion dollars (as for the prices of 2007) of investment. Moreover, the growth of the need for investments during this period will exceed the expansion of energy resource supply, because nearly half of the existing energy structures of the world will need reconstruction and replacement by 2030 only to sustain the achieved level of supply [2, 31].
• Thirdly, it is non-waste production in the nature and waste that remains after man’s production. In nature, the production is done in the closed circle. It is non-waste. The end product of the production activity becomes initial product for a new production cycle. Unlike natural production, man-induced production has waste. It was calculated that it is required to consume not less than 20 tons of natural resources per year for human life activities. Only 5-10 % of them go for production and 90-95 % goes for waste.
• Fourthly, it is learning and use of laws of natural development by the man in the process of use of nature and experience accumulation.
Subjective reasons include:
• Firstly, there are drawbacks of organizational-legal and economic activity of the state with regard to environmental protection.
• Secondly, there are defects in environmental education [3, 166-174].
To protect nature means to use it appropriately, i. e. not to take it to the level when protection is required. In order to appropriately use nature without causing any damage to it or to a man being a part of nature, one should know how it is organized and under what laws it exists.
The basics of legal regulation of the economic mechanism of environmental protection are established in section III of the Law «About environmental protection». According to the Law, its main elements are:
- planning of use of nature and environmental protection;
- financing of environmental protection;
- payments for the use of land, earth depths, waters, other natural resources and the pollution of the environment;
- extra-budgetary ecological funds, legal regulation of their formation and use;
- ecological insurance;
- tax and credit benefits, other rewarding measures in the sphere of nature use and protection.
Legal requirements concerning the economic measures of nature use and environmental protection are contained in a wide range of laws and sub-legislative acts related to ecological and other areas of the Russian legislation.
Essentially, the legal regulation is performed in respect to separate economic measures and separate natural objects. The payments for the use of the respective natural resources are regulated in detail in the Federal law «About subsurface resources», Forest code of the Russian Federation, Water code of the Russian Federation and Federal law «About fauna» etc.
One of the main principles of nature use is payment basis. In accordance with the legislation about environment, the introduction of payment basis implies different goals. Firstly, payment for the use of natural resources is a source of refill of the state and local budgets as well as ecological funds. Secondly, the most important goal of payments is the stimulation of nature users for rational use of those resources that they pay for, and increase of the efficiency of their environmental protection activity.
The Law «About environmental protection» (article 20) establishes two types of payments: for the use of natural resources and environmental pollution. In the legislation, each of these types is classified into sub-types. The structure of payments as well as the order of making them for nature use is regulated by natural resources legislation and other regulative acts.
The payment for environmental pollution and other kinds of harmful effect on nature are considered in the ecological law of Russia and foreign states as one of the main economic stimuli to make the enterprises, nature users, whose activity is related to such impact on nature, take their own measures to reduce pollution of the environment in accordance with the requirements of the legislation. Such measures can be manifested in different forms. Nature users, who are not interested in regular high payments for excessive pollution, can improve the production technology, build effective purification facilities or ensure high efficiency of work of the existing facilities. Finally, a significant effect on decrease of the environmental pollution levels can be achieved by enterprises at the expense of increase of discipline for employees and ensuring adherence to labor and technological discipline.
Ecological insurance is a new legal measure of environmental protection. Ecological insurance is understood as relations aimed at protection of property interests of citizens and legal entities in the event of unfavorable ecological consequences at the expense of monetary funds created by the insured.
The RSFSR law «About environmental protection» distinguishes two types of ecological insurance: voluntary and compulsory state insurance of companies as well as citizens, obj ects of their property and incomes in the event of an ecological and
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Ecologization of thinking: economic and legal factors of formation
natural disaster, accidents and catastrophes. In compliance with this Law, the order of ecological insurance and use of its funds is established by the Government of Russia.
In general, the directions of economic stimulation of environmental protection are defined in the article 24 of the Law «About environmental protection». They include:
- establishment of tax and other benefits provided by the state and other enterprises, institutions and organizations, including environmental protection ones, upon the implementation of low-waste and non-waste technologies and productions, use of secondary resources, performance of other activity ensuring environmental protection effect;
- relief of ecological funds from taxation and rendering of a part of their means on the contractual conditions under interest-bearing loans to enterprises, institutions, organizations and citizens in order to realize measures on the guaranteed reduction of emissions and discharge of pollutants;
- establishment of enhanced norms of amortization of the main production environmental protection funds;
- application of incentive prices and extra charges on the ecologically clean products;
- introduction of special taxation of ecologically harmful products issued with the use of ecologically hazardous technologies;
- application of easy-term loans for enterprises, institutions, organizations regardless the form of property, which perform effective environmental protection [3, 166-174].
Solution of environmental tasks by various methods is possible if a specialist of production, management, science etc. has knowledge in the sphere of ecology that enables them to evaluate their actions from the environmental point, i. e. have environmental thinking. Ecologization of thinking of state and public figures, specialists and experts should take place, which will be manifested in the penetration of environmental ideas in all spheres of social life and state construction. Decisions of expert commissions should be of compulsory nature and their execution should be ensured by all power of low-enforcement and supervision authorities.
References:
1. Sergeev P. A. A problem of world energy safety.//World economy and international relations. - 2007. - № 12.
2. Kanygin P. S. Economy of renewable energy sources.//World economy and international relations. - 2009. - № 6.
3. Sautieva T. B. World economy: problems of economic and legal mechanism of environmental protection.//Collection of scientific works: «Development ofworld economy: modern tendencies and problems». - Pyatigorsk: «RIA-KMV», 2011.
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