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27ECOLOGICAL GROUPS OF ALGAE
Munisa Abdumannob qizi Yusufjonova
Student of Namangan State University
ABSTRACT
In this article was written ecological groups of algae are abiotic factors, light (chromatic adaptation), planktonic, neustonic (phytoneuston), eurythermal, oligotrophic, saprotrophic.
Keywords: plankton, benthic, limestone, underwater forests, coralline red algae, abiotic factors, light-loving, shade-loving, stenothermal, eurythermal, oligotrophic, saprotrophic, red and brown algae.
Small free-floating algae are part of the plankton and, developing in large quantities, cause "blooming" (coloration) of water. Benthic algae attach to the bottom of the reservoir or to other algae. There are algae invading shells and limestone (boring); there are (among the reds) and parasitic. Large seaweed, mainly brown, often form entire underwater forests. Most of the algae live from the surface of the water to a depth of 20-40 m, single species (from red and brown) with good water transparency drop to 200 m [1-5].
In 1984, coralline red algae was found at a depth of 268 m, which is a record for photosynthetic organisms. Algae often live in large quantities on the surface and in the upper layers of the soil, some of them assimilate atmospheric nitrogen, others have adapted to life on the bark of trees, fences, walls of houses, rocks. Microscopic algae cause a red or yellow "coloration" of snow high in the mountains and in the polar regions. Some algae enter into a symbiotic relationship with fungi (lichens) and animals [6-11].
Ecological groups of algae
Planktonic (phytoplankton) - inhabit the open part of water bodies. Microscopic forms, mostly passively suspended in the water column and unable to resist currents.
Neuston (phytoneuston) - in the uppermost layer of water, in the zone of the surface film.
Benthic (phytobenthos) - bottom, micro- or macro-algae associated with the substrate.
Air-ground (aerofiton) and Soil (phytoedaphone). We have adapted to the existence on the ground. They are exposed to pronounced fluctuations in temperature and especially in the humidity of the environment.
Algae in extreme conditions:
At high or low temperatures - thermofiton and cryophyton. Uzbekistan www.scientificprogress.uz Page 249
In an environment with high salinity - halophyton or alkalinity - calcephiles living in places where limestone and chalk emerge.
Psammophyton - algae of mobile and desert sands.
Environmental factors
Abiotic factors are the totality of direct or indirect effects of the inorganic environment on living organisms; subdivided into physical (climate, orography), chemical (composition of the atmosphere, water, soil). The adaptation of plants and animals to heat, cold, atmospheric pressure, underwater depth, winter or summer hibernation of some animals, etc. is associated with abiotic factors.
Light (chromatic adaptation) is the ability of the human visual system to adapt to changes in lighting in order to preserve the color appearance of objects. It is responsible for the stable appearance of the colors of objects, despite the wide variation in light that can be reflected from the object and observed with our eyes. The chromatic adaptation conversion (CAT) feature emulates this important aspect of color perception in appearance models [12-17].
Light-loving - green, blue-green, euglena Heliophilic (light-loving) algae need a significant amount of light for normal life. These include the majority of blue-green algae and a significant amount of green algae, abundantly developing in the summer in the surface layers of water. Heliophobic (bright light) algae are adapted to low light conditions. For example, most diatoms avoid the brightly illuminated surface water layer and develop intensively in low-transparent lake waters at a depth of 2-3 m, and in transparent sea waters - at a depth of 10-15 m.
Shade-loving - diatoms.
Temperature Influence of water temperature. In activated sludge, autotrophic organisms are not found, which are very sensitive to changes in water temperature and the intensity of sunlight.
Stenothermal: Cold-resistant - kelp, fucus, Heat-loving - sargassum.
Eurythermal - Macrocystis.
Seasonal succession of algae species.
Lakes of moderately cold climate - phytoplankotone.
March-April: kryptomonas, chromulina - flagellate forms.
May: cold water ditomas (diatoms, melozira).
June-August: Warm water diatoms (tebellaria), mostly green and blue-green.
September-October: cold water diatoms.
The chemical composition of the aquatic environment:
By the content of nutrients: oligotrophic few nutrients, many eutrophic; saprotrophic - a lot of organic substances, dystrophic - nutrients are practically absent.
By total salinity: Marine and freshwater.
Water movement:
Substrate, as algae attach at different levels.
Drying is not permanent water bodies, as well as ebbs and flows.
Ice regime. Some algae develop on the snow to form a corresponding color, black snow, red snow.
Biotic factors (from the Greek. Biotikos - life) - forms of influence of organisms on each other, both within a species and between different species.
Beklemishev V.N. divided biotic factors into 4 groups (types of interaction):
• Topical - according to changes in the environment (soil loosening)
• Trophic - food relations (producers, consumers, decomposers)
• Factory - for dwellings (parasitic worms use the body as a habitat)
• Phoric - by transfer (hermit crabs carry anemones)
The action of biotic factors is expressed in the form of mutual influences of some organisms on the vital activity of other organisms and all together on the environment.
There are direct and indirect relationships between organisms.
Intraspecific interactions between individuals of the same species consist of group and mass effects and intraspecific competition.
Interspecies relationships are much more diverse. The possible combination types reflect different types of relationships:
1.neutralism (0; 0) - the relationship between organisms does not bring each other harm or benefit.
2.commensalism (0; +) - cohabitation of organisms of different species, in which one organism uses the other as a home and a source of nutrition, but does not harm the partner. For example, some marine polyps, settling on large fish, use their excrement as food. The human gastrointestinal tract contains a large number of bacteria and protozoa that feed on food debris and do not harm the host. synoykia (lodging) - cohabitation, in which an individual of one species uses an individual of another species only as a dwelling, without bringing any benefit or harm to his "living house". For example, the freshwater gorchak fish lays eggs in the mantle cavity of bivalve molluscs. The developing eggs are reliably protected by the mollusk shell, but they are indifferent to the host and do not feed at his expense.
3. amensalism (0 ;-) is a relationship between organisms, in which one is harmed, and the other is indifferent. For example, the penicillus fungus secretes an antibiotic that kills bacteria, but the latter does not affect the fungus in any way.
4. mutualism (mutually beneficial symbiosis +; +) - cohabitation of organisms of different types, bringing mutual benefit. For example, lichens are symbiotic organisms whose bodies are built from algae and fungi. The filaments of the fungus supply the cells of the algae with water and minerals, and the cells of the algae carry out photosynthesis and, therefore, supply the hyphae of the fungi with organic substances.
protocooperation (cooperation) is a useful relationship between organisms, when they can exist without each other, but together they are better. For example, hermit crab and anemones, sharks and stick fish.
5. resource exploiter (+ ;-).
parasitism is a form of antagonistic cohabitation of organisms belonging to different species, in which one organism (parasite), settling on the body or in the body of another organism (host), feeds on it and causes harm. The pathogenic effect of parasites consists of mechanical damage to the host's tissues, poisoning it with metabolic products, and nutrition at its expense. All viruses, many bacteria, fungi, protozoa, some worms and arthropods are parasites. Unlike a predator, the parasite uses its prey for a long time and does not always lead it to death. Quite often the parasite dies together with the death of the host. The connection of the parasite with the external environment is carried out indirectly through the host organism.
predation - the antagonistic relationship of parasites and predators with their prey maintains the population size of one and the other at a certain relatively constant level, which is of great importance in the survival of species.
6. Antibiosis (- ;-). For example, competition is an antagonistic relationship between organisms (species) associated with the struggle for food, female, habitat and other resources.
7. Symbiosis - Cohabitation of two organisms of different species, bringing them mutual benefit with fungi - lichens, with animals (with hydra)
Conclusion
The main conditions for the existence of algae: - light, carbon sources, minerals, temperature and salinity of water. Hot spring algae tolerate temperatures up to 50-85 ° C. Algae can withstand this temperature, but they thrive and multiply at normal temperatures. Thermophiles include blue-green algae, some diatoms and green algae. In nature, they inhabit hot springs, geysers and volcanic lakes. They often live in waters that, in addition to high temperatures, are characterized by a high content of salts or organic matter. This can be heavily polluted and hot wastewater from factories, power plants or nuclear power plants.
The majority of algae that are intentionally cultivated fall into the category of microalgae (also referred to as phytoplankton, microphytes, or planktonic algae). Macroalgae, commonly known as seaweed, also have many commercial and industrial uses, but due to their size and the specific requirements of the environment in which they need to grow, they do not lend themselves as readily to cultivation (this may change, however, with the advent of newer seaweed cultivators, which are basically algae scrubbers using upflowing air bubbles in small containers).
Commercial and industrial algae cultivation has numerous uses, including production of food ingredients such as omega-3 fatty acids or natural
food colorants and dyes, food, fertilizer, bioplastics, chemical feedstock (raw material), pharmaceuticals, and algal fuel, and can also be used as a means of pollution control.
Global production of farmed aquatic plants, overwhelmingly dominated by seaweeds, grew in output volume from 13.5 million tonnes in 1995 to just over 30 million tonnes in 2016.
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