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4UDC 633.113.1
ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON THE YIELD OF GRAIN CROPS IN THE CONDITIONS OF ZHYTOMYR POLISSYA
Nikityuk Yu., Teslyuk A.
Polissya National University, Zhytomyr, Ukraine
Abstract
The article raises questions of the assessment of the influence of organic fertilizers on the yield of grain crops in the conditions of zhytomyr polissya.
Keywords: influence of organic fertilizers, yield of grain crops.
Among the factors of man-caused load on the biosphere a special place is occupied by radiation pollution of the northern regions of Zhytomyr Polissya and chemicalization of agriculture, because there is a violation of self-regulation in wildlife, weakening the protective functions of plants, animals and humans.
Relevant for the Polissya zone is the study of the impact of the use of organic fertilizers on soil quality and the entry of radionuclides into the crop. This is due to the fact that as a result of the Chornobyl catastrophe, a significant amount of radionuclides with a total activity of 300 MKi (11.1 x 1018 Bq) was released into the environment. Of these, about 20% of emissions of 6.7 x 1017Bq was 131I, about 10% of cesium isotopes - 1.9 x 1010Bq 134Cs and 3.7 x 1016Bq - 1.9 x 1010Bq 137Cs, about 3% were rare earth elements.
In addition, unreasonable doses of mineral fertilizers, numerous treatments with chemical plant protection products, violations of the technology of their use and intensive tillage have led to a number of negative environmental consequences. The catastrophic state of our lands requires urgent scientifically based measures aimed at improving soil fertility and obtaining environmentally friendly food.
One of the directions of greening of agriculture is preservation of soil quality, reduction of radioactive contamination, organization of biological control of all agrotechnical measures, maintenance of a certain homeostasis of soil microorganisms, including their composition and number.
The purpose of the study is to identify the impact of organic fertilizers on soil quality and productivity of agricultural lands in the cultivation of cereals under conditions of radiation pollution and reduce the content of radionuclides in agricultural products.
According to the purpose the following tasks will be solved:
- to establish the effect of organic fertilizers on the physical and agrochemical properties of the soil;
- assess the impact of organic fertilizers on grain productivity;
- to characterize the influence of organic fertilizers on radionuclide contamination of grain crops;
- to establish the features of migration processes in the system "soil - plant-products" depending on the amount of fertilizers.
When growing crops in 2019, the weather conditions were different for the months, ie in the month of
active germination of the studied crops, the amount of precipitation decreased by 18.2, 26.6 and 38 mm, respectively, compared to the long-term average. And the average daily temperature in this period, on the contrary, was higher than the average long-term. For example, in April it increased by 1.40C, in May - by 3.50C, and in June - by 2.90C.
Thus, at the beginning and in the first half of the growing season of agricultural crops, weather conditions were unfavorable for plant growth and development. In the second half of the growing season, the conditions of growth and development of crops and ripening conditions corresponded to approximately optimal in the region.
Studies have shown that the best indicators of soil quality were observed in the variant with the introduction of organic fertilizers from chicken manure (not granular).
The indicators did not differ significantly in the variant with the application of organic fertilizers and compost (70 and 30%, respectively). The indicators of the control variant, where organic fertilizers were not applied, differed significantly from the previous data.
Moisture reserves in sandy sod-core podzolic soil changed significantly after harvest. This is especially noticeable at the depth of the soil layer 0-50 cm. Soil moisture decreased significantly.
Soil density, on the other hand, increased, which contributed to the improvement of oat grain formation.
Moisture reserves in sandy sod-core podzolic soil changed significantly after harvest. This was especially evident at the depth of the soil layer 0-50 cm. Soil moisture decreased significantly.
Measurement of the hardness of the arable layer at its moisture content of 5% in 2018 showed a sharp increase in this indicator with depth: from 11-17 kg / cm2 at a depth of 5 cm to 57-73 kg / cm2 at a depth of 2025 cm. layer of soil after growing corn, where during the growing season inter-row tillage was carried out. In 2018, organic fertilizers did not reduce the hardness of the soil under any of the crops.
Due to the fact that the hardness of the soil largely depends on its moisture, the results obtained when measuring soil moisture were 7-10% in 2019, which is 2 times lower than in 2018. At this humidity there was no sharp increase in its hardness with depth. The analysis of the results obtained in 2018 did not reveal the effect of organic fertilizers on reducing the hardness of
the soil in the arable layer, except for its upper 10 cm layer in crops on options II and III, where these indicators decreased to 6.7-5.9 kg / cm relative to 9.5-8.2 kg / cm typical of other variants.
Also in 2019, at a soil moisture of 7-10%, the hardness of its arable layer increased sharply with depth, from 7-10 kg / cm2 in the upper 5 cm layer to 45-50 kg / cm2 at a depth of 25 cm. The lowest was the hardness of the upper 10 cm layer in buckwheat crops, 4.7-11.4 kg / cm2, which may be due to the introduction of manure compost under this crop. It was also low in lupine crops, which were sown after corn, under which manure composts were also applied.
From the use of manure composts with organic fertilizers for buckwheat in 2019, there was a tendency to reduce the hardness of the upper 5 cm layer of soil, but such a reduction was insignificant. In 2019, determination of soil hardness at the end of the growing season in drought conditions showed its sharp growth with a depth of 10-12 kg / cm2 to 72-86 kg / cm2 at a depth of 20 cm. In such conditions, its growth was observed in corn crops at depth greater than 10 cm. However, according to the average data for the entire research period, there was a tendency to reduce the hardness of the soil to the entire depth of the arable layer from the use of organic fertilizers and manure compost. However, the average data from all fields for other variants were almost the same and can not indicate a change in the hardness of the arable soil layer from the use of organic fertilizers for 3 years, both when applied directly to the soil and with manure compost.
Characteristically, every year, the density of the upper soil layer gradually decreased in all variants of the experiment, from 1.51-1.47 to 1.25-1.19. When growing oats, winter rye and buckwheat in 2, 3 variants of the experiment, the most pronounced tendency to decrease the soil density was observed with the use of organic fertilizers with manure compost.
Changes in agrochemical properties of soil under the influence of manure composts and organic fertilizers. The obtained data of experimental researches testify not so much to the influence of organic fertilizers on the change of moisture reserves in a meter layer of sandy soil as to their dependence on the terrain. Such soils contained low moisture reserves in 1 m layer before sowing crops, which depending on the terrain conditions varied within 110.0-172 mm, and in the upper 30 cm layer within 37.4-53.6 mm in 2018. and respectively in the range of 105.2-135.4 and 29.7-33.5 mm in 2019. Also after sowing of agricultural crops, these indicators were 91.0-144.2 and 19.5-26.2 mm.
The analysis of the results shows a tendency to increase the humus content in the arable layer of sod-medium podzolic sandy soil in different crop rotation fields in the first year of joint use of organic fertilizers and compost in lupine crops from 1.25 to 1.52%, oats from 1.22 to 1, 41 and from 1.22 to 1.28%, buckwheat from 1.16 to 1.29%.
From the application of organic fertilizers alone, the tendency to increase the humus content in the arable
layer was less pronounced and was observed only in lupine crops. Its content increased in these variants to 1.30-1.37% relative to 1.25% in the control.
In the variants with the use of organic fertilizers, the pH of the arable layer and its hydrolytic acidity did not change relative to the control. There is only a tendency to increase the amount of absorbed bases with the combined use of organic fertilizers and compost to 2.8-3.4 mg-eq. per 100 g at 2.6-2.8 mg in the control.
Similarly, in this variant there is also a tendency to increase the content of alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen in the arable layer to 6.6-8.1 mg per 100 g relative to 5.66.9 mg of its content in the soil in the control variant.
Lupine crops in this variant also showed a tendency to increase the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil to 27.9 mg per 100 g with its content of 20.1 mg in the arable layer of the soil in the control variant. According to the results of the content of mobile potassium, nitrate and ammonium nitrogen in the arable layer to detect the impact of organic fertilizers on these indicators in 2018 was not possible.
In contrast to 2018, in 2019 the arable layer also had the highest content of phosphorus and potassium compounds available to plants at 31.6 and 13.1 mg per 100 g, respectively, compared to 29.6 and 9.3 mg, which was studied in the arable layer. layers on the control option.
Also in 2019, only in the version of the experiment with the combined use of organic fertilizers and compost there was a tendency to increase the humus content from 1.20 to 1.43%, pH, the amount of absorbed bases and alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen and mobile potassium.
Thus, after analyzing the obtained data of experimental studies, it was found that without the use of mineral fertilizers, the processes of soil fertility reproduction, in particular the accumulation of humus in it, are more intense.
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