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10zone of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, at 2020 prices, is 8565 thousand uan.
Conclusions.
1. The location of the study area is favorable for the growth and development of greenery and visitors, as the area is remote from industrial structures, it is characterized by a low level of traffic and, accordingly, a low level of gassiness and dust in the air..
2. The project envisages the appropriate use of the territory in accordance with the requirements of functional zoning. According to the project of landscaping and improvement of the object, the plot is divided into a visiting area and a walking area.
3. The species composition of the species used during landscaping includes eighteen species of shrubs. The selection was carried out taking into account the biological and ecological characteristics of each species, taking into account the soil and climatic conditions of the area and provides an aesthetic appearance and continuity of the compositions throughout the year.
4. During the project implementation it is necessary to adhere to the basic technological and agrotech-nical methods, as well as to pay special attention to compliance with the recommendations for planting plant material.
REFERENCES:
1. Kokhno N. A., Kurdiuk A. M. (1994). Te-oretycheskye osnovy y opyt yntroduktsyy drevesnykh rastenyi v Ukrayne [Theoretical foundations and experience of the introduction of woody plants in Ukraine]. K.: Naukova dumka, 186 s. [in Russian].
2. Lapyn P. Y., Sydneva S. V. (1973). Otsenka perspektyvnosty yntroduktsyy drevesnykh rastenyi po dannym vyzualnykh nabliudenyi [Evaluation of the prospects for the introduction of woody plants according to visual observations]. M.: Yzd. Hl. bot. sada AN SSSR, S. 7-67. [in Russian].
3. Kalinichenko O. A. (2003) Dekorativna den-drologiya: navchalniy posibnik [Decorative dendrology: a textbook]. K.: Vischa shkola. 199 s. [in Ukrainian].
4. Monarkh V., Prokopchuk V., Matusiak M. Analisis and evaluation of plants of genus Syringa L. in Podilia. Scientitic Light. Vol 1, N 36 (2020), S. 3-10.
5. Matusiak M., Prokopchuk V. Study of the specific features of development of less-common tree-shrub plantations created in conditions of the dendro-logical park of local significance «Ladyzhyn grove». Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science. 2020. Vol. 1, P. 5-11
6. Prokopchuk V. M., Matusiak M. V., Pank-ratiev Yu. O., Yelisavenko Yu. A. Osoblyvosti intro-duktsii maloposhyrenykh dekoratyvnykh vydiv v umo-vakh dendroparku «Ladyzhynskyi hai». Zbirnyk nau-kovykh prats VNAU. Silske hospodarstvo ta lisivnytstvo. 2020. №16. S. 176-193
UDC 58.073:58.04:574.21
ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL NATURE ENVIRONMENTS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF LIVESTOCK FARM ACTIVITIES
Nykytiyk P.
Polissya National University of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Zhytomyr
Abstract
The article raises the issues of assessing the environmental nature environments under the influence of livestock farm activities.
Keywords: the environmental nature, farm activities.
In connection with the deep transformation of the natural environment that is under the influence of anthropogenic impact, reaching global level, escalate and become urgent problems of preserving the ecosystem and biosphere as a whole.
According to the European Charter on environment and health everyone has the right to an environment that would facilitate the highest level of health.
Regulation of relations in the field of protection, use and reproduction of natural resources, ensuring ecological safety, prevention and liquidation of negative impact of economic and other activities on the natural environment, conservation of natural resources, genetic Fund of wildlife, landscapes and other natural complexes is the main goal of the laws of Ukraine "On
environmental protection", "On protection of atmospheric air" and "On ensuring sanitary and epidemic wellbeing of the population".
The study of the level of influence of economic activities of modern livestock farms of Ukraine of different areas of production on the environment: soil, groundwater and surface waters, the air space is important for timely implementation of the necessary measures to improve the ecological state as a whole and facilitate the production of quality livestock products.
The growth rate of the sector for the production of livestock products of livestock in the world is the highest among other branches of agriculture. Livestock in global agricultural production is 40 %.
Environmental problems of livestock production must be viewed from multiple sides associated with an
existing negative impact of livestock on the environment and the production of environmentally friendly products to meet the needs of the population.
Under modern conditions of development of mankind the environmental quality of livestock products becomes an important prerequisite for ensuring economic and ecological security of the state.
The livestock industries that are rapidly evolving and large-scale in our country in recent years, and therefore become pollutants of the environment are poultry and pig production.
In modern conditions of poultry in Ukraine is one of the major producers of important protein products that differ in biological usefulness to the human body and affordability for most consumers.
Poultry industry offered the quick and effective way to increase resources, environmentally-safe highgrade food protein, so it should use economic priority in the process of accelerated development of the branches of cattle breeding in the conditions of insufficient provision of the population with meat and meat products.
Increase the volume of production of eggs and poultry meat leads to intensification of production, on the one hand, and on the other to the growth of the population, which in turn lead to the accumulation of waste products.
Poultry is one of the developed branches of agriculture, which is characterized as intensive development of relatively small, private facilities with poultry, and by the development of heavy duty industries for keeping and feeding birds. The use of modern technology reduces the impact on the environment, but does not exclude it. The study of the negative impact of poultry farms on the environment requires attention and further research.
The problem of reliable environmental protection from pollution, bird droppings, sewage and non-food waste from poultry farms is an important problem for all regions of Ukraine. The negative trend that is emerging in this livestock industry leads to unpredictable consequences, destruction of fauna and flora adjacent to poultry farms of the territories of the spreading of infectious and invasive diseases in humans, animals and birds.
According to the world health organization (who) manure, litter and wastewater livestock enterprises, which are the main raw materials for the production of organic fertilizers may be the source of more than 100 infectious and parasitic diseases, in particular zoonoses. Yourself organic waste can serve as a favorable environment for the development and survival of pathogenic organisms, contain elevated levels of heavy metals, pesticides, medicines, radioactive substances and other toxicants.
Today the main characteristic of intensive animal husbandry is the maintenance of a large number of animals in a small area. To obtain at minimum cost the maximum amount of products some owners save space, power, make cheaper the process, are not taking into account the natural needs of the animals, and most importantly - the ecological situation, which leads to irreversible changes in the biosphere.
Recently the need arose to search for alternative methods of determining the level of environmental hazard of anthropogenic loaded territories. Such territories include the zone of location of livestock, including large poultry farms bordering natural ecosystems. Important is the implementation of environmental assessment state of the environment with the aim of prediction and prevention of undesirable consequences of doing poultry. Among the wide Arsenal of analytical, chemical, microbiological methods the relevance of a biological indication, i.e. assessment of the environment by the reaction of living organisms.
Indicators of the biodiversity of insects and bioindication with plants could serve as additional criteria of effectiveness study of the effect of production of poultry products on the environment.
The relevance of the study Barselona with insects due to their large number and value in ecosystems, sensitivity to changes in the biocenotic modes.
Especially significant air pollution, where there are poultry occurs through the emission of exhaust air from industrial premises: poultry houses, slaughterhouses, incubators, sanitary-veterinary points. Moreover, the largest volumes of air with high content of harmful substances come from areas where the bird. The lack of non-waste technology of production leads to the removal of arable land for the storage and processing of poultry manure and litter for poultry. Studies of the negative impact of poultry farms on the condition of the air environment is an important problem that requires a comprehensive environmental approach to its solution.
Pig breeding is the second important livestock industry of Ukraine, and its products account for one third of total meat production in the state. According to analytical Department of Association "the Pig producers of Ukraine" in January - November 2019 in Ukraine produced nearly 231 thousand tons fresh, chilled and frozen pork, which is 4.1% more than in the same period of 2015.
In the modern scientific literature much attention is paid to the breeding and keeping of pigs, their feeding, and the like. However, the subject of environmental impact assessment of pork production in the conditions of intensive technology of farms in various capacities on the state of the environment in the areas of location of enterprises according to environmental criteria, illuminated enough.
Among domestic scientists involved in this topic, the following should be noted scientists. In Particular,
0. M. and O. V. Jukonski Nikiforuk evaluated the influence of activity of the enterprises for the production of pork for the state of the environment depending on their economic and technological features. In his work
1. V. Mosberg described the impact of livestock facilities, including pig-breeding, on the ecological state of aquatic ecosystems and coastal areas of Western Crimea. Studies to determine the level of negative impact of production activities of pig farms in various capacities on the state of atmospheric air through the analysis of the results of sanitary-epidemiological examination conducted by scientists of the Institute of hygiene and medical ecology named after A. M. Marzeev Academy
of medical Sciences of Ukraine. Environmental monitoring of water quality of centralized water supply sources in the zone of influence of the complex on production of pork was conducted by scientists of Uman national University of horticulture.
However, the experiments do not reveal the impact of pig farms with the same technology of waste management with homogeneous natural conditions on the ecological state of atmospheric air, soil, surface waters, depending on their power. Therefore, our study was aimed at studying precisely this issue.
The necessity of studying these problems and determined the relevance of our dissertation research.
The scientific novelty of the obtained results. For the first time in Ukraine implemented the system of integrated environmental assessment state of environment for bioindicative indicators in the area of poultry at different levels of organization of ecosystems (sterility of pollen, the percentage of Mature seed rudiments, change in morphometric indices among the conifers, species diversity of insect communities).
The novelty of this work is of both fundamental and applied nature. The fundamental contribution of the work lies in the assessment of pairwise interdependence of the information rates of the species and the tax-onomic structure of insect communities and their response to the impact of the poultry industry. The applied aspect is the outcome of multi-level monitoring of technogenic transformed territories in the areas of location of enterprises for production of poultry products.
For the first time in Ukraine implemented a comprehensive system of environmental assessment of the environment within the location of pig farms in various capacities on the physico-chemical, microbiological, bioindicative indicators.
It is established that the increase in the production capacity of the farms reinforces their negative toxic effects on the ecological state of the environment: we investigated the pollution of air, soil, surface waters greatly exceed the maximum permissible concentration (MPC). For the first time in Ukraine the peculiarities of the influence of the pig farms on indicators of season-ality.
Experimentally proved that the existing dimensions of sanitary protection zones (SPZ) households average power do not provide the necessary protection of the environment and the population from the impact of cattle-breeding complexes.
Developed methodological recommendations "Ecological assessment of soils by the impact of the activities of the pig farms of different capacity," "Ecological assessment of the impact of farms on the environment" monograph "Environmental assessment of air quality in the area of poultry".
Practical significance of the obtained results. The received information data and statistically significant results of the carried out scientific-practical researches is a scientific and practical base for environmental monitoring of the impact of livestock farms.
The obtained results point to the need to regulate the increase in size of sanitary protection zones of livestock farms and to improve technologies of waste storage and disposal.
Proposed a systematic set of methods of ecological monitoring of the environment set out in the methodological recommendations and monographs recommended for the evaluation of the ecological state of the territory of activities of livestock farmers.
Recommended in the practice of ecological monitoring of the environment in the zone of influence of poultry farms use integrated bioindication studies that objectively characterize the condition of the natural environment.
In the thesis proposed bioindication methods, analysis of species and taxonomic characteristics of insects for estimation of ecological state of atmospheric air sanitary protection zone of poultry farms.
It is recommended to apply in integrated assessment technology, environmental studies, indices of tax-onomic diversity and complexity of the groups of insects that can detect ecosystem with the critical values of these indicators, which indicates a high level of violations.
By results of the conducted comprehensive research of the ecological state of the environment revealed significant pollution of air, soil and open water bodies in the zone of influence of cattle-breeding farms of toxic substances and microorganisms. On the basis of research results, their statistical and analytical generalizations the following conclusions:
Retrospective analysis revealed the high potential of Ukraine for the development of pig breeding. Now the pork production is growing thanks to the development of livestock breeding, intensification, industrialization, introduction of new and improvement of old technologies. Found that pig farming is a source of various harmful substances, which include ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, chlorides, sulfates, volatile organic compounds, etc., as well as pathogenic microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Salmonella, enterococci, cholera Vibrio, causative agents of influenza, measles and the like), which significantly pollute surrounding areas.
Air pollution with ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, volatile organic compounds, specific smells within the SPZ farms for the production of pork and poultry in 24 times higher than MPC or guideline value. Pollution of rivers with organic matter and E. coli in 5-6 times exceed the hygienic requirements to water quality of public service consumption. Along with the ecological condition of the soil in these areas is assessed as "slightly polluted" the larvae and pupae of flies with E. coli.
The degree of pollution of atmospheric air and soil with harmful substances (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, volatile organic compounds, chlorides, sulfates, etc) and microorganisms (Escherichia coli, streptomycetes, saprophytes, etc.) increases along with increase in the capacity of livestock farms.
The current size of the SPZ of the studied pig farms do not provide the necessary protection of the population and environment from their harmful effects, as evidenced by a significant excess of MPC or recommended values of a number of indicators outside of these zones. This requires a revision of the SPZ dimensions of farms and the improvement of technologies for handling waste disposal.
Revealed the seasonal dynamics of environmental pollution with harmful substances and microorganisms in areas of livestock farms. Significant deterioration of the ecological state of the environment observed in the warm period of the year when most indices of the ecological state of the environment exceed the winter values by 1.5-3 times. This is due to the intensification of this season of redox reactions in the waste that is accompanied by intense release of harmful substances, enhanced multiplication of microorganisms (including pathogens) and their rapid spread in the environment.
It is proved that for the environmental assessment and monitoring the impact of poultry and pig farms in the state of the environment in the early stages of contamination are highly effective bioindication methods. The best of these is the ecological assessment of the environment for root growth of onions, the presence of plant indicators of low agrochemical assessment of soil quality and the proportion of dead Daphnia.
Farms for the production of chicken and pork require the improvement of existing and introduction of new technologies in the construction of appropriate treatment facilities for wastewater and processing the solid fraction of manure that will ensure proper cleaning of the waste before their release to the environment.
The results of the determination of environmental indexes SPZ poultry plants show their negaive impact on biological diversity and richness of insect groups. In particular, the index value of species richness of Mar-galef 25% less in the territory of the SPZ of farms in comparison with the control plot, and the value of species diversity of Shannon by 12%. A further reduction of species diversity can lead to rapid degradation of ecosystems adjacent to the area of the poultry farms.
Assessing taxonomic diversity, complexity, groups of insects and their competitive structure in the area of Ptitsefabrika proven inverse relationship between the percentage eudomania and subrecipients, as well as the predominance of recedents percent over the percentage of dominants.
It is established that the percentage of Mature seeds of the common locust Robinia pseudoacacia L. in the sanitary protection zone of the poultry farm is 46.6%, compared to the control plot (75.6 per cent), indicating significant pollution of atmospheric air on the territory of the SPZ of the production activities of enterprises.
Investigated the potential mutagenicity of atmospheric air with the use of plants-bioindicators of Hypericum perforatum L., yarrow Achillea steppe stepposa Klok., celandine Chelidonium majus L., the sour cherry Cerasus vulgaris Mill. The results of cytogenetic bioas-say set to "medium risk" category the ecological safety of the sanitary protection zone of the poultry farm (WPU = 0,35) and the "safe" category of ecological safety of the territory at a distance of 800 m from the enterprise (OPU = 0,05) .
It is established that the level of toxicity of the air category of environmental safety sanitary protection zone of the poultry farm belongs to the class of "dangerous" with a high level usagenote and critical as bio-indicators.
The state of the environment, for complex morphological traits (needles, shoots, buds) for Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. in the area of production activities
of poultry enterprises. Found that the length of the needles of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. is reduced with the approach to the sanitary protection zone of the poultry farm due to increasing air pollution by toxicants. It is proved that the use of coniferous woody plants is informative when conducting bioindication of polluted territories in the area of production activities of households for livestock production.
Because poultry is characterized by a significant air pollution in connection with storage of large quantities of solid wastes (chicken manure) on their territory, and for pig farms - storage of waste in liquid form, which contributes largely to the seepage of toxic substances into the soil and underground and surface water, therefore, ecological environment monitoring in a zone of activity of such enterprises mandatory to develop measures to reduce their negative impact on the environment.
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