CC BY
6
UDC 574.3
https://doi.org/10.36906/2311-4444/22-4/05
Ryabukhina M. V., Khakimov E.R., Filippova A. V., Latypov A.A.
ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE ANALYSIS OF THE AGE STRUCTURE OF THE STAND OF THE NATIONAL PARK "BUZULUKSKY BOR"
Рябухина М.В., Хакимов Э.Р., Филиппова А.В., Латыпов А.А.
ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ АНАЛИЗА ВОЗРАСТНОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ ЛЕСОВ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ПАРКА «БУЗУЛУКСКИЙ БОР»
Abstract. The forests of the steppe Trans-Urals cover a small area and are represented to a greater degree by island forests, birch outlier and inundable poplar forests. However, it is difficult to overestimate their bioecological, habitat forming, soil-fixing, protective and recreational functions. Currently, due to various forest growth conditions and forestry operations, in natural and artificial forest stands, there are processes of shrinking of the stand, epiphytoxics of the stand with harmful insects and fungal diseases, an increase in the proportion of overmature stands, which worsen the general condition of the forest, lead to the development of outbreaks of diseases and create an inflammability. The tree plantations "Buzuluksky Bor National Park" are exposed to periodic droughts, high temperatures in spring and summer, fires in large areas, diseases, as well as continuous logging carried out in the past, which leads to a change in the structure of the stand. The article provides a history of the bor formation, which in the process of its formation was undergone serai change, the influence of various both positive and negative factors, which can be attributed to an anthropogenous factor. An analytical analysis of the changes in the forest fund of the national park "Buzuluksky Bor National Park" because of the use of logging of the main use and the impact of the pyrogenic factor is given. Changes in the area of plantings of individual species by years of forest management are also presented. The optimal age structure is determined, the value of the normative distribution of the areas of plantings for each kind of wood is calculated. Conservation and restoration of forest territories of the steppe zone, in particular "Buzuluksky Bor National Park", the productive capacity of tree plantations, continuing of protective functions, as well as biodiversity and their contribution to global ecological processes are currently the task of prime importance and criterion for sustainable management of forest resources.
Аннотация. Леса степного Зауралья занимают небольшую площадь и представлены в большей степени островными лесами, березовыми колками и пойменными тополевыми лесами. Биоэкологические, средообразующие, почвоукрепляющие, защитные и рекреационные функции этих лесов трудно переоценить. В работе представлен анализ изменения лесного фонда национального парка в результате использования рубок главного пользования и воздействия пирогенного фактора. Даны сведения об изменениях площадей насаждений отдельных пород по годам ведения лесного хозяйства. Была определена оптимальная возрастная структура, рассчитано значение нормативного распределения площадей насаждений по каждой породе древесины. Сохранение и восстановление лесных территорий степной зоны «Национального парка «Бузулукский бор», продуктивной способности древесных насаждений, сохранения защитных функций, а также биоразнообразия и их вклада в глобальные экологические процессы, что является задачей первостепенной важности. В настоящее время в связи с различными лесорастительными условиями и лесохозяйственными работами в естественных и искусственных древостоях происходят процессы усыхания древостоя, эпифитотоксичности древостоя вредными насекомыми и грибными заболеваниями, увеличение доли перестойных насаждений, что ухудшает общее состояние леса, приводят к развитию вспышек болезней и создают пожароопасность. Древесные насаждения «Национальный парк «Бузулукский бор» подвергаются периодическим засухам, высоким температурам весной и летом, пожарам на больших площадях, болезням, а также проводимым в прошлом непрерывным рубкам, что приводит к изменению в конструкции стенда. В статье представлена история формирования бора, который в процессе своего формирования претерпевал серьезные изменения, влияние различных как положительных, так и отрицательных факторов, которые можно отнести к антропогенному фактору.
Keywords: Buzuluksky Bor National Park, dynamics of the forest area, age class of plantings, area of tree species.
About the authors: Ryabukhina Maria Vladimirovna, ORCID: 0000-0002-8409-6630, SPIN-code: 3442-3513, Ph.D., Forensic Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia, [email protected]; Khakimov Erik Rishatovich, ORCID: 0000-00034222-9711, SPIN-code: 8035-8874, Ufa Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Ufa, Russia, hakimov@ mail.ru; Filippova Asya Vyacheslavovna, SPIN-code: 8039-8100, Dr.habil., Orenburg State Agrarian University, Orenburg, Russia, [email protected]; Latypov Andrey Aleksandrovich, National Park "Buzuluksky bor", Orenburg Russia, [email protected]
Ryabukhina M.V., Khakimov E.R., Filippova A.V., Latypov A.A. Ecological Aspects of the Analysis of the Age Structure of the Stand of the National Park "Buzuluksky Bor"// Вестник Нижневартовского государственного университета. 2022. № 4(60). С. 43-52. https://doi.org/10.36906/2311-4444/22-4/05
Ryabukhina, M.V., Khakimov, E.R., Filippova, A.V., & Latypov, A.A. (2022). Ecological Aspects of the Analysis of the Age Structure of the Stand of the National Park "Buzuluksky Bor". Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University, (4(60)), 43-52. https://doi.org/10.36906/2311-4444/22-4/05
Introduction. The forest stands of the unique steppe forest, which received the status of the "Buzuluksky Bor National Park", were influenced by various positive and negative factors in the process of formation and successional changes, which can include anthropogenic, including pyrogenic [1]. An important management of the Special Protected Natural Areas "Buzuluksky Bor National Park" is to understand how the formation of a unique forest phytocenosis took place, to determine the factors that change its stability and adaptation, and to predict the further development of protected areas.
The purpose of the study is to determine the optimal structure of tree plantations of the "Buzuluksky Bor National Park".
Kovtun S.Y. (2007) notes that the formation of pine forests on the sandy terraces of the Borovka and Samara rivers occurred during the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene epoch (about 10,000 years ago), under aridization of climate [4]. The change of arid and humid climatic periods was reflected in the formation of plant complexes. A number of scientists agree that the decrease in precipitation provoked a decrease in the groundwater level, which subsequently led to an increase in the area of the swept sands. Climatic changes were the primary factors in the formation of the forest landscape, which led to the formation of specific dry (lichen), mossy (fresh, moist), and complex forests [5]. Pyrogenic effects of various geneses led to an intensive increase in non-forested land, which changed the succession of boron. Historically, the formation of boron occurred in the Atlantic humidified period (6000-2500 years BC) and the sub-Atlantic (1500-500 years BC), when there was an increase in the level of groundwater that contributed to the growth of wooded lands. These periods reduced the steppe territories within the forest, and reduced the area of dry cenoses [9; 10]. Subsequent periods
Ключевые слова: национальный парк «Бузулукский бор», динамика площади лесов, возрастной класс насаждений, ареал древесных пород. Сведения об авторах: Рябухина Мария Владимировна, ORCID: 0000-0002-8409-6630, SPIN-код: 3442-3513, канд. биол. наук, Экспертно-криминалистический центр МВД России, г. Москва, Россия, [email protected]; Хакимов Эрик Ришатович, ORCID: 0000-0003-4222-9711, SPIN-код: 8035-8874, Уфимский юридический институт МВД России, г. Уфа, Россия, [email protected]; Филиппова Ася Вячеславовна, SPIN-код: 8039-8100, д-р биол. наук, Оренбургский государственный аграрный университет, г. Оренбург, Россия, [email protected]; Латыпов Андрей Александрович, Национальный парк «Бузулукский бор», г. Оренбург Россия, [email protected]
of development of the territory of the "Buzuluksky Bor National Park" occurred during the dry period. After which shifting sand formed dunes, deep sands without layers of sandy loam, gave rise to the formation of a pine complexes.
The history of the study of the forest stand and ecosystem interface in the "Buzuluksky Bor National Park" has more than 200 years; as a result, the scientific community has created an important bibliography revealing the dynamics of boron ecosystems and the patterns of their functioning [7]. The following historical periods of scientific research in the "Buzuluksky Bor National Park" can be distinguished:
First period - 1768-1933. In 1768-1774, by decree of Catherine II, an academic expedition was organized to identify, describe and study natural resources necessary for further economic development of Russia that was. 20 years later, in 1793, a general survey of the forest was carried out by the established Surveying Expedition under the Senate. This decision made it possible to create new jobs .In addition, local population was offered to work as forest wardens, while prohibiting illegal logging. One of the duties was the supervision of the forest management. Since then, this forest area has been given a name - "government-owned place Buzuluksky forest" or "government-owned forest cottage". Survey regulation of district carried out in 1843 laid the foundations for rational forestry in the Buzuluksky forest [7].
On the initiative of Professor G.F. Morozov, a special institution was founded on this territory - the Borovoye Experimental Forestry, which by 1944 stood out as an independent organization of the research direction- the Borovaya Forest Experimental Station of All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Forestry.
The first ideas about the allocation of this territory as a special one were voiced back in 1927. Professor M.E. Tkachenko, based on the research results of the first scientific expedition, and the recommendations of Academician V.N. Sukachev, prepared a proposal for the creation of the state reserve named as Buzuluksky Bor [9].
The 2nd period - 1933-1948. On the lands of the national park "Buzuluksky Bor", a state reserve was founded, which worked for 15 years. In 1945, a second expedition was organized by Professor V.G. Nesterov, which resulted in the closure of the reserve, and the scientific library and museum were placed at the disposal of the All-Russia Scientific Research Institute of Forestry.
The 3rd period - 1948-1977, when interest in the study of boron by many representatives of the scientific from different fields of science sharply increased. They begin to study and test methods of planting forest cultures; develop technologies for restoring anthropogenic disturbed forest ecosystems. At the same time, due to the lack of the conservation status of boron, active development and oil production continues on the territory of forest stands.
Fourth period - 1977-2007. Committed scientists are beginning to prepare documents for the implementation of the tasks facing specially protected natural areas. A.A. Chibilev (1998) developed a scientific justification for the creation of a National park on all lands of the forest [10].
The Governor of the Orenburg Region, V.E. Elagin, by his order in 1997 created a commission It together with the Institute of Steppe of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences developed a project "On the establishment of the Buzuluksky Bor National Park in the Orenburg and
Samara Regions, and received recommendations from the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia. The result was the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 29.12.2007 No. 1952, on the establishment of the federal state budgetary institution "Buzuluksky Bor National Park" [6; 8].
The 5th period - from 2008 to the present, Buzuluksky forest receives the status of a "National Park". Active conservational, eco-educational, forestry activities are beginning, scientists are actively involved, who continue to investigate and assess the state of the unique forest ecosystem.
At the present stage, the Buzuluksky forest was investigated: Gursky A.A. (2002), Koltunova A.I. (2015), Velmovsky P.V. (2019), Ryabinina Z.N. (2000) and other scientists whose research covers various aspects of unique tree plantations [1; 2; 6; 8].
A significant part of researchers agree that the impact of abiotic and biotic environmental factors has led to the fact that natural succession is practically absent and artificial reforestation prevails.
Anthropogenic development of new lands, including forest lands, led to the development of forest and cultural activities in the Buzuluksky Bor National Park. The areas affected by fire and salvage fellings were actively used in forestry management.
Materials and methods of research. The work used survey, analytical research methods, and archival data of forest management and accounting of the Buzuluksky forest fund for the period from 1948 to 2018, Forestry regulations for 2008 and 2018, and materials of forest management 19482018. The forest fund of accounting data was also used. Initially, all data was compiled into work tables according to the established forms. Then the data on the distribution of areas by land categories were summarized in an abbreviated version of Form 1 of the forest fund accounting. The age distribution of the areas and stocks of the main forest-forming species was brought into line with Form 2 of the forest fund accounting. The distribution of areas and stocks of plantings by age groups is reduced to the same ages of decline (logging), which allowed us to compare the data in dynamics from 1948 to 2018.
The studied tree species were: - scotch pine (Pínus sylvéstris L.), then pine; petiolate oak (Quércus róbur L.), then oak, hanging birch (silver birch) (Bétulapéndula Roth), then birch; common aspen (Pópulus trémula L.), then aspen.
Results and discussion. The gross area of the forestry "Buzuluksky Bor National Park" according to the forest management is 106788, 28 hectares. The territory of the forestry is divided into 12 precinct forest areas: Bogatovskoye - 7754.51 ha; Borovoye-Opytnoye - 10507.20 ha; Borskoye - 10443.69 ha; Derzhavinskoye - 7090.30 ha; Koltubanskoye - 8302.00 ha; Komsomolskoye - 8225.00 ha; Krasno-Zorkinskoye - 8959.50 ha; Partizanskoye - 9256.90 ha; Petrovsky - 6571.00 ha; Skobelevskoye - 9793.98 ha; Chelyuskinskoe - 10093.30 ha; Shirokovskoe - 9790.90 ha.
Officially, 52.0% of the gross area of the forest is located on the territory of the Orenburg region in the Buzuluksky district, which includes Komsomolskoye, Koltubanovskoye, Borovoye-Opytnoye, Shirokovskoye, Partizanskoye, Derzhavinskoye, Chelyuskinskoye forestry. The Samara region includes 48.0% of the gross area of the forest, which includes Bogatovskoye, Bor, Krasno-
Zorkinskoye, Petrovsky, Komsomolsk, Koltuban, Skobelevskoye, Petrovsky forestry (according to the forestry regulations 2018) [5].
The analysis of the forest fund shows that since 1948 there has been a decrease in the gross area of the forest fund of the national Park "Buzuluksky Bor" by 4852 ha, while the land covered with forest vegetation increased by 41355.8 thousand ha (+78.7%).
The lands of the Buzuluksky forest covered with forest vegetation have changed since the first forest management, depending on the ratio of the areas of logging of the main use and the areas covered by fires. Thus, in 1959-1977, the average annual volume of logging of old growth and overmature forest was 148 thous. m3, and in 1990-2018, only 35 thous. m3.
The area of land covered by fires was about 1.5 thousand hectares. Conflagration type of fire were observed in 1831 on an area of 24 thous. ha, in 1879 - on an area of 18 thous. ha and in 1926 -on an area of 6 thous. ha. As a result of catastrophic fires in 1921, 1926 and 1931, the forest management of 1936 marked the smallest percentage of forested land - 65% of the gross area (tabl. 1).
Table 1
Dynamics of forest fund distribution by forest and non-forest lands
Indicators of land characteristics 1948 1958 1989 2002 2008 2018
ha % ha % ha % ha % ha % ha %
1. Gross land
area of the 111640 100 110710 100 111232 100 111118 100 106788 100 106788 100
forest fund
2. Лесные земли - всего 76520 68.5 81170 73.3 93150 83.7 96104 86.5 94851 88.8 96639.5 90,5
2.1. Covered
with forest vegetation -total 52539 47.1 61986 56.0 86190 77,5 94133 84.7 93272 87.3 93894.8 87.9
2.1.1. Including planted forest - - 5384 4.9 2128 1.9 392 0.4 25061 23.5 - -
2.2. Not covered
with forest vegetation -total 23981 21.5 19184 17.3 6960 6.3 1971 1.8 1579 1.5 2744.7 2.6
including: non-closed forest 5384 4.9 2128 1.9 392 0.4
crops
wood glades, wastelands 19386 17.4 10368 9.4 3008 2.7 1209 1.1 - - 2058.7 1.9
3. Non-forest lands - total 11139 10.0 10356 9.4 11122 10.0 13043 11.7 11937.28 11.2 10148.9 9.5
One of the priority areas of economic activity of forestry in Buzuluksky forest has always been reforestation, as a result of which the area of forest land increased from 76.52 thous. ha in 1948 to 96.66 thous. ha in 2018, or by +26.3% [3; 4]. The territory of standing forest increased from 5.34 thous. ha in 1958 to 25.0 thous. ha in 2008. The positive dynamics of the decrease in the areas of forest areas with artificial reforestation, the taxation indicators of which do not meet regulatory requirements and unforested cutting areas was noted. Non-forest lands decreased by 990.1 ha during the study period and in 2018 amounted to 9.5% of the gross area forest fund.
Table 2 shows the ratio of the main forest-forming species depending on the year of accounting. In particular, according to the forest management in 2018, the ratio of species was: birch - 8.8%, aspen - 10.2%, oak - 16.2%, pine - 50.8%.
Table 2
Dynamics of tree plantings areas
Species of wood Pine tree Oak Aspen Birch Oth. species of wood Grand total:
1948 ha 30.5 15.7 13.5 6.9 10 76.6
% 39.8 20.5 17.6 9 13.1 100
1958 ha 41.5 19.5 17.5 8.9 29 116.4
% 35.7 16.8 15 7.6 24.9 100
1968 ha 46.6 19.3 12.7 8.6 20.9 108.1
сл * % 40.6 16.8 11.1 7.5 24 100
<D 1979 ha 40.6 16.8 11.1 7.5 24 100
g? % 46.1 16.7 10.9 7.4 17.6 98.7
e ¡3 о о 1989 ha 52 17.9 11.3 8.5 16.5 106.2
% 49 16.9 10.6 8 15.5 100
о <c 2002 ha 50.2 16.4 10.7 8.7 14 100
% 50.2 16.4 10.7 8.7 14 100
2008 ha 51.3 16.6 10.5 8.9 14.2 101.5
% 50.5 16.4 10.3 8.8 14 100
2018 ha 52.6 16.8 10.6 9.1 14.5 103.6
% 50.8 16.2 10.2 8.8 14 100
Dynamics ha 22.1 1.1 -2.9 2.2 4.5 27
of 2018-1948.± % 72.5 7 -21.5 31.9 45 35.2
Studies from 1948 to 2018 reflect the change in the percentage of areas covered by forest plantations. They reflect the positive dynamics of the species composition, which is expressed in an increase in the area of birch plantations - by 2.2 thous. ha (+31.9), oak by 1.1 thous. ha (+7.0%), pine by 22.1 thous. ha (+11%). The area covered by aspen during the study period decreased by 2.9 thous. ha (-21.5%) from 13.5 thous. ha to 10.6 thous. ha. The area under other species increased from 10 thous. ha in 1948 to 14 thous. ha in 2018, the increase was +4.5 thous. ha (+45%). The gross area of plantings for the time period 1948-2018 increased by 27 thous. ha (+35.2%).
The age structure of the stand (tabl. 3) indicates that the average age of tree species has changed, for example, the average age of pine plantations has increased and amounted to 92 years by 2018 (+18 years). This indicates the aging of plantings in the ecosystem, bringing it closer to the category of overgrown forest. This dynamics is noted for all the studied tree species, the class of bonity and the average completeness of the stand changed slightly during the study period.
According to the volume of wood for 1 ha, the first most important wood species is pine. There is a positive trend in the accumulation of its reserves, from 298 m3/ha in 1948 to 551 m3/ha in 2018. The second most important wood species is oak. The dynamics of volume and age varies from 137 m3/ha at 35 years in 1948 and up to 284 m3/ha at 78 years in 2018. At the same time, the capacity class decreased slightly (by - 0.4), but the completeness increased by +0.2.
The third forest forming species is aspen. The average age of its plantings increased from 34 to 72 years, the capacity class increased by 0.5 and the reserve by 149 m3/ha. The fourth forest forming species is birch. Its plantings increased the age by 15 years, the area by 65% and were generally stable in productivity in comparison with other breeds.
Table 3
Dynamics of average taxation indicators of the stand
Species Years of accounting Age, years Capaci ty class Completeness Stock for 1ha, m3 Stock change
Mature and overmature tree Forested Average, m3/ha Total, thousand/m3
Pine 1948 74 1.2 0.56 298 211 2.7 79.5
1958 86 1.2 0.69 357 242 3 102
1968 69 1.2 0.67 366 225 3.5 141
1979 71 1.2 0.63 398 249 4.2 194.4
1989 78 1.3 0.65 390 255 3.7 176
2002 89 1.2 0.7 435 340 4.4 210.9
2008 90 1.2 0.74 487 423 5.1 244
2018 92 1.2 0.78 551 468 5.7 279
Dynamics 2018-1948± +18 - +0.2 +253 +257 +3.0 +200
Oak 1948 35 2.9 0.57 137 81 2.3 36.1
1958 41 3.2 0.66 151 98 2.4 38.7
1968 47 3.1 0.68 150 122 2.7 44.9
1979 56 3.1 0.67 160 141 2.7 44.6
1989 66 3.1 0.65 192 168 2.6 42.5
2002 70 2.0 0.68 224 227 2.8 42.9
2008 73 2.0 0.7 255 271 3.1 43.3
2018 78 2.5 0.73 284 328 3.2 44.5
Dynamics 2018-1948± +43 +0.4 +0.2 +147 +247 +0.9 +8.4
Aspen 1948 34 2.0 0.69 191 110 3.6 48.3
1958 35 2.2 0.74 180 130 3.7 53.8
1968 35 1.5 0.76 196 147 4.2 46.2
1979 39 1.9 0.75 233 160 4.3 47
1989 48 1.8 0.76 243 195 4.2 43.8
2002 57 1.7 0.77 258 228 3.8 38.6
2008 65 1.6 0.77 271 259 3.5 33.2
2018 72 1.5 0.78 284 259 3.1 28.3
Dynamics 2018-1948.± +38 +0.5 +0.1 +93 +149 -0.5 -20
Birch 1948 33 2.1 0.59 147 90 2.6 18.4
1958 38 2.1 0.69 145 113 3.1 22.4
1968 42 1.9 0.66 158 130 3.2 24.4
1979 49 1.7 0.67 200 151 3.3 24.6
1989 56 1.9 0.67 195 174 3.1 24
2002 65 1.7 0.68 216 195 3.0 19.7
2008 56 1.9 0.67 195 172 3.1 24.1
2018 48 2.1 0.66 172 155 3.2 28.5
Dynamics 2018-1948.± +15 0 +0.1 +25 +65 +0.6 +10.1
The areas and stock volume by age groups were distributed taking into account the exploitability age adopted by forest management. In order to compare mature and overmature plantings for all accounting periods, the plantings were assigned to the age corresponding to the age of exploitability established by the rules of forest management: for pine - 121, oak - 71, birch - 61, aspen - 51 and more years. The analysis shows a wide range of distribution of plantings by age classes (tabl. 4). The indicators vary significantly, and the areas of mature and overmature pine plantations increased to 36.9% by 2018 against 20.1% in 1948.
The analysis of age-related changes in oak plantations shows significant changes since 1948, when the area of plantations was 6.8% in the I age class, and by 2018 it dropped to 0.9%. An increase in the area of plantings is noted in the VII and subsequent oak age classes from 7.0% in 1948 to 78.5% by 2018.
Table 4
Distribution of plantings by structural classes, (%)
Sesies Years of accounting Age class
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X and more VII and higher
Pine 1948 20.5 7.1 7.3 7.0 11.5 26.5 15.8 4.1 0.2 - 20.1
1958 23.6 5.0 7.3 8.3 5.8 24.8 23 2.2 - - 25.2
1968 31.4 9.0 6.4 9.3 5.4 11.4 22.4 4.2 0.5 - 27.1
1979 19 26.7 5.3 7.2 7.3 6.6 17.6 9.7 0.6 - 27.9
1989 9.8 32.6 8.8 5.8 8.8 4.8 10.4 16.8 2.0 0.2 29.4
2002 2.7 16.8 27.1 5.8 6.8 8.3 7.9 12.6 11.6 0.4 32.5
2008 2.0 15.6 32.1 16.8 10.9 12.8 8.2 10.1 14.6 2.3 34.1
2018 1.5 14.1 21.7 28.4 12.3 9.3 9.6 8.3 17.9 3.4 36.9
S.d. 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 - - - 14.3
Oak 1948 6.8 10.7 24.7 26.8 12.3 8.4 3.3 2.5 2.3 2.2 7.0
1958 3.7 7.7 11.7 32.3 20.6 11.8 7.6 4.6 - - 4.6
1968 1.1 4.1 9.5 15.7 25.8 25.7 13 3.4 1.1 0.6 5.1
1979 0.7 2.1 4 10.7 17.7 28.3 23 10.3 2.2 1 13.5
1989 0.1 1.8 2.9 5.4 9.6 20.4 26.9 21.4 8.6 2.9 32.9
2002 0.1 0.4 1.9 3.8 3.8 6.9 13.9 31.0 27.8 10.1 82.8
2008 0.2 0.5 2.2 4.1 4.2 7.1 12.4 28.2 25.3 14.2 80.3
2018 0.9 1.2 2.6 4.9 4.8 8.9 13.6 24.5 21.2 18.6 78.5
S.d. 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 - - 12.5
Aspen 1948 9.6 19.3 23.2 25 14.6 5.2 2.1 0.8 0.2 - 8.3
1958 5.1 12.5 18.2 25.6 24.1 11.8 2.6 0.1 - - 14.5
1968 10.4 7.9 16.6 20 28.2 13.5 3 0.4 - - 16.9
1979 11.4 12.6 9.7 16.1 21 23 7.5 1.3 0.1 - 29.2
1989 2.8 8.5 15.1 10.5 17.1 22.8 17.1 4.8 0.8 0.5 46
2002 1.9 1.9 7.7 12.5 10.6 20.2 22.1 19.2 2.9 0.5 44.7
2008 2.2 2.2 6.8 11.8 8.7 18.9 24.5 23.1 3.1 1.9 46.1
2018 1.9 1.9 5.7 10.2 7.3 17.4 28.7 26.9 4.4 2.8 48.3
S.d. 16.6 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.2 - - - - 16.6
Birch 1948 4.4 26 18.5 16.2 15.1 10.7 5.8 2.5 0.8 - 9.1
1958 1.2 7.5 23.9 24.8 21.9 23.4 6.4 0.9 - - 7.3
1968 1.1 2.8 8 36.4 25.5 28 3.6 1.7 0.1 - 5.4
1979 2.6 3.5 4 13.6 39.7 23.3 9.1 3.6 0.6 - 7.3
1989 1.6 3 4.4 4.1 19.3 37.7 21.5 6.7 1.7 - 29.9
2002 1.2 2.4 3.7 3.7 6.1 10.9 35.4 28.2 7.3 1.1 71.8
2008 0.9 2.2 4.3 4.2 7.2 8.9 37.2 32.1 8.4 - 74.2
2018 2.4 3.8 3.8 3.5 7.9 5.4 38.6 36.2 9.6 - 78.7
S.d. 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 - - - 14.3
S.d. - Standart distribution of plantings areas (%)
The area of aspen plantings in the I age class was 9.6% in 1948, and by 2018 it had decreased to 1.9%, however, the area of its overmature plantings has doubled over 70 years.
A similar distribution of the area of plantings by age classes is observed in birch plantings; in particular, in the I age class in 1948, they were 4.4%, and by 2018 they had decreased to 2.4%. In the VII age class, their area in 1948 was 9.1%, and by 2018 it reached 78.7%.
There are several reasons to explain the trends in the accumulation of forested land by species in comparison with 1948. This was probably influenced by the prohibitions of reforestation logging introduced since 1978, and therefore their small volume prevented the renewal of the age structure of plantations. The second reason may be severe droughts observed in 1998, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2015. The Orenburg region can be considered their epicenter, where there are all types of droughts: early spring, autumn-summer, summer-autumn, combined and stable. This factor is of great importance for the stability of birch and oak plantations.
Conclusion. The complex age structure of the forest fund, the ratio of the areas of forest stands of different ages form the features of the functioning of the forest biocenosis, as well as determine the prospects for forest management, will allow identifying criteria for assessing the health and sustainability of forests at present and in the future. The age structure of the forest fund of the National Park "Buzuluksky Bor" according to the above tree species is not optimal from the point of view of forest management.
Forestry activities of the National Park "Buzuluksky Bor" should be focused on the normative distribution of plantings, which will lead to the alignment of the age structure. The article presents the values of the normative distribution of the areas of plantings (%) for the main tree species of the Buzuluk forest, taking into account the age class. The normative distribution of pine, oak, birch plantings, taking into account the age class, does not change, aspen plantings change slightly. The obtained values show an equalized structure of tree species, which is aimed at the formation of sustainable forest management and reforestation, reducing the accumulation of over-standing plantings. The above normative distribution of the stand is justified by the peculiarities of the economic activity of the national park, which does not provide for logging of the main use. In our opinion, the optimization of the age structure of the stand is possible to a greater extent with the reasonable use of logging for main use, which will minimize negative factors such as inflammability, an increase in the number of harmful insects and fungal diseases.
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Дата поступления: 14.07.2022 Дата принятия: 09.09.2022
© Ryabukhina M.V., Khakimov E.R., Filippova A.V., Latypov A.A., 2022
