CC BY
22
YflK 332.85
Ali Ahmad Farhat
Belarusian State Technological University
E-GOVERNANCE AND ITS POTENTIAL BENEFITS TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF LAND MANAGEMENT IN LEBANON AND BELARUS
The objective of the study is to propose a model of e-Governance to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of land management in the developing countries like Lebanon and Belarus. The study identifies a four-stage model for e-Governance that suits the requirements of developing countries while considering their limitations. The study also analyzes the economic efficiency of land management in Belarus and Lebanon in light of the four-stage model. The study concludes with the managerial implications for land managers and government officials and guide them to improve the public service by enhancing the efficiency of land management using e-Governance.
Key words: e-Government, land governance, e-Governance, land management.
Introduction. Land management is gaining considering importance in both literature and real world because of rising number of challenges surrounding it. There are some challenges that land management is facing. The rising demand for food during this era can be met by increase in agriculture production [1], but this may come at considerable ecological costs. For instance, humans presently suitable approximately a quarter of global net main output of earth [2], and land usage consists of a third of universal greenhouse gas releases. Furthermore, worldwide growth of population and varying consumption forms will make double worldwide demand of food by 2050 [3, 4], and aspiring renewable targets related to energy are presently articulated [5]. The question arises here how to upsurge agricultural production while alleviating emissions from utilization of land, is hence an important challenge [1]. Schierhorn [6] made an analysis of Post-Soviet cropland desertion and introduced a method lead to a novel, high-resolution yearly time series technique of cropland and uncontrolled lands of European Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. Another challenge of land management is desert type land environment specifically in Middle East countries. Presently, desertification is the main ecological issue in Middle East countries' distressing environment. Libya is regarded as a desert type land environment and round about greater than ninety-five percent of country's land is desert. The procedures of desertification intensified by human activities along with climatic situations. This increase of desertification has been believed to influence both local and worldwide climate. Saad [7] study the causes of Libya's land deprivation and desertification and find that overutilization of natural means or resources, unsuitable land usage planning, water resources deficiency are the key factors intensifying the procedure of desertification and worsening the quality of environment. Like other countries of the Middle East, the situation in Lebanon is no different because of its lim-
ited resources and overutilization of natural resources and increasing needs of population. Another thing, without grasping the important features and characteristics of institutions, it is problematic to realize the issues these intuitions encounter in pursue of its [8]. Considering the widespread importance of the institution of government, it becomes extremely necessary that in order to satisfy masses at large within limited resources and efforts more emphasis on the e-Government and upgradation of e-Governance technologies should be made.
In aforementioned context, the study intends to propose a model of e-Governance to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of land management in the developing countries like Lebanon and Belarus. The study aims to propose the suitability of a four stage model for e-Governance that suits the requirements of developing countries while considering their limitations.
Main text. E-Government is the used to information technology to support the operations of government and engage citizen [9]. In this study, this term refers to information commination technology that is used to support all the operations of the government, gather all the information, and provide government services. Any technology that allows for the creation, display and storage of the information in all its forms as well as it helps the people to communicate over a distance such as networks, radios, CDs, cellphones and cassette players [10] can be referred as information communication technology (ICT). In this study, this term refers to the combinations of communication based and computer based technologies that is used in improving the land management and gathering data and information about land. ICT has greatly enhanced the efficiency of e-Gover-nance and e-Government these days.
For this section, major information is driven from the Obi [11], due to its broad perspective in covering all significant aspects of model development. Identifying the diversity of the communica-
tion, he pursues that the interaction of the government to stakeholders can happen along diverse lines and thus these interactions are categorized through different delivery models. The complexity of the issue and the scope of the work is so much diverse that it requires a thorough analysis of all of the factors to make the e-Government successful. Many researchers have invested time in devising a workable framework of the e-Government, which acknowledges all of the enablers and is executed in different phases. However, the implementation success and timeframe may vary from the region to region with dependency on various aspect [11].
Klun, Decman and Jukic [12], signifies the different stakeholders that are involved in the process to define the delivery models, making people at the center of the stage. Citizen engagement at all levels of e-Government has been accepted as the key player in the success of the digitally integrated government and for this purpose, the 5 delivery models are identified that are according to the stakeholder that is involved on the other side of communication. In all of the literature and research, these 5 models, built according to the e-commerce models has been considered as the building blocks of a fully functional e-Government system [12].
G2C (Government to Citizen):
In this strategy model by Klun [12], the communication and interaction that happens between the government and citizens is enhanced and improved by utilizing the ICT and IT tools and strategies. The delivery of service as well as information to citizen is brought to the electronic channel and this is where people can access it. The G2C involves the online availability of the form, submission of online requests and forms, the database collection about commodities such as the vehicles and property. The users are given the liberty to go to the government's website or other portal and may conduct multiple tasks. It is a direct link between the government and its public without the limitation of date and time. It may also include the transaction such as the payment of utility bills, property tax or other governmental charges [12, 13].
G2B (Government to Businesses):
According to the Klun's [12] G2B model, the Government to business interaction consolidates all sorts of information channel that are related to the commercial and noncommercial activity to one stop online portal. The private organizations and NGO's can contact the officials, can look into the laws and the best practices and can also ask for information about their business. Along with this, the sale of government goods and the procurement of materials may also be done with the online portal. The transactions include the bidding, contracts, taxes and the governmental grants [12, 14].
G2G (Government to government): To enhance the operation of the government and to achieve a cohesion between its different departments, the information technology can be a very effective tool as stated by the Klun [12]. The streamlining of multiple projects and to avoid the culture of red tape and procrastination, the online applications provide efficiency and competency. The communication can be further categorized as internal and external communication based on the intra-department and inter-department respectively. Consolidating the project progress, resources, financial statistics to one portal from where, the multiple departments can access it freely will overcome the communication gap and the physical effort required for data management [12, 15]. C2G (Citizen to Government): As an opposite to the initial G2C model of the Klun [12], this process involves the reverse communication of G2C and the communication leads from public to the government. The inquiry, information requests, the access to information and vocalizing the opinion falls into this category. Since, there are no procedural delays or limitation of the time, the activity is enhanced and occurs at the optimal level. So, the implementation of the e-Government empowers the citizens and this is why it is attributed to the greater transparency of the system. It also means that such channels can ultimately replace the need of the local offices or the local wings of the governments [12, 16]. Government to Employees: In this last model, Klun [12] makes the employees as the stakeholder. As a much efficient replacement to traditional employee management, the e-Government facilitates the government's communication with the employees recruited in different departments. The important announcements, policy making, the new policies or the changes in the policy can be advertised and announced on this forum and every employee can reach it from anywhere irrespective of the geographical location. The standardization of the data is the most important achievement of this delivery model.
The four phase framework of e-Governance: The different researches have named and identified these stages through different names; however, the main steps are almost relatable. Implementation of the e-Government in any country navigates through different phases until becoming fully mature and operational in all above-mentioned perspectives. These phases of evolution cover the different aspects of executing the challenge and consider the level of stakeholder's involvement at each step. The framework, to be implemented in its true essence and to yield the desired level of participation from all stakeholders, consumes many time and consistent sincere efforts. By exploring the
literature that is available in this context, it is seen that the objectives of each phase presented by different researcher are similar with few exceptions [17]. So, an overview of the four most common phases as discussed in the literature.
Presence/Cataloguing:
Bélanger's premise of the first stage is simply some sort of presence [18]. This phase indicates the availability of limited and basic information about the government services on internet and web channels without much sophisticated functions. The citizens can access information related to basic operations such as archives of the head of the state and the ministries. Contact information can be retrieved and an email interaction can be maintained with the government. The simplest form of it is a website or a web link [19].
Enhanced Interaction:
Bélanger calls the second stage as an enhanced interaction. This stage of e-Government presents some of the interactive features that can discourage the trips to the office. Opening up a communication channel such as phone instead of approaching the office in physical is the goal of this stage. The generally requested information is consolidated on the web page and people are diverted to visit the website for such information. The online forms can be downloaded and filled manually by the citizens and then can be submitted to the office. Another feature can be the online availability of the utility bills, taxes or may be the driving tickets receipts [18, 20].
Transactional Stage:
At this level of implementation as per the Bélanger's [18] point of view, all sorts of Government to stakeholder functions reach to complete maturity and a fully developed infrastructure exists. This stage includes the payment of bills and monetary transaction. The online forms to most of the tasks are managed and the physical appearance at the office becomes secondary in the common paperwork. An enriched knowledge database exists on the online portals and people actively participate in the e-Government. However, Belanger evaluates that the initiatives at this level are more complex in nature and implementation. However, with this stage, the binding of day and night is freed and people can complete tasks electronically at any given time of the day [18, 21].
Transformational stage:
This is a fully mature stage of the government as furthered and researched by the Bélanger [18], with an increased reliance on the digital and electronic means rather than the traditional working. All of the delivery models are fully integrated and also offer the reverse communication. The tasks are accessed and completed on online portal and the data is also maintained electronically [18].
The basic delivery models of the e-gov are G2C, G2G, G2B and C2G as per the stakeholders involve on the receiving end of the services and the literature points to the four basic phases of implementation in e-Government. The readiness of the e-Government system in any country can be measured according to the phase of implementation.
Analysis of the economic efficiency of land management in Belarus and Lebanon.
The learning outcomes of the extensive literature review will be integrated to form and develop a mature conceptual framework for e-Government from the beginning stage to the stage of excellence. In derivation of this general framework for under developed nations, the challenges have been the point of focus. At every stage of implementation, the hindering factors will be overcome to move forward towards the next stage. In development of this thorough framework, the suggestive measures and initiatives are presented in the light if available literature and from the examples of successful implementation. In spite of the way that every tradition is remain solitary bargain and has its own particular goals and responsibilities, they are in any case interlinked and related. These connections and association originate from the firmly related and weaved procedures and marvels that are normal for the "atmosphere - biota - arrive/soil" ternion. The key "outer" effect is produced by environmental change, a procedure that can be found in more regular, longer and more significant climatic irregularities. An extra "interior" variable is human exercises that offer ascent to arrive corruption, changes in vegetation cover and nearby atmosphere changes [22]. As a consequence of these there is a higher danger of desertification and environmental change which prompt to the fatigue of plant, soil and water assets. Under such conditions there is an expanded part for the earth surface warm control instrument which prompts to more range subjected to iridiza-tions. The major framework of interoperability in the Lebanon is known as e-GIF and it is an abbreviation of e-Government interoperability framework. According to the Weerakody's research [23], the major aim of this framework which was implemented in 2002 was to form a technological compatibility throughout the government sector which ensures the smooth and streamline flow of information. Since, they have argued the five stakeholders in the e-Government, the technological usage and different systems usage by these contributors can be an obstacle in the interpretation, receiving and sending of information.
The interoperability has been put at the center of e-Government execution right now the e-gif is at its version 6. Weerakoddy [23] has explained that all of the information exchange is done in the XML format to avoid compatibility issues. The framework
of e-Government in Lebanon is one of the most consistent efforts in the world and has maintained its tradition of excellence along with its position on the readiness scale. Having foresight to avoid problems and to uniform the platform of implementation, the XML compatibility framework is the major step to avoid any hindering factors beforehand. This issue is an imperative one in Belarus where unsustainable and powerless biological systems win. Protection of common plant groups permits, all things considered, alleviating impacts of environmental change and averting land/soil corruption. This demonstrates in each of the three traditions there are cross-cutting needs in improving limit in natural security with due respect to particular needs and undertakings of biodiversity preservation, environmental change and battling land corruption. Hence the undertaking of breaking down these connections and discovering approaches to facilitate and fit exertion on actualizing the traditions turns out to be essential to guarantee proficient natural administration at national, local and nearby levels [24]. The Land Code of Belarus indicates the obligations of land clients and landowners for making a move pointed at the assurance and appropriate utilization of terrains; the forces and obligations of nearby prevailing voices in affecting changes in land utilizes; the tenets and techniques relating to the state control over the utilization and insurance of terrains; it additionally contains arrangements managing financial motivating forces for land assurance; and also forces punishments for the infringement of natural enactment, including a condition on the reparation of ecological harms caused in result of such infringement. The Code characterizes the expression "arrive checking" as an arrangement of perceptions of the status of terrains that permits for convenient enlisting and rolling out evaluation of any improvements, counteracting and moderating outcomes of unfavorable forms.
The question of land checking is given a legitimate definition in the Code. The Code indicates what the State Arrive Cadastre ought to contain (counting subjective and quantitative parameters), and additionally the assignments and destinations of spatial arranging (characterizing it as an arrangement of measures went for managing legitimate plans relating to owning furthermore, utilizing land, guaranteeing more effective land uses and insurance of grounds, protection and change of the environment). Exceptionally approved land arranging bodies with a few elements of controlling the utilization and security of terrains incorporate the Committee for Land Resources, Survey and Cartography under the Council of Ministers of Belarus and its workplaces at the provincial and nearby levels. The information system in the organization aims to train employees with the ability to face the
current challenges of organizations and their systems and information and communication technologies. New platforms and computational paradigms have emerged, such as the proliferation of computing devices, cloud computing and virtual-ization to launch new challenges for organizations.
On the other hand, the growth of social networks and the collection and analysis of large volumes of data (big data) represent enormous challenges for modern organizations. The professionals will be able to deal with these challenges, and able to develop activities in the development and consultancy systems and information and communication technologies, and to integrate and coordinate multidisciplinary teams of information systems development applied to organizational problems. Thus, information systems acquire a systemic view of the company which makes them able to promote integration and complementarity of knowledge from the fields of management and information systems. Professionals with the ability to manage and monetize the information as a strategic resource and a competitive tool for organizations will be taken into consideration where they will be giving training to the employees. Biodiversity arrangements concentrate on ensured zones; outside these ranges, ecological concerns should be incorporated in horticultural strategies and practices. Solid measures taken, alongside decreases in agro-chemical use (by around 75 for each penny for business composts and pesticides) and era of excrement, are among the reasons that contamination weights from farming have diminished uniquely; yet contamination stays high in a few ranges and will most likely increment when horticultural creation begins expanding once more. Cultivate expansion administrations with preparing in great horticultural practices do not presently exist however could be a vital stride forward.
Such administrations could advance both farming efficiency and ecological security. More efficient transformation of negligible grounds to non-agrarian utilizations may be considered. The nation's residual wetlands, which are of awesome criticalness for Belarus' biodiversity, ought to be protected. Belarus has built up an imperative scope of strategy instruments for overseeing contamination and common asset utilize. It has a broad arrangement of surrounding ecological measures. Nevertheless, these benchmarks are as well various, and much stricter than practically identical models in other European nations; by and by, estimations can be taken just for a set number of them. With the present allowing framework, MINNAT and its inspectorates nearly direct the exercises of modern endeavors and different polluters. This summon and control framework shapes the center of natural administration and furnishes powers with an established
administrative instrument. The framework is, be that as it may, generally convoluted and troublesome from a managerial perspective. Most extreme emanation levels for mechanical offices are set by confused counts, and allows must be reestablished time after time. Along these lines, the cost-viability of this framework ought to be inspected, on account of incorporated contamination counteractive action and control [24]. The presentation of ecological charges and fines has been sure as a method for advancing natural mindfulness in undertakings and as a wellspring of financing for natural consumption as per the polluter pays and client pays standards. The levels of these charges and fines have been reconsidered consistently to reflect expansion. Nonetheless, they are too low to serve as huge motivating forces for upgrades underway procedures and innovations. They ought to keep on being listed to keep pace with swelling and their dynamic increment ought to be considered.
The four stages of implementation are defined by STEP and each step has its own objectives and desired outcomes. The implementation may be spanned at different timeline as per the prevalent hurdles in every country and the diffusion of two stages is also possible. This model gives flexibility to lagging behind organizations to cope up with the challenges and match the overall progress of the country. Dedicating a particular stage to the public activation and participation, it is important to organize preparatory workshops to create awareness. The remote areas with low literacy rate must be emphasized with the specialized camps and the distribution of gadgets must be ensured. Executives will design the management information systems entering data internal and external sources, carrying an interaction between the means, resulting in the achievement of pre-established goals by the company. External sources come from relationships with suppliers, shareholders, customers and competitors, facilitated in the present circumstances by technological developments. Internal sources are related to databases maintained by organization. The databases are updated for the capture and storage of data from integration of the various systems that make up the organization, including, finance systems, accounting systems, human resource systems, systems sales and marketing. The operative structure of the company in the context of information system processes, classifies systems according to the organizational problem that helps to solve. The systems are classified as: strategic level system of knowledge, tactical and operational. The information generated by the strategic level systems are used in defining the organization's strategic planning, i. e., decision-making. The tactical systems are used in the control of operational planning, defining the tactics or targets to be met.
According to the structure and complexity of their IT functions, entities financial must have standards methodology for process engineering Software, encompassing aspects such as feasibility study, an analysis, design, development, testing and migration of existing data, implementation and maintenance of information systems applications. They should be taken into consideration, both for systems development of the entity, and for those that have been outsourced through contracts of staff or external suppliers. They should have procedures that define the processing circuit user requirements and guidelines for the evaluation, selection and acquisition of application systems. The institutions have functional and technical documentation updating which gives its information systems applications, in which aspects should be considered such as: objective, scope, system diagram components and programs the same design files and databases, change log, language programming used, owned by the source programs, description of "hardware" and "Software", its interrelationship with telecommunications networks and description of the functions that allow direct modification of production data (change parameter, formulas, rates, and other data). They must have end users manuals of each application information system formation containing, for example, objective, scope, job description and menus, description of the operational listings and control, and instructions for the case cancellations, among others. Thampi [25] has specifically emphasized on the privacy and states that the second most threatening challenge to its implementation is the privacy and security of the user information. The trust is of fundamental value in creating awareness in public about the e-services and to persuade them about its usability. The cyberspace crimes, hacking and many other IT insecurities make the information that is sent through digital means much vulnerable and it can be manipulated. Thus, the security issues relate to the hacking of systems and wrong use of this liberty and the on the privacy front, the e-Go-vernment lets the officials to gather much more information about the public that can be exploited later on. The most detailed review of the state and framework of e-Government in Lebanon has been prepared by the UNDP.
According to the report, the framework of implementation in Lebanon recognizes the e-partici-pation as the most crucial stage and the involvement of masses and businesses has been the challenge in the progress. The report analyzes the case studies from throughout the Lebanon in which the e-democracy, G2C and G2B delivery models and G2G integration has been practiced in Lebanon. The lack of infrastructure remains the biggest hurdle and this is why the report concludes it as an ar-
ea of improvement. The framework to strengthen the accessibility of internet, ICT usage and overcoming the digital divide has been deployed. Ecological checking for fleeting alleviation measures incorporate field perceptions and observing by districts and dynamic NGOs of open smoldering, di-minishment of waste littering, lessening in bundling waste amounts, increment in the amount of recyclables, and increment in pay from offering of recyclables. Extra measures incorporate checking the amount of appropriately oversaw irresistible waste, auditing and assessment by MOE of medicinal services specialist organizations' reports and observing ecological spending of districts. For medium-term alleviations which incorporate the development of the required SWM foundation (barring the proposed WTE gets ready for BML and different areas) and the conclusion/restoration of existing dumps, natural checking measures incorporate the readiness of EIAs for all proposed ventures and their endorsement by MOE, incorporating the EMPs in the delicate archives and guaranteeing their execution by the directing advisors, supervision of day by day operations, observing wellbeing and security conditions and checking gasses and leachate in dumps recovery ventures.
At the national level, the rate of family unit associations with people in general water supply frameworks is around 79 percent with errors at the local level. The aggregate unaccounted for water came to 48 percent. In the BML benefit range, where the greater part of the populace lives, water supply shortage is exacerbated by poor open water organizes and in addition extreme water proportioning; water is provided for close to 3 hours' day by day in the mid-year. The nonappearance of volumetric charges is restricting motivations for water protection at the customer level, and in addition generation at the Water Establishment (WE) level. The four provincial WEs indicate huge shortcomings in nonrevenue water and bill gathering, which are urgent to money related supportability. The proportioning of open water supply for residential utilization has prompted to critical expansion of private wellsprings of water supply. Private water supply represents 65 percent of aggregate water consumption of associated families and spans 75 percent of aggregate water use of detached family units. Water quality observing remains a noteworthy test in Lebanon as water quality information is not distributed. Two government establishments are in charge of water testing furthermore, quality observing. The MOEW screens the quality of water assets at the meter/gage level while the Service of Public Health (MOPH) screens the drinking water at the tap level and at times likewise the source. Local water supply is beneath limit and now and again beneath water drinking principles which
prompts shoppers to expand (filtered water, wells, and so forth.) or potentially treat their water supply. The GOL has made the change for the water division a national need and has arranged a National Water Sector System (NWSS), which was embraced by the COM in Walk 2012. The NWSS objective is "to guarantee water supply, water system and sanitation benefits all through Lebanon on a consistent premise and at ideal administration levels, with a duty to ecological, financial and social supportability". This objective is to be achieved through a blend of framework, strategy and institutional activities.
The capital use necessity for Lebanon's water area for the years stretching out from 2011 to 2020 was assessed at USD 7.74 billion and the operational use necessity at USD 2.1 billion [26]. Compassionate organizations giving wellbeing intercessions are crediting high significance to diarrheal ailments related with the utilization of poor water quality, taking note of specific attentiveness toward pregnant and lactating women, what's more, for youngsters less than five years old. Tests on the bacteriological nature of water that have been performed by Solidarités International indicated elevated amounts of sullying (ten circumstances higher than the WHO rule values for a few chemicals). A normal of 63 percent of the tried boreholes what's more, region system outlets ended up being polluted with fecal coliforms. As indicated by the WASH working gathering, the principle issue influencing water quality is the low quality and poor cleanliness of the stores, which are not looked after routinely what's more, need, generally, appropriate scope that gives assurance from outside wellsprings of tainting. In addition, because of the absence of water, appropriate sanitation and cleanliness, a sharp ascent in transferable ailments and the development of beforehand truant maladies were accounted for among outcasts' groups and are transmitted to close Lebanese people group. MOPH worked with accomplices to contain an episode of measles influencing an aggregate of 1,700 kids in 2013, 88 percent of which were Lebanese [15]. More than 750 instances of Leishmaniasis were accounted for, an illness that was already obscure among the Lebanese populace. Before the NWSS, Lebanon did not have a concurred national strategy for wastewater, yet existing and to a great extent casual systems and arrangements that have been overhauled by MOEW, MOE, and CDR to conform to Lebanon's global duties, particularly the Barcelona Tradition for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution and the EU Horizon 2020 the Framework Program for Research and Innovation.
The case study by Hammer and his co-authors reveals that many developing countries are susceptible to corrupt governments that restrict the level
of Information Technology and Information Systems within the country, while in developed countries, implementation of e-Governance or e-Go-vernment produce effective results. Consequently, democracy is increased and the level of corruption is reduced [27]. Since, the use of e-Government is very important for achieving citizen participation, Hamner [27], states e-Government as a reciprocal of the democracy level. It becomes difficult when the government of a country is corrupt. Another obstacle for implementation of e-Government in developing countries is limited resources. But, even developed countries face troubles while structuring E-Government for their country [27].
Utilizing the Lebanon's lead in information and technology and the government's devotion to citizens, it has set forth the perpetual steps to solve the critical social issues like public welfare and social security. The computer market is commanded
by universal equipment producers, who have gotten to the Lebanese market through neighborhood operators and merchants. Notwithstanding, the PC equipment market is still a long way from being soaked and has strong hidden development potential given that the general PC entrance rate in Lebanon is still at sixteen. Thusly, interest for PCs is rising consistently at family level and in addition business level. This is to some extent credited to the late open and private plans, which have made low-value PCs accessible, built up the broadband framework, and put resources into electronic administrations. Moreover, Lebanese customers are as of late indicating inclination to acquiring tablets as opposed to desktop PCs and journals. As the quantity of tablets sold developed, the development in the PC equipment fragment backed off because of the way that the tablets' normal offering cost is on the decrease.
zl
ZI
Deployment of infrastructure in public sector organization
Hardware compatibility/ laptop, desktop
Software Compatibility/ Cloud computing and data sharing compatibility
Deployment of infrastructure to equip citizens
Hardware accessibility
Internet access, Web 2.0 application accessibility, IT channels
zl
r "n
Transformation to e-services
Collaboration within the department and public agency
Workshops to enhance skills
Storing of data at cloud computing, development of strong identification and security check
Transformation
to e-services from the paper services
Online application
Electronic identity cards and personal accounts
Correspondence among agencies
Central data centers
Fully trained public sector employees
Accessibility to data through cloud computing channels
Extremely robust identification system to avoid technical glitches and cybercrime
Transparency
Proactive engagement from citizens and business
Dependence on e-services for G2C, G2B and vice versa
Availability of all information channels to a single web portal and online communication
Progress and proliferation at all levels
Cross sectional and vertical intra and inter department communication
Moving towards the latest technology like mob apps and tablets compatibility
Audio and video features High security
V • J
Leveraging Trust and reliability from citizens
Financial transactions
Positive feedback and openness to new changes
Collaborative work to bring desired changes
Dependency on the use of electronic channels
The Four stage e-Governance Model for improvement in Land Management Трулы БГТУ Серия 5 № 1 2017
The augmentation found in this sub-division comes as a prompt result of the rising spending on e-benefits by associations, telecom associations, and government workplace. All application systems must generate audit records containing minimally mind the activities of users, tasks performed, monetary functions and not monetary used, and who entered and authorized each transaction, except that they consist in consultations or activities, tasks or similar functions that do not generate transactions or modified in the data or applications. These records should be reviewed regularly by the responsible for control. In any case, the keeper of these records may be less than six years. The information may be protected on storage media or non-modifiable reusable media, provided the integrity protection of information measures control that allow no evidence the alteration after generation. Also, the standardization of e-Governance practices can further enrich the land management in the region [28]. Moreover, Lebanese customers are as of late indicating inclination to acquiring tablets as opposed to desktop PCs and journals. As the quantity of tablets sold developed, the development in the PC equipment fragment backed off because of the way that the tablets' normal offering cost is on the decrease. The augmentation found in this subdivision comes as a prompt result of the rising spending on e-benefits by associations, telecom associations, and government workplaces. The cultural, financial and technical barriers along with the digital divide in the urban and rural centers are impeding the process of deployment. However, there is a need to bring infrastructure revolution through dedicated resources to achieve a fully enhanced interaction stage from the presence one.
Conclusion. These days one of the major differences between the developing and the developed
countries is the extent of their emphasis on e-Go-vernance. Developing countries are using information communication technologies and other forms of IT tools to enhance their service to the public through better execution of e-Governance however most of the developing and underdeveloped countries are either still using traditional methods of governance or are in early evolutionary stage. However, the studies, as cited in the literature review, prompt the need to enhance the utilization of e-Governance methods to counter different challenges in the developing countries like Lebanon and Belarus. Because of the overutiliza-tion of resources, land management is one of the key area facing huge challenges in these countries and now the scholars are suggesting different methods and remedies to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of land management in these regions. The present study also proposes a four stage model of e-Government to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of land management in the developing countries like Lebanon and Belarus with a view to improve the efficiency of land management in the two regions. The study emphases to the town planners as well as government officials to reap the benefits of technology timely because delaying adaptation of the new trends also has some opportunity cost and if it's potential impact is measures it could be in billions of dollars. The purpose of any organization or institution is to enhance its market offerings for the people whom it intends to serve [29]. The study suggests them to broaden the area of applicability of e-Government and let it penetrate in different departments of the regions to facilitate the masses at large that may not only lead to greater public satisfaction but can also help the developing countries fill the gap with them and the developed world with more speed and pace.
References
1. Foley J. A., Ramankutty N., Brauman K. A., Cassidy E. S., Gerber J. S., Johnston M., Balzer C. Solutions for a cultivated planet. Nature, 2014, no. 478 (7369), pp. 337-342.
2. Haberl H., Erb K. H., Krausmann F., Gaube V., Bondeau A., Plutzar C., Fischer-Kowalski M. Quantifying and mapping the human appropriation of net primary production in earth's terrestrial ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2007, no. 104 (31), pp. 12942-12947.
3. Cirera X., Masset E. Income distribution trends and future food demand. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 2010, no. 365 (1554), pp. 2821-2834.
4. Godfray H. C. J., Beddington J. R., Crute I. R., Haddad L., Lawrence D., Muir J. F., Toulmin C. Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science, 2010, no. 327 (5967), pp. 812-818.
5. Fargione J., Hill J., Tilman D., Polasky S., Hawthorne P. Land clearing and the biofuel carbon debt. Science, 2007, no. 319 (5867), pp. 1235-1238.
6. Schierhorn F., Müller D., Beringer T., Prishchepov A. V., Kuemmerle T., Balmann A. Post-Soviet cropland abandonment and carbon sequestration in European Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. Global Bioge-ochemical Cycles, 2013, no. 27 (4), pp. 1175-1185.
7. Saad A. M. A., Shariff N. M., Gairola S.. Nature and causes of land degradation and desertification in Libya: Need for sustainable land management. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2011, no. 10 (63), pp.13680-13687.
8. Javed S. A., Ahmed F., Nawaz M., Sajid A. Identification of the Organizational and Managerial Characteristics of Organizations Operating in Project Conducive Environment - A Preliminary Study. Durreesamin Journal, 2016, no. 2 (1).
9. Palvia S. C. J., Sharma S. S. E-Government and e-Governance: definitions/domain framework and status around the world. Paper presented at the International Conference on e-Governance, 2007.
10. Lim E. T. K., Tan C.-W., Cyr D., Pan S. L., Xiao B. Advancing Public Trust Relationships in Electronic Government: The Singapore E-Filing Journey. Information Systems Research, 2012, no. 23 (4), pp. 1110-1130. doi: 10.1287/isre.1110.0386.
11. Obi T. The Innovative CIO and E-participation in E-Government Initiatives (Vol. 3): IOS Press, 2010.
12. Klun M., Decman M., Jukic T. The Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on EGovernment: Faculty of Administration, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 16-17 June 2011. Academic Pub. International, 2011.
13. Rowley J. e-Government stakeholders - Who are they and what do they want? International Journal of Information Management, 2011, no. 31 (1), pp. 53-62. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/jijinfomgt. 2010.05.005.
14. Haque S., Pathrannarakul P. E-Government towards good governance: A global appraisal. Journal of E-Governance, 2013, no. 36 (1), pp. 25-34. doi: 10.3233/GOV-120328.
15. Osman I., Anouze A., Azad B., Daouk L., Zablith F., Hindi N., Weerakkody V. The elicitation of key performance indicators of e-Government providers: A bottom-up approach, 2013.
16. Fitsilis P., Anthopoulos L., Gerogiannis V. An evaluation framework for e-Government projects. Citizens and e-Government: Evaluating policy and management, 2009.
17. Ojha A., Tripathi R., Gupta M. P. E-Government Adoption and Proliferation Across Different Stages of Evolution Stakeholder Adoption of E-Government Services: Driving and Resisting Factors: IGI Global, 2011, pp. 137-150.
18. Bélanger F. C., Lemuria. Digitizing Government Interactions with Constituents: An Historical Review of E-Government Research in Information Systems. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 2012, no. 13 (5), pp. 363-394.
19. Lee C. P., Chang K., Berry F. S.Testing the Development and Diffusion of E-Government and E-Democracy: A Global Perspective. Public Administration Review, no. 71 (3), pp. 444-454.
20. Gil-Garcia J. R. Enacting Electronic Government Success: An Integrative Study of Government-wide Websites, Organizational Capabilities, and Institutions: Springer, 2012.
21. Almarabeh T., AbuAli A. A general framework for e-Government: definition maturity challenges, opportunities, and success. European Journal of Scientific Research, 2010, no. 39 (1), pp. 29-42.
22. Lio M. C., Hu J. L. Governance and Agricultural Production Efficiency: A Cross-Country Aggregate Frontier Analysis. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2009, no. 60 (1), pp. 40-61.
23. Weerakkody V., Reddick, C. G. Public Sector Transformation Through E-Government: Experiences from Europe and North America: Routledge, 2012.
24. Ziolo M., Raczkowski K. Economic and Non-economic Determinants of Insolvency Risk Management in Self-government Sector. Przedsiçbiorczosc i Zarz^dzanie. Ryzyko i stabilnosc finansowa w procesach zarzqdzania, 17 (8), p. 1, 2016, pp. 113-122.
25. Thampi S. M., Bhargava B., Atrey P. K. Managing Trust in Cyberspace: Taylor & Francis, 2013.
26. Brewer E., Demmer M., Du B., Ho M., Kam M., Nedevschi S., Fall K. The case for technology in developing regions. Computer, 2005, no. 38 (6), pp. 25-38.
27. Hamner M., Negron M. A., Taha D., Brahimi S. e-Government Implementation in a Developing Country: A Case Study. Managing E-Government Projects: Concepts, Issues and Best Practices, 2012, p. 262.
28. Javed S. A, Javed S. The impact of product's packaging color on customers' buying preferences under time pressure. Marketing and Branding Research, 2015, no. 2 (1), pp. 4-14.
29. Javed S. A., Javed S., Sajid A. Assessing the managerial perception of relative significance of ten Knowledge Areas on project success - A case from Pakistan. Journal of Management and Science, 2015, no. 5 (3), pp. 1-18.
Information about the author
Ali Ahmad Farhat - instructor. University of Arts, Science and Technology (4, Main Street, Beirut, Dikwani, Lebanon); PhD student. Belarusian State Technological University (13a, Sverdlova str., 220006, Minsk, Republic of Belarus). E-mail: [email protected]
Received 22.02.2017
