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мичностью и метафоричностью, о чем было сказано выше. Также при переводе банковской терминосистемы следует помнить, что различия в лексическом составе и морфосинтаксической структуре АЯ и РЯ терминов не позволяют сделать перевод без расхождений в морфосинтаксической структуре. Однако, это не препятствует передаче значения термина.
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2. Лейчик В.М. Терминоведение: предмет, методы, структура. - М.: Изд-во КомКнига, 2006.
3. Суперанская А.В., Подольская Н.В., Васильева Н.В. Общая терминология: Вопросы теории. - М.: Изд-во Наука, 1989.
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DYSTOPIA IN BRITISH AND AMERICAN LITERATURE
1 2 © Godovannaya E. , Flegontova A.
Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don
The article investigates dystopian fiction in British and American literature as exemplified in the books 'Brave New world' by Aldous Huxley and '451 Fahrenheit' by Ray Bradbury. It draws the reader's attention to the authors' anxious attitude towards the portrayed events which can be considered to be a warning to future generations. The research mainly concentrates on common features of dystopian novels in both cultures.
Key words: dystopia, British, American, genre, common feature, warning.
1 Candidate of Sciences, associate professor.
2 Student.
Dystopia as a genre appeared and gained its popularity in the twentieth century when utopias started to come true. People had to face the reality - it was impossible to achieve a kind of a happy life people strived for in any of the societies that aspired to bring into life the ideas of utopists. The appearance of totalitarian regimes has raised serious doubts about the possibility of existence of the ideal society even in the distant future. It undermined faith in the good, heroic, intelligent source of human nature. That's why the genre of dystopia appears in literature.
But one of the main aims of dystopia is comprehension of reality while trying to realize utopia and not only the controversy with this genre.
Dystopian novels have something in common with its warning nature -warnings about the risks to a single individual, and hence to all humanity.
The purpose of any dystopia - is forcing people to abandon the myths concerned with their beliefs in better life, which would make it easier to cope with the fact the better life is something illusional.
This article concentrates on the idea that all dystopias have common features that make it really easy to tell whether the work is a dystopia or not. We are going to compare and find similarities in two of the most famous dystopias of all times written by writers from two different cultures: the novel 'Brave New World' written by British author Aldous Huxley and '451 Fahrenheit written by American author Ray Bradbury.
Both authors are considered to be the most outstanding writers of this genre and they masterly show the reader the defects of their society. Although the novels are written a very long time ago, problems that were touched upon in their books are actual nowadays as well and sometimes the reader may even have a feeling that a writer foretold what is happening now in reality. A lot of the problems the writers dwelled upon in their novels and that were fictional have become real in modern life.
After studying the two novels it was easy to point out several features that they had in common:
- Lack of personality in people, everyone has to be like everybody else and a person cannot decide by himself what to do. In dystopias people cannot have different personalities or their own thoughts, they have to obey rules and regulations that a government sets. They are never free to choose what to do and how to act, everything has its strict order. The best example of that is an extract from Ray Bradbury's '451 Fahrenheit' where it is proved that everything should be in a certain way and certain people should do certain things and nothing more:
'Montag started up, his mouth opened. Had he ever seen a fireman that didn't have black hair, black brows, a fiery face, and a blue-steel shaved but unshaved look? These men were all mirror-images of himself! Were all firemen picked then for their looks as well as their proclivities?' [4, p. 38].
In Aldous Huxley's 'Brave New World' people's destiny and future job is known even before they have been born and they are divided into different groups
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such as Alphas, Betas and so on each of which have their own tasks to accomplish and nothing more. It is considered that society would not have survived if each of the groups would not do the tasks they are supposed to do, imbalance would arise:
'We believe in happiness and stability. A society of Alphas couldn't fail to be unstable and miserable. Imagina a factory staffed by Alphas - that is to say by separate and unrelated individuals of good heredity and conditioned so as tobe capable (within limits) of making a free choice and assuming responsibilities. Imagine it!' he repeated. 'It's an absurdity. An Alpha-decanted, Alpha-conditioned man would go mad if he had to do Epsilon Semi-Moron work - go mad, or start smashing things up. Alphas can be completely socialized - but only on condition that you make them do Alpha work. Only an Epsilon can be expected to make Epsilon sacrifices, for the good reason that for him they aren't sacrifices; they're the line of least resistance.' [5, p. 228].
Thinking is something stupid and dangerous: 'Old men in the bad old days used to renounce, retire, take to religion, spend their time reading, thinking -reading, thinking - thinking! Idiots, swine!' [5, p. 55].
- Family as a social institution does not exist at all and love and relationships in a way we understand it are something that is really frowned upon. In a dystopian society decency looks completely different from what we keep in mind, usually everyone belongs to everyone else and long relationships are considered as something bad and impossible. Some people might not notice anything strange in these facts which again tell that dystopian writers were foretelling what might actually happen in the future and it really began to come true. People do not really care about each other's lives. Some examples can be given to prove that the ideas of real families didn't exist in dystopias:
'Not until... Listen, Lenina; in Malpais people get married.' 'Get what?' The irritation had begun to creep back into her voice. What was he talking about now? 'For always. They make a promise to live together for always.' 'What a horrible idea!' Lenina was genuinely shocked [5, p. 196].
'I've heard that, too. I've never heard any dead man killed in a war. Killed jumping off buildings, yes, like Gloria's husband last week, but from wars? No.' 'Not from wars,' said Mrs. Phelps. 'Anyway, Pete and I always said, no tears, nothing like that. It's our third marriage each and we're independent. Be independent, we always said. He said, if I get killed off, you just go right ahead and don't cry, but get married again, and don't think of me.' [4, p. 104].
- Suppression of people's anxiety to knowledge is very common in dystopias because it is easier to rule people when they do not know much as they make better pawns in the game and realize orders without questioning the decency of the things that are asked to be done. People become submissive and obey the rulers. In Huxley's 'Brave New World' everything was changed to comfort and happi-
ness thanks to making people do what government wanted them to do and forgetting everything useless for them:
'Knowledge was the highest good, truth the supreme value; all the rest was secondary and subordinate. True, ideas were beginning to change even then. Our Ford himself did a great deal to shift the emphasis from truth and beauty to comfort and happiness. Mass production demanded the shift. Universal happiness keeps the wheels steadily turning; truth and beauty can't.' [5, p. 234].
The same is in the work by Ray Bradbury - nobody is allowed to think twice about a job he is to do, rather he should just accomplish it right away without thinking, without asking questions. If one starts questioning something he is considered a traitor of the society he lives in:
'I'm not thinking. I'm just doing like I'm told, like always. You said get the money and I got it. I didn't really think of it myself. When do I start working things out on my own?' [4, p. 101].
And the most common feature of all the dystopias and namely these two is the totalitarian society where government has all the power to decide which is better for people and what all of them are to do. Certain rules are created and are to be followed and nobody risks disobeying them as it might cause death or imprisonment. There are different mantras that people follow all their lives and they do not even think that some of them may not make any sense. In Ray Bradbury's novel the example of this are rules for firemen which make no sense for us as it is the opposite of what firemen do in real life:
'Established, 1790, to burn English-influenced books in the Colonies. First Fireman: Benjamin Franklin."
Rules:
Answer the alarm swiftly.
Start the fire swiftly.
Burn everything.
Report back to firehouse immediately.
Stand alert for other alarms.' [4, p. 40].
Others are different slogans from a 'Brave New World' society where everything is created in a way that makes people's life easier and shows that there's a solution for each problem that may arise:
'Ending is better than mending. The more the stitches, the less the riches.'; 'Never put off till tomorrow the fun you can have today.'; 'When the individual feels, the community reels.'; 'A, B, C, vitamin D: The fat's in the liver, the cod's in the sea.'; 'A gramme is better than a damn.' [5, p. 49] 'Don't think of him.' 'I can't help it.' 'Take soma then.' 'I do.' 'Well, go on.' [5, p. 192-193] 'Why don't you take soma when you have these dreadful ideas of yours. You'd forget all about them. And instead of being miserable, you'd be jo l-ly. So jolly.' [5, p. 95].
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- Conflict of a protagonist with the rules made by the society and his disobedience to the regime. Protagonist starts to find a way out of this regime and starts acting against all the possible laws existent in the totalitarian society. In Bradbury's '451 Fahrenheit' Guy Montag starts thinking that maybe books are not such a malicious thing, maybe there is something in them that makes people burn for them. At this very point his life changes drastically. He understands that maybe life was not always such:
'I mean,' he said, 'in the old days, before homes were completely fireproof-ed.' 'Didn't firemen prevent fires rather than stoke them up and get them going?' [4, p. 39]; 'At least once in his career, every fireman gets an itch. What do the books say, he wonders. Oh, to scratch that itch, eh? Well, Montag, take my word for it, I've had to read a few in my time, to know what I was about, and the books say nothing! Nothing you can teach or believe. They're about non-existent people, figments of imagination, if they're fiction. And if they're non-fiction, it's worse, one professor calling another an idiot, one philosopher screaming down another's gullet. All of them running about, putting out the stars and extinguishing the sun. You come away lost.' [4, p. 70].
At the same time in the novel 'Brave New World' the Savage was behaving completely different from all the society, he believed in love, marriage and family, while others thought of it as of something that breaks all the existent laws.
The comparison of these two great novels helps us to prove the idea that all the dystopias have something in common: whether it's a conflict of a protagonist with the society or a totalitarian way of governing a country - there's always something that makes a person understand right away that what he is reading at the moment is a dystopia and not any other type of literature and it makes all such works special and very different from any others.
To sum up, we should say that dystopias in different cultures, though they may have some peculiarities, are practically the same; and knowing their basic features may promote more successful cross-cultural communication.
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2. Романчук Л. Утопии и антиутопии: их прошлое, настоящее и будущее // Порог. - 2003. - № 2.
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4. Bradbury R. Fahrenheit 451 [Текст]. - Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2012. - 158 p.
5. Huxley A. Brave New World [Текст]. - Vintage, 2004. - 229 p.
