CC BY
16
Arctic
Environmental Research
Arctic Environmental Research 19(4): 129-138 UDC 581.331.2 : 58.036 : 582.475.2 (470.22) DOI 10.3897/issn2541-8416.2019.19.4.129
Dynamics of the isoenzyme composition of peroxidase and pigments in the needles of the introduced species of Picea (L.) Karst. in the taiga zone (Karelia)
IT Kishchenko1
1 Petrozavodsk State University (Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation) Corresponding author: Ivan Kishchenko (ivanki@karelia.ru)
Academic editor: Yuliya V. Bespalaya ♦ Received 11 July 2019 ♦ Accepted 2 December 2019 ♦ Published 31 December 2019
Citation: Kishchenko IT (2019) Dynamics of the isoenzyme composition of peroxidase and pigments in the needles of the introduced species of Picea (L.) Karst. in the taiga zone (Karelia). Arctic Environmental Research 19(4): 129-138. https://doi. org/10.3897/issn2541-8416.2019.19.4.129
The study was conducted at the Botanical Garden of Petrozavodsk State University (middle taiga sub-zone). The subjects of the study were an indigenous species (P. abies (L.) Karst.), and five introduced species (P. pungens Engelm. f. glauca Regel., P. pungens Engelm. f. viridis Regel., P. glauca (Mill.) Britt., P. omorica (Pane) Purk., P. mariana Britt., P. obovata Ledeb.). The study established high variability of the isoperoxidase spectrum in the Picea species needles during the circannual cycle. Molecular forms of peroxidase typical for growth and dormant periods were determined. Some Picea species were found to have isoenzymes appearing only during the deep dormant period. An increase in the heterogeneity of the needles isoperoxidase spectrum and appearance of molecular forms of the enzyme typical for the dormant period were observed in the indigenous and introduced Picea species in the course of adaptation to unfavorable winter conditions. The isoenzyme system rearrangement ensures plants tolerance to external factors and homeostasis regulation. The content of chlorophyll and carotenoids in the needles of the studied species undergoes significant seasonal changes and is largely determined by their biological characteristics. Pigments concentration naturally increases by the end of the vegetative period and decreases slightly in winter. The total number of pigments in the needles of the indigenous and introduced species is almost the same, indicating a similar rate of stock formation. By the dormant period, the ratio of chlorophylls to carotenoids increases and reaches approximately the same level in all Picea species. The Picea species introduced in Karelia adapt to low winter temperatures with the same physiological changes as the indigenous ones. These include changes in the isoenzyme composition of peroxidase, the dynamics of the pigments content in the needles, and the ratio of chlorophylls to carote-noids. Potential tolerance of the studied plant species to unfavorable environmental factors is affected by the extreme factor of tension that does not exceed the threshold value.
Abstract
Copyright Kishchenko I. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Keywords
Picea, peroxidase isoenzymes, pigments, needles, taiga, introduction
Introduction
The majority of indigenous species of woody plants in the taiga zone of Russia do not tolerate progressive environmental pollution. However, species of conifers, including the genus Picea in other geographical areas, are fairly tolerant to pollution of air with gas and smoke, they are long-lived and decorative throughout the year (Plotnikova 1983; Vstovskaya 1983). Furthermore, many of them are significantly more productive than the local ones, and often can be naturalized (Kalutsky and Bolotov 1983; Mamaev and Makhiev 1996). According to some researchers (Mamaev and Makhiev 1996; Budantsev 1999), increasing biological diversity of natural and artificial plant communities is possible only through the introduction of woody plants. Therefore, these findings indicate the necessity of conifers introduction and evaluation of its potential perspectives..The latter can be done only on the basis of a comprehensive study of adaptations occurring in the plants tested in new growing conditions (Voroshilov 1960; Bazilevskaya 1964).
In Karelia, the main environmental factor limiting the growth and development of plants is low air temperatures in winter. The research of many authors (Novitskaya 1971; Sergeeva 1971; Tumanov 1979; Petukhova 1981; Trunova 1990) showed that plants tolerance to low temperatures is achieved when they prepare for the deep dormant period through specific physiological and cytological rearrangements. Enzymes catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions, as the most sensitive structures, can characterize the adaptive abilities of plants in new growing conditions (Klimachenko 1972). Peroxidase catalyzes the oxidation of a number of organic compounds and plays an important role in plants respiration, growing processes regulation, and lignin synthesis (Esterbauer et al. 1978; Larionova 1978; Semkina 1981). The diversity of these functions explains the presence of a large
number of molecular forms of the enzyme (Kavac and Rone 1975; Andreeva 1988; Sidorov et al. 1989). Previous studies (Osnitskaya 1965; Petrenko et al. 1970; Ozolina and Mochalkin 1972; Khodasevich 1982; Kopsell and Kopsell 2006; Yatsko et al. 2009; Jahns and Holzwarth 2012; Golovko et al. 2013; Latowski et al. 2014) reported that the state of the pigment system, the dynamics and ratio of its components can also serve as reliable indicators of the degree of plants adaptation to many factors, including low temperatures. However, peroxidases composition and needles pigment composition of the species introduced in Karelia have not been studied yet.
The objective of the study is to determine the specific aspects of seasonal dynamics in the peroxidase isoenzymes composition and the content of pigments in the needles of the introduced Picea species.
Materials and methods
The study was conducted at the Botanical Garden of Petrozavodsk State University, located in the taiga zone. The subjects of the study were an indigenous species and five introduced Picea species (Table 1).
Table 1. Description of the studied subjects
Species Place of seedlings origin Medium Average Seed
(Botanical garden - city) age, year height, m production
Picea abies (L.) Petrozavodsk 19 5.8 no
Karst.
P. abies (L.) Karst. Petrozavodsk 50 16.0 yes
P pungens Engelm. St. Petersburg 36 12.7 yes
f. glauca Regel.
P. pungens Engelm. St. Petersburg 36 10.7 yes
f. viridis Regel.
P glauca (Mill.) St. Petersburg 33 11.2 yes
Britt.
P omorica (Pane) Bucharest 27 5.7 no
Purk.
P mariana Britt. Bucharest 19 4.7 no
P obovata Ledeb. Minsk 23 6.4 no
For biochemical analysis, one-year needles were taken from several trees of each species from different sides of the middle part of the crowns, with average weighed quantity being prepared for each species. Needles were sampled 5 times a year (20022003) during the periods of vegetative buds swelling (May), intensive growth of shoots (end of June), transition to the deep dormant period (mid-September), deep dormant period (late October), and forced dormancy period (February). The results of the previous studies (Kishchenko 2000) proved that the differences in the duration of these phenologi-cal stages in the studied species did not exceed one week, and, therefore, simultaneous sampling seemed to be appropriate. The states of deep and forced dormancy were established in the laboratory according to vegetative buds swelling.
The needle samples were frozen with liquid nitrogen and ground in an electric mill to determine the isoenzyme composition of peroxidase. The enzymes extraction from the plant material was carried out with tris-glycine buffer (pH 8.3) containing 0.1% EDTA, 1% Triton X - 100 (Lariono-va 1979). Dowex 1-8 ion exchange resin (200-400 mesh) was used for proteins purification from phenols. Extraction was performed for 1 hour in the refrigerator. A 10% acrylamide solution was used at current power of 2 W. Isoenzymes were separated by the method of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Safonov and Safonova 1969; Mauer 1971). Zones with enzymatic activity were gel stained after Safonov and Safonova (1971). The mobility of individual isoforms in an electric field was measured as the value of relative electrophoretic mobility (Rf). It was calculated by dividing the distance covered by the fraction by the distance covered by the dye marker (bromophenol blue) from the start to finish. Peroxidase spectra consisted of low, medium, and high mobility fractions. Relative electrophoret-ic mobility Rf of fractions with low mobility ranged from 0 to 0.33, with the medium one from 0.34 to 0.66, and with the high one from 0.67 to 1.0 (Sad-vakasova and Kunaeva 1987). The content of pigments was determined by the method of Limar and Sakharova (1973).
Results
The spectrum of peroxidase isoforms was characterized by a very high lability, which allowed designating it as a marker of a plant physiological state. (Polozova 1978; Gordey et al. 1988; Negru et al. 1988; Savich and Peruvian 1990). The study showed that the isoenzyme peroxidase spectrum of the studied Picea species was highly variable during a year and contained only 1-2 stable fractions in each species. In P abies, P. pungens, and P. glauca, the heterogeneity of isoperoxidases composition increased with the transition from growth to dormancy periods, which is not typical of P. omorica, P. mariana, and P. obovata. The maximum number of enzyme isoforms (14) was determined in young P abies trees during the deep dormant period (Table 2). Rf of isoforms depended on the size of the enzyme molecule and its charge: smaller and highly charged molecules moved faster through the molecular sieve of the polyacrylamide gel in the electric field.
The variety of peroxidase isoenzymes resulted from changes in the amino acid composition of the protein part of the enzyme molecule, the composition of sugars in the carbohydrate part, or aggregation of low molecular weight forms (Sadvakasova and Kunaeva 1987). Most of the peroxidase isoforms in the needles of the studied species had an average mobility. During the period of forced dormancy in many species (except for P. glauca and P. mariana), the number of fractions of the enzyme increased (from 4 to 6 isoforms; Table 2) in the zone of low mobility.
From 15 to 20 different peroxidase isoenzymes were recorded during the year in each of the studied species. In general, for the Picea species, the highest frequency of occurrence was found for fractions with Rf of 0.43-0.46; 0.40-0.42; 0.53-0.56; 0.37-0.39, and 0.f71-0.75.
The study revealed isoforms that appeared in the Picea species needles only during the periods of growth or dormancy. Thus, there were isoforms with Rf of 0.30-0.32, and 0.37-0. 39 in the P. glauca needles during the vegetative growth. Their mobility slightly changed with the onset of dormancy and some isoenzymes appeared with Rf of 0.33-0.35, and 0.40-0.42.
Table 2. Peroxidase isoenzymes in the needles of different Picea species at different phenophases
Rf No. of fractions Picea abies (19 years) P. abies (50 years) P. pungens f. glauca P. pungens f. viridis P. glauca P. mariana P. omorica P. obovata
Vegetative buds swelling (mid-May)
0.03-0.05 1 + +
0.07-0.09 2 + +
0.12-0.14 3 + +
0.20-0.22 4 + +
0.23-0.25 5 + +
0.28-0.29 6 + +
0.30-0.32 7 + + + + +
0.34-0.36 8 + + +
0.37-0.39 9 + + + + + +
0.41-0.42 10 +
0.43-0.45 11 + + + + +
0.47 12 +
0.48-0.50 13 + + +
0.51-0.53 14 + + +
0.54-0.55 15 + +
0.58-0.59 16 +
0.62-0.63 17 +
0.65-0.67 18 +
0.68-0.70 19 + +
0.71-0.73 20 + + +
0.75-0.76 21 + +
0.80-0.82 22 + + + +
0.86 23
Number of isoforms 7 5 8 8 8 7 5 7
Intensive shoot growth (mid-June)
0.05-0.07 1 + + + +
0.10-0.12 2 + +
0.17-0.19 3 + + + +
0.20-0.22 4 + + + +
0.27-0.29 5 + + + +
0.30-0.32 6 + + + + + +
0.34-0.36 7 + + + +
0.37-0.39 8 + + + +
0.40-0.42 9 + + + +
0.43 10 + + +
0.45-0.46 11 + + +
0.48-0.50 12 + + + + +
0.53-0.55 13 + + + + +
0.58 14 + +
0.63-0.65 15 + + +
0.70-0.72 16 + +
0.73-0.75 17 + + +
0.77-0.78 18 + + +
0.82 19 +
Number of isoforms 10 8 7 9 5 8 10 9
Transition to deep dormancy (end of September)
0.03-0.06 1 + + + +
0.10-0.12 2
0.16-0.18 3 + + + + +
0.21-0.22 4 + + + + +
0.25-0.27 5 + +
Rf No. of fractions Picea abies (19 years) P. abies (50 years) P. pungens f. glauca P. pungens f. viridis P. glauca P. mariana P. omorica P. obovata
0.29-0.30 6 + + +
0.31-0.32 7 + + + +
0.34-0.36 8 + + + +
0.37-0.39 9 + + +
0.40-0.41 10 + + + + +
0.42-0.44 11 + + + +
0.45-0.47 12 + +
0.48-0.49 13 +
0.51-0.52 14 +
0.53-0.55 15 + + + +
0.56-0.58 16 + +
0.60 17 +
0.63-0.65 18 + + + + +
0.66-0.69 19 + + +
0.71-0.73 20 + + + +
0.74-0.76 21 + + +
0.77-0.79 22 + + +
0.82-0.84 23 + + +
Number of isoforms 9 8 10 10 9 7 9 9
Deep dormancy (October)
0.03-0.05 1 + + + + +
0.07-0.09 2 + + + +
0.11 3 +
0.14-0.15 4 + +
0.33-0.35 5 + + + + +
0.37-0.38 6 + + + +
0.39 7 +
0.40-0.42 8 + + + + + + + +
0.43-0.45 9 + + + +
0.46 10 + +
0.47-0.49 11 + + + + + +
0.51-0.52 12 + + +
0.53-0.54 13 + + + +
0.55-0.56 14 + +
0.58-0.59 15 + + +
0.63 16 +
0.68-0.69 17 + + +
0.70-0.71 18 + +
0.76-0.78 19 + + + +
0.80-0.81 20 + + +
0.82-0.84 21 + + + + +
Number of isoforms 14 8 10 8 8 7 8 9
Forced dormancy (February)
0.04-0.05 1 + +
0.08-0.10 2 + + + + + +
0.14-0.15 3 + + +
0.17-0.18 4 + + + +
0.21-0.22 5 + + + +
0.24 6 + + +
0.26-0.27 7 + + +
0.29-0.30 8 + + + +
0.31-0.32 9 + +
0.33-0.35 10 + + + + +
Rf No. of fractions Picea abies (19 years) P. abies (50 years) P. pungens f. glauca P. pungens f. viridis P. glauca P. mariana P. omorica P. obovata
0.37-0.39 11 + + + + +
0.40-0.42 12 + + +
0.44-0.46 13 + + +
0.47-0.49 14 + + +
0.50-0.52 15 + + + + +
0.57-0.60 16 + + + + +
0.61-0.63 17 + + + +
0.64-0.66 18 + + + +
0.69 19 +
0.71-0.73 20 + + + +
0.75 21 +
The number of fractions 10 11 9 10 8 8 8 10
P. mariana fractions with Rf of 0.12-0.14 and 0.280.29 were characteristic for the period of growth, and fractions with the Rf of 0.45-0.46 were characteristic for the dormancy period. In the needles of some Picea species isoperoxidases were determined as appearing only in the period of deep dormancy. For example, in P. abies these were fractions with Rf of 0.58-0.59; 0.76-0.78 and 0.82-0.84; in P. obovata, this isoform had Rf of 0.37-0.38 and 0.39 (two instead of one with Rf 0.37- 0.39), 0.47-0.49 and 0.80-0.81. In addition to other characteristics, molecular forms of peroxidase differed by the optimal conditions necessary for the of catalytic activity manifestation (Sadvakasova and Kunaeva 1987). Different environmental conditions during the periods of growth and dormancy affected the activity of various peroxidase isoforms. This explains the change in the spectrum of isoperox-idases when phenological phases change.
Comparison of isoenzymes sets of different species and forms of the genus Picea showed similarities between related forms, especially in the dormancy period. Therefore, during the growth period (June) P pungens f. glauca and P. pungens f. viridis were found to have four or five identical fractions out of seven or nine; during the dormancy period they had eight or nine forms out of ten. In P abies trees of different ages, the sets of isoenzymes contained five -seven similar forms when the number of fractions was changing from five to thirteen during May - October, and during the period of forced dormancy in February they were almost the same: nine out of ten or eleven.
Discussion
Thus, the high variability of the spectrum of per-oxidase isoenzymes in the needles of the studied species during the year was established. Only 1-2 components of the spectrum in each species or form remained stable. Molecular forms of peroxidase present in the needles only during the periods of growth or dormancy were determined. They obviously performed different functions in the plant: some of them were involved in the growth process, while the others played the protective function by ensuring the plants ability to procure the energy necessary for life-sustaining activity during the winter period (Voronkov 1967; Polozova 1978; Negru et al. 1988).
Peroxidase is considered to be the main winter respiratory system (Okuntsov and Aksenova 1960). In the local species, as well as in some introduced species (P pungens, P. glauca), the number of peroxidase isoenzymes in the dormant period is greater than during the growing season. The number of fractions in the spectrum of isoforms in P. mariana, P. omorica and P. obovata does not increase during the period of transition from growth to dormancy, only their qualitative change takes place. The studies of the Pinus species (Semkina 1985), the Picea species (Kavac and Rone 1975; Kavac 1978), and the Larix species (Lar-ionova 1979) showed that the growth period during spring-summer is characterized by an impoverished spectrum of peroxidase isozyme fractions, and during autumn-winter - by the enriched one.
The study of an important physiological indicator of tolerance resistance - the composition of peroxidase isoenzymes - revealed the similarity of adaptation mechanisms in different species and forms of the genus Picea. During the adaptation to unfavorable winter conditions indigenous species as well as the introduced ones showed the tendency to increase the heterogeneity of the isoperoxidases spectrum in the needles and to appearance of molecular forms of the enzyme typical for the dormant period. The isoenzyme system rearrangement ensured plants tolerance to external factors and homeostasis regulation (Redkin 1974).
Environmental changes were primarily reflected in chloroplasts, where green and yellow pigments play a major role in carbon dioxide assimilation. It was established that the content of plastid pigments in the leaves of relatively frost-resistant species and varieties of fruit crops was much higher (Novitska-ya 1967). Therefore, the study of adaptation mechanisms of woody plants in the areas with harsh climatic conditions should include the determination of the pigment system state in comparison with that of the sustainable indigenous species.
The results of the studies allowed us to establish that the amount of plastid pigments in the needles of the studied Picea species underwent significant seasonal fluctuations (from 0.45 to 1.30 mg/g of raw material). Their content naturally increased (more than twofold) during the growing season, reaching a maximum in autumn, and then decreased slightly (by 20-25%) in winter. The content of the total plas-tid pigments in the needles of P. mariana and P obo-
vata throughout the year was by 20-40% higher than that of the other studied species. A similar trend was observed in the dynamics of separate components of the pigment system: in chlorophyll 'a' and 'b', as well as in carotenoids.
The ratio of content of chlorophyll 'a' to that of chlorophyll 'b' in the needles of the studied plant species gradually decreased from spring to winter (from 3 to 2, Table 3). The ratio of the green pigment amount to the yellow pigment amount increased by the dormant period (Table 3). In the autumn-winter period, the value of this indicator in all studied Picea species reached approximately the same level (about 3). This indicates a significant similarity in the pigment stock formation in the needles of indigenous and introduced species. Consequently, the photosyn-thesizing apparatus of the introduced Picea species can rebuild its pigment system in order to adapt it to harsh winter conditions just as the indigenous species, P abies, do. The research results of Protsenko and Sirenko (1964) (cited after Novitskaya 1967) and Khodasevich (1982) indicate that the concentration of pigments in the needles can be considered as an indicator of plant resistance to unfavorable environmental factors.
Plastid pigments are known to be involved in many physiological and biochemical processes of the plant organism (Ozolina and Mochalkin 1972; Sofronova et al. 2016). In addition, it was established (Osnitska-ya 1965; Petrenko et al. 1970) that the effect of unfavorable factors on plants can cause protective-adaptive reactions, consisting in pigments transition to the function of oxidant or stimulator of oxidative phos-
Table 3. Dynamics of some indicators of pigments content in the needles of various Picea species (2002-2003)
Species The ratio of chlorophylls 'a' to 'b' The ratio of the amount of chlorophylls to the amount of
carotenoids
13 V 15 VI 21 IX 19 X 4 II 13 V 15 VI 21 IX 19 X 4 II
Picea abies (19 years) 3.27 2.98 2.94 3.11 2.00 2.44 2.71 3.24 3.24 3.00
P. abies (50 years) 3.25 2.74 3.11 3.19 2.29 2.46 2.75 3.00 3.14 3.29
P. pungens f. glauca 2.44 2.72 2.31 2.53 2.33 2.64 2.85 3.42 3.33 3.00
P. pungens f. viridis 3.05 2.66 2.78 2.66 2.22 2.76 2.72 3.07 3.15 3.45
P. glauca 2.79 2.94 2.70 3.09 2.25 2.72 2.71 3.15 2.79 3.59
P. omorica 2.74 2.57 2.92 2.72 2.40 2.38 2.53 3.17 3.13 3.28
P. mariana 2.88 2.86 2.60 2.77 2.30 2.28 2.54 3.04 3.14 3.50
P. obovata 2.61 3.10 2.63 2.50 1.80 2.67 2.64 3.12 2.84 2.92
phorylation and ATP formation, and, therefore, their content increases. Probably, this fact could explain the increase in the content of pigments in the needles of P. mariana and P. obovata during the whole year as compared with other introduced species.
Conclusion
The study established high variability of the isoper-oxidase spectrum in the Picea species needles during the annual cycle. Molecular forms of peroxidase typical for growth and dormant periods were determined. Some Picea species were found to have isoenzymes that appear only during the deep dormant period. Different isoforms of peroxidase seem to be active in different environmental conditions, and, therefore, in different phases of tree development: during the vegetative growth or the dormant period.
During the dormant period the local species and some introduced species have a greater number of peroxidase isoenzymes than during the growing season. In P. omorica, P. mariana, and P. obovata the number of fractions in the isoforms spectrum does not increase during the transition from growth to dormancy but only their qualitative change takes place. Thus, in the course of adaptation to unfavorable winter conditions indigenous and introduced Picea species demonstrate the increase in the heterogeneity of the isoperoxidases spectrum in the needles as well as the appearance of molecular forms of the enzyme typical of the dormant period. The isoenzyme system rearrangement ensures plants tolerance to external factors and homeostasis regulation.
The content of chlorophyll and carotenoids in the needles of the studied species undergoes significant seasonal changes and is largely determined by their biological characteristics. The concentration of pigments naturally increases by the end of the vegetative period, and decreases slightly in winter. The total number of pigments in the needles of indigenous and introduced species is relatively the same, indicating a similar rate of their stock formation. By the onset of the dormant period, the ratio of the amount of chlorophyll to the amount of carotenoids increases and reaches approximately the same level in all Picea species.
Plants adaptation to extreme environmental impact is a complex system of processes controlled by the self-regulation system of the organism. Introduced species in new climatic conditions use the same adaptation mechanisms as the indigenous ones. Thus, the Picea species introduced in Karelia adapt to low winter temperatures in the same ways as the local species do. They have similar physiological changes including the changes in the isozyme composition of peroxidase, the dynamics of the pigment content in needles, and the ratio of chlorophylls to carotenoids. Potential tolerance of the studied plant species to unfavorable environmental factors is affected by the extreme factor of tension that does not exceed the threshold value.
Acknowledgements
The study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project 18-44-100002 p_a)
References
■ Andreeva VA (1988) Peroxidase enzyme: participation in the plant defense mechanism. Moscow, 128 pp. [in Russian]
■ Bazilevskaya NA (1964) Theory and methods of plant introduction. Moscow, 130 pp. [in Russian]
■ Budantsev LYu (1999) Biological diversity of flora, different aspects - one problem. Biological Diversity - Plant introduction - Proceed. 2nd International Scientific Conference (April 20-23, 1999). SPb., 12-14. [in Russian]
■ Esterbauer H, Grill D, Zotter M (1978) Peroxydase in Nadeln von Picea abies (L.) Karst. Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen 172(1, 2): 155-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-3796(17)30369-4
■ Jahns P, Holzwarth AR (2012) The role of the xanthophyll cycle and of lutein in photoprotection of photosystem II. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1817: 182-193. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.04.012
■ Golovko TK, Yatsko YaN, Dymova OV (2013) Seasonal changes in the state of the photosynthetic apparatus of three boreal species of coniferous plants in the middle taiga subzone in the European Northeast. [Coniferous Boreal Zone] 31: 73-78. [in Russian]
■ Gordey VN, Olyunina LN, Lyalina IK (1988) Electrophoret-ic studies of wheat germ peroxidase in relation to nutritional conditions. Regulation of enzymatic activity in plants. Bitter 1988: 15-20.
■ Kavac YE, Rone VM (1975) Isoenzymes of needles in spruce populations. Genetic studies of trees in Latvia. SSR, Riga, 58-63.
■ Kavac YE (1978) Isoforms of peroxidase needles in populations of Norway spruce. Selection of forest trees. Riga, 69-82.
■ Kalutsky KK, Bolotov NA (1983) Bioecological features of forest introduction and. Forest Introduction, Voronezh, 4-14. [in Russian]
■ Khodasevich EV (1982) Photosynthetic apparatus conifers. Science and Technology, Minsk, 199 pp. [in Russian]
■ Kishchenko IT (2000) Growth and development of native and introduced species of the family Pinaceae Lindl. in the conditions of Karelia. Publishing House of PetrSU, Petrozavodsk, 214 pp. [in Russian]
■ Klimachenko AF (1972) Features of growth and winter-hardiness of introduced Far Eastern tree species under conditions of Western Siberia - Physiological mechanisms of adaptation and resistance in plants. Part 1. Novosibirsk, 163-184. [in Russian]
■ Kopsell DA, Kopsell DE (2006) Accumulation and bioavail-ability of dietary carotenoids in vegetable crops. Trends in Plant Science 11: 499-507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. tplants.2006.08.006
■ Larionova AYa (1978) Variability of electrophoretic spectra of peroxidase and needle esterase in larch populations. Selection of coniferous species of Siberia. Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, 35-51. [in Russian]
■ Larionova AYa (1979) Dynamics of electrophoretic spectra of needles of larch. [Bulletin of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy ofSciences. Biology Series] 10(2): 97-100. [in Russian]
■ Latowski D, Dymova O, Maslova T, Strzalka K (2014) The xanthophyll cycle and its physiological function. Photosyn-thetic Pigments: Chemical Structure, Biological Function and Ecology. Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the RAS, 183-206. [in Russian]
■ Limar RS, Sakharova OV (1973) Fast spectrophotometric method for determining leaf pigments. Methods of complex
study of photosynthesis. L .; VASHNIL; All Research Institute of Plant Industry named after NI Vavilov 2: 260-267. [in Russian]
■ Mamaev SA, Makhiev AK (1996) Problems of biological diversity and its maintenance in forest ecosystems. [Russian Journal of Forest Sciences] 5: 3-10. [in Russian]
■ Mauer G (1971) Electrophoresis Disk. Theory and practice of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. World, Moscow, 247 pp. [in Russian]
■ Negru PV, Medvedeva TN, Cojocaru VA, Mikhailov MV (1988) Ecological and physiological mechanisms of winter-hardiness of grapes. Chisinau, 172 paragraphs.
■ Novitskaya YuE (1967) Physiological and biochemical processes in spruce in spruce-deciduous plantations of the North. Issues of breeding, seed production and physiology of tree species ofthe North. Kar, Petrozavodsk, 140-166. [in Russian]
■ Novitskaya YuE (1971) Features of physiological and biochemical processes in the needles and shoots of spruce in the conditions of the North. Leningrad, 117 pp. [in Russian]
■ Okuntsov MM, Aksenova OF (1960) Peculiarities of the respiratory system behavior during hardening of plants - Physiological resistance of plants. Moscow, 38-43. [in Russian]
■ Osnitskaya LK (1965) On the role of carotenoids in the photosynthesis of purple sulfur bacteria. [Bulletin of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Biology Series] 1: 58-65. [in Russian]
■ Ozolina IA, Mochalkin AI (1972) The role of pigments in the protective and adaptive reactions of plants. [Bulletin of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Biology Series] 1: 96-102. [in Russian]
■ Petrenko SG, Bershtein BI, Volkova NV, Okanenko AS, Ostro-vskaya LK, Reingard TA, Semenyuk II, Yasnikov AA (1970) On the mechanism of the participation of carotenoids in the formation of ATP in chloroplasts. [Physiology and Biochemistry of Cultivated Plants] 2(2): 137-141. [in Russian]
■ Petukhova IP (1981) Ecological and physiological bases for the introduction of woody plants. Moscow, 124 pp.
■ Plotnikova LS (1983) The scientific basis for the introduction and protection of woody plants in the flora of the USSR. Department biological sciences. Moscow, 52 seconds. [in Russian]
■ Polozova LYa (1978) The study of isoenzyme spectra as a method for studying the structure of populations of tree species. Scientific bases of selection of coniferous tree species. Moscow, 99-114. [in Russian]
■ Redkin PS (1974) Isozymes as elements of regulatory systems of homeostasis. Uspekhi sovremennoj biologii (Advances in modern biology) 8(1/4): 42-56. [in Russian]
■ Savich IM, Peruvian YuV (1990) Biochemical support for diagnostics of grain resistance. [Physiology and Biochemistry of Cultivated Plants] 22(1): 13-19.
■ Sadvakasova GG, Kunaeva RM (1987) Some physicochem-ical and biological properties of plant peroxidase. [Physiology and Biochemistry of Cultivated Plants] 19(2): 107-119. [in Russian]
■ Safonov VI, Safonova MP (1969) Analysis of Plant Proteins by the Method of Vertical Micro-Electrophoresis in Polyacrylamide Gel. [Plant Physiology] 16(2): 350-356. [in Russian]
■ Safonov VI, Safonova MP (1971) Research of plant proteins and enzymes by the method of micro-electrophoresis in poly-acrylamide gel. [Biochemical Methods in Plant Physiology] Moscow, 113-136. [in Russian]
■ Semkina LA (1981) Endogenous variability of Scots pine on the isozyme spectrum of needles peroxidase. Study of the forms of the intraspecific variability of plants. Yekaterinburg, 70-75.
■ Semkina LA (1985) Variability of peroxidase isozyme spectra in Scots pine. Sverdlovsk, 69 pp. [in Russian]
■ Sergeeva KA(1971) Physiological and biochemical basis ofwin-ter hardiness of woody plants. Moscow, 174 pp. [in Russian]
■ Sidorov VP, Mukhamedshin KD, Mirontseva NA, Dyakov VL (1989) Isoenzyme spectrum of Scots pine peroxidase in the
early stages of ontogenesis. [Russian Journal of Forest Sciences] 2: 85-88. [in Russian]
■ Sofronova VE, Dymova OV, Golovko TK, Chepalov VA, Petrov KA (2016) Adaptive changes in the pigment complex of the needles of Pinus sylvestris during hardening to a low temperature. [Plant Physiology] 63(4): 461-471. [in Russian] https://doi.org/10.1134/S1021443716040142
■ Trunova TI (1990) Physiological and biochemical bases of adaptation and frost resistance of plants. Second Congress of the Federal Fund for Nature Management. Tez. Report. Moscow, 91 pp. [in Russian]
■ Tumanov II (1979) Physiology of hardening and frost resistance of plants. Moscow, 352 pp. [in Russian]
■ Voronkov LA (1967) On the biological role and mechanism of action of peroxidase. [Agricultural Biology] 2(1): 78-84. [in Russian]
■ Voroshilov VN (1960) The rhythm of development in plants. Moscow, 312 pp. [in Russian]
■ Vstovskaya TN (1983) Introduction ofwoody plants ofthe Far East and Western Siberia. Novosibirsk, 196 pp. [in Russian]
■ Yatsko YaN, Dymova OV, Golovko TK (2009) Pigment complex of winter and evergreen plants in the middle taiga subzone of the European Northeast. [Botanical Magazine] 94: 1812-1820. [in Russian]
