CC BY
11DYNAMIC PROCESSES OF ORGANIC BUSINESS
Kovalchuk S.,
PhD in Economics, Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, Ukraine
Duik A.
PhD in Economics, Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, Ukraine
Abstract
The article examines the importance of organic entrepreneurship for the transition to new resource-saving economic models of agricultural sector development. The purpose of this study is to determine the role and importance of organic entrepreneurship to ensure sustainable development of the agricultural sector under the influence of "green" transformations. The foreign experience of organic entrepreneurship as a fundamental factor in the development of the economy of the agricultural sector is generalized. Criteria for assessing competitiveness in the market of organic agricultural products are described. The advantages of organic production are generalized and its role in ensuring sustainable development of the country's economy is shown.
Keywords: organic products, organic entrepreneurship, agricultural producers, social role, competitiveness, sustainable development.
At the end of the XX century. the world market of organic products begins to develop rapidly. Over time, environmentally friendly production is beginning to become a strategy for innovative development of agriculture in most countries. Almost all countries of the world are engaged in the production of organic agricultural products. The share of farms supplying such products is constantly growing. The world consumer market is becoming more organic, ie the number of organic products on the shelves is growing every year. Thus, producers and traders are responding to increased consumer demand for organic products. Interest in organic production is caused by a number of factors.
As a result of the crisis, global demand for rolled metal, coal and other products has significantly decreased, and the production of environmentally friendly food can solve many economic, environmental and social problems in many countries, such as increasing employment, stabilizing trade balance through exports of finished food. reduction of energy consumption, preservation and restoration of soil fertility, provision of the population with quality drinking water, etc[1].
According to experts from IFOAM and the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), organic farming is currently developing in 160 countries, and the market reaches 50-60 billion US dollars. The largest segment of the world market of eco-products is occupied by vegetables and fruits, baby food, milk, beef, agricultural raw materials for processing.
A characteristic indicator of the development of organic agriculture is the size of organic areas under crops. Europe (about 90% of the European Union) ranks second in the world in organic farming after Australia. In the EU, the development of organic farming is stimulated through developed infrastructure, and producers and consumers appreciate the benefits of organic agriculture[2].
In today's global market for agricultural products and food, demand is significantly differentiated: from unpretentious to high-quality food parameters in countries with low solvency demand, to strict requirements for the production process and its quality in countries
with leading economies and demand with high solvency. The increase in requirements for the quality of agricultural products arose in response to the intensification of urbanization and environmental pollution, the growing use of synthetic agrochemicals in its production, the growth of environmental awareness. The market has ensured the emergence of a certified production process, which prohibits the use of chemically synthesized fertilizers and plant protection products, hormones and antibiotics, genetically modified organisms, synthetic flavors, preservatives, dyes, etc., as well as appropriately labeled products - organic.
The main task of organic production is to create regional markets and the optimal use of information through the media to form the needs of the average consumer in high quality and natural food. The most common is the use of sales channels such as supermarkets, which allows you to reach all segments of the population and increase sales. Although in most countries it is sold directly on farms and specialty stores. For example, in Austria, Denmark, Great Britain, the bulk of organic products (up to 70-80%) are sold through supermarkets, where the price premium is up to 30% or more[3].
In different countries, there are some terminological differences in the definition of environmentally friendly products, which often lead to misunderstandings. For example, the term "organic farming" is officially accepted in the English-speaking countries of the European Union and the United States. The equivalent term in France, Italy, Portugal and the Benelux countries is "organic farming" (Biologic Farming), and in Denmark, Germany and Spanish-speaking countries -"organic farming" (Ecologie Farming).
Each country is responsible for the availability of documents on organic farming and the quality of inspections. EU import policy is of great importance for the development of world agriculture, of course, subject to certain requirements.
First, such countries must have legislation on organic agriculture and a control system. It is necessary to submit a certificate of conformity for production
technology, the functioning of inspections must be checked by EU experts.
Secondly, through the licensing procedure. Certification bodies help exporters and importers to collect the necessary documents, the requirements for which are different in different EU countries, but they meet certain principles.
Among European countries, Denmark is the leader in terms of per capita consumption of organic products, as well as the world leader, with an average of 139 euros per capita per year. It is approached by Switzerland with an amount of 132 euros per year. This figure in most EU countries is 30-70 euros per year and tends to grow rapidly[1].
A characteristic feature of organic agricultural production is the presence of strictly regulated conditions and rules of the production process, compliance with which is determined by the result of production certification (can last up to two years) and periodic inspection (control of production, processing and circulation of organic products). Subject to compliance with the standards of organic production, the product acquires the right to position itself on the market under the brand name "organic".
In the EU, the production and consumption of organic products are regulated by Regulation (EU)
2018/848 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on organic production and labelling of organic products and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007, according to which "Organic production is a whole a food management and production system that combines best practices in terms of environmental conservation, biodiversity, conservation of natural resources, the application of high standards of animal welfare and a production method that meets certain requirements for products made using substances and processes of natural origin. Thus, the method of organic production plays a dual social role: on the one hand, it provides a specific market that meets the needs of consumers in organic products, and on the other -provides the common good, promoting environmental protection, proper animal husbandry and rural development.
The aim of the Community legal system governing the organic production sector should be to ensure fair competition and the proper functioning of the internal market for organic products, as well as to maintain and justify consumer confidence in products labeled as organic. Moreover, this system should be aimed at ensuring the conditions under which the sector will be able to move forward in parallel with the development of production and the market (Fig. 1)[4].
Fig. 1. Basic principles of Regulation (EU) 2018/848 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on organic production and labelling of organic products and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No
834/2007 [4]
Regulation (EU) 2018/848 of the European Parliament Principles
Organic agricultural production should be based primarily on renewable resources within individual agricultural formations. The use of non-renewable resources should be minimized through the recycling of wastes and by-products of plant and animal origin to return nutrients to the soil.
Organic crop production should help preserve and improve soil fertility, as well as prevent its erosion. Plants should receive nutrients primarily through soil ecosystems and not through soluble fertilizers applied to the soil.
It is considered appropriate to limit the use of the EU logo to products consisting exclusively or almost exclusively of organic ingredients, so as not to mislead consumers as to the organic origin of the product as a whole.
The basis of the organic crop management system is proper soil fertility management, selection of species and varieties, long-term crop rotation, secondary use of materials and appropriate tillage technologies. The use of additional fertilizers, soil improvers and plant protection products is possible only if they are compatible with the goals and principles of organic production.
Under no circumstances should the EU logo prevent the simultaneous use of
national and private logos.
Repeatedly, the terms environmentally friendly products and organic are used interchangeably. The difference in these two almost identical concepts, from the point of view of human health, is insignificant and consists that ecologically pure production is made only with use of mechanical processing of the soil, and organic is that production at which preparations of a plant and animal origin are applied. that do not harm the human body. The motive for the demand for these products is the safety of their consumption. If we generalize the process of growing organic products in modern conditions, it is no different from the growing process used by our ancestors until the twentieth century[5].
Thus, organic production is a holistic system of food management and production, which combines best practices in terms of environmental protection, biodiversity, conservation of natural resources, the application of high standards of proper maintenance (welfare) of animals and a method of production that meets certain requirements for products manufactured using substances and processes of natural origin[6].
According to IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture), organic production is a production system that supports the health of soils, ecosystems and people. It depends on environmental processes, biodiversity and natural cycles specific to local conditions, while avoiding the use of harmful resources that
cause adverse effects. Organic production combines tradition, innovation and science in order to improve the environment and promote fair relations and a decent standard of living for all of the above.
In a general sense, organic production is a method that excludes the use of chemically synthesized fertilizers
genetically modified organisms, and so on. In this case, all stages of cultivation, transportation, processing provide maximum environmental protection, health of workers and are subject to mandatory inspection and certification[7]. Thus, it can be argued that the method of organic production plays a dual social role (see
and plant and animal protection products, the use of Fig.2).
provides a specific market that meets the needs of consumers in organic products.
the common good, contributing to the protection of the environment, the proper maintenance of animals, as well as rural development.
Fig. 2. The social role of the method of organic production
Ecologically clean food products are products of organic agriculture, the processing of which was carried out without the use of chemical ingredients (preservatives, stabilizers, dyes, etc.). "Organic agriculture" in the world is understood as an agricultural practice that does not use synthetic chemicals (fertilizers, pesticides, antibiotics, etc.), carries out minimal plowing of the soil and excludes the use of genetically modified
Public goods for the production
organisms (GMOs). Organic agriculture covers various areas - crop production, animal husbandry, poultry, horticulture, fishing and others. In essence, it is a multifunctional agroecological model of production, based on careful management (planning and management) of agro-ecosystems and allows in the future to agree and harmonize economic, environmental and social goals [5](Table 1).
Table 1
Economic Social Ecological
Reduction of production costs due to the exclusion of costs for industrial agriculture. chemicals Increasing jobs in rural areas by increasing the share of manual labor in the final product Prevention of land degradation (erosion, high acidity, salinity), preservation and restoration of their natural fertility
Reducing the energy intensity of agricultural production Increasing the role of local knowledge and initiatives Cessation of pollution of water basins and groundwater, purification of drinking water sources from toxic chemicals
Increasing the export part of the trade balance New prospects for small farms and rural communities, in particular in improving welfare Providing the population with healthy, environmentally friendly and wholesome food that minimizes the man-made impact on the human body
Despite the fact that organic production has a number of advantages and creates economic, social, environmental benefits[7], there are also risks in the production of organic products (Table 2).
Table 2
Risks of organic food production
Economic Marketing Financial
Insufficient development of markets for environmentally friendly food products Risks of selling organic certified products at prices equal to the prices of traditional products Financial losses due to reduced production (especially for farms that have actively used intensive technologies)
Associated with possible changes in the market situation of organic products during the 2-4 transition years Unsatisfactory level of demand for organic food due to insufficient consumer awareness of its availability and benefits Financial costs for the purchase of special machinery and equipment
Lack of an effective risk insurance mechanism in agricultural production Insufficiently effective investment in the promotion of organic food
Organic production is based on characteristic principles (Table 3). As world experience shows, the following principles, which make the introduction of organic production in national economies extremely attractive, include the principle of profitability (profitability). In short, it is formulated as follows: "prevention of pollution - profita-ble"[5;7].
Table 3.
Principles of organic production
№ P/P Name The nature of the action
1 Locality limiting the appearance and harmful effects of pollutants at the place of their formation;
2 Prevention prevention of the formation of pollutants and their negative effects in the stages preceding their possible appearance;
3 Systematic implementation of economically sound ways to prevent, reduce, neutralize pollutants at all stages of the production process - from raw materials to finished products;
4 Ecological and economic assessment of decisions an integrated approach to the selection of the optimal option for pollution prevention, which involves a combined assessment of both environmental and economic effects;
5 Financial viability availability of the necessary financial resources for the implementation of decisions;
6 Profitability economic feasibility of pollution prevention (waste generation);
7 Continuity sequence of implementation of projects, programs and plans in their constant development.
The introduction of environmentally friendly technologies and productions aimed at preventing pollution should be more cost-effective than spending money on cleaning, elimination of eco-destruction or payment of compensation. Therefore, the transformation of industrial production into environmentally friendly, the development of new technologies must be aimed at achieving the effect[8].
General principles of production, storage, transportation and sale of organic products (raw materials):
1) voluntariness;
2) rational use of natural resources, ensuring their proper use and reproduction;
3) refusal to use genetically modified organisms and products from them;
4) refusal to use chemically synthesized external resources, except in exceptional cases established by this Law;
5) long-term maintenance of soil fertility;
6) use of living organisms and methods of mechanical production;
7) ensuring a high level of biological diversity;
8) use in production of processes that do not harm the environment, human health, plants, animal health and welfare;
9) risk assessment and, where appropriate, the use of precautionary and preventive measures;
10) production of crop products taking into account local conditions;
11) adaptation of the rules of organic production taking into account the sanitary condition, regional climatic differences and local conditions[8;9].
A separate group includes special principles of production, storage, transportation and sale of organic products:
1) ensuring the preservation and reproduction of soil fertility, soil stability and soil biodiversity by methods that optimize the biological activity of soils, ensure a balanced supply of nutrients for plants;
2) minimizing the use of non-renewable and external resources;
3) processing of waste and related products of plant and animal origin for further use in the production of products of plant and animal origin;
4) taking into account the local or regional ecological condition of the territories when choosing the category of products for production;
5) protection of animal health by encouraging natural immune protection of animals, selection of appropriate breeds;
6) plant protection through preventive measures, such as selection of appropriate species and varieties resistant to diseases and pests, crop rotation, mechanical and physical methods and protection against natural enemies (pests);
7) taking into account when choosing breeds the degree of adaptation of animals to local conditions, their viability and resistance to disease;
8) compliance with a high level of animal welfare that meets the needs inherent in each individual species;
9) production of organic livestock products from animals that have been raised in organic farms from birth throughout life;
10) feeding animals with organic feed;
11) exclusion of the use of artificially bred polyploid animals;
12) conservation of biological diversity of natural aquatic ecological systems, continuous protection of the aquatic environment and quality of surrounding aquatic and surface ecological systems in the production of fishery products
13) maintenance of plant health by preventive measures - selection of appropriate species and varieties resistant to pests and diseases, response
14) promoting and increasing the level of biological activity of soils, their natural fertility, stability and biological diversity, prevention and control of compaction and erosion, soil crop rotation, mechanical and physical methods and protection of natural enemies of pests[4].
Organic agriculture offers an alternative food system that can increase agricultural productivity, overcome food shortages in the world's poorest regions, ensure social justice and preserve the environment. FAO
water, air and land to the condition of the finished product, can label their product as organic. Product evaluation is based on national and international standards, which take into account not only compliance with the standard of the product itself, but also all stages of its manufacture in terms of environmental impact.
Certification is carried out in accordance with the standards of the EU, USA and others. Organizations such as Control Union (Netherlands), IMO (Switzerland), as well as representatives of Italy, Germany, Hungary, Poland, etc. have been operating in the market for a long time.
As world practice shows, the main sales channels for organic products are direct sales from producer to consumer through markets or shops owned by the manufacturer, specialty stores, and since the 1980s - super-markets[10]. The distribution of sales channels for organic products in European countries is shown in table 4.
Table 4
Distribution of sales channels for organic products in European countries,%
Country Retail Direct sales, markets Specialty stores Others
Austria 72 15 8 5
Belgium 41 20 37 2
Denmark 89 7 4 -
Finland 90 9 1 -
France 42 23 28 7
Germany 33 17 38 12
Italy 60 33 33 7
Netherlands 44 7 49 -
Sweden 91 7 - 2
Switzerland 75 5 16 4
England 80 9 11 -
reports that with 56% growth in organic farming in developing countries, it will be possible to fully meet the food demand in these countries by 2030 and overcome the effects of climate change. According to the same FAO, 90% of nitrous oxide emissions and 30% of CO2, which causes global warming, enter the atmosphere through conventional agriculture, mass deforestation and burning of fields and pastures.
The organic market is a multibillion-dollar industry. For example, in the UK, the organic industry has a turnover of around £ 2 billion a year.
Organic products can be called, the production of which has passed the certification procedure in the prescribed manner, and they themselves meet the approved standards and are properly labeled. The organic product label must bear the appropriate logo and information about the certification body. Only companies that have passed the certification of all stages of production, from
The lion's share among the sales channels of organic products is occupied by retail trade, which dominates the market of the represented countries. The exceptions are the Netherlands and Germany. Direct routes of promotion are most popular in France and
Belgium[10]. Each of the sales channels has its own characteristics, advantages and disadvantages; all these factors the manufacturer must take into account when carrying out its marketing activities (Table 5)
Table 5
Characteristic features of the most typical sales channels of organic products
Sales channel Characteristic
Sales volume Knowledge of the subject of sale Market coverage level
Direct sales to individual consumers through:
Shops owned by the manufacturer Small or medium Excellent Regional
Sales by phone Small Mostly regional
Through the Internet - the manufacturer's stores Medium National
Sales cooperatives for the sale of organic products under a common brand High Regional, interregional
Export Mostly depends on the orders Interregional
Sale to representatives of wholesale trade Large Enough Regional, interregional, national
Direct deliveries to specialized shops and restaurants Small Excellent Mostly regional
Sale to processing enterprises Depending on the orders Enough Regional, interregional, national
Supermarkets Large Satisfactory Regional, interregional, national
In the context of integration processes and the action of the free trade zone with the European Union, an important role is played by a thorough assessment of product competitiveness, as a set of quality and cost characteristics of goods that contribute to the advantage of competing products to meet specific customer needs.
Thus, the two main criteria - the quality and price of organic products - are in dynamic opposition, as the
Features of economic criteria for assessing competitiveness:
1. Productivity in organic farms in most cases is lower than in conventional, but organic systems are more resistant to natural stress.
2. Naturally, in organic farms, production costs in value terms are much lower than similar costs of traditional agricultural farms, but there is a stable dynamics of growth of living labor costs.
advantage in quality, compared to most foods, correlates with a much higher price. Analysis of the nature of the relationship between the subjects and objects of the market of organic agricultural products shows the need to assess the competitiveness of the organic market, taking into account not only purely economic cri-teria[11], but also environmental and social factors (Table 6)..
Table 6
3. In the vast majority of cases, organic farms are more competitive in terms of gross and net profit, but often it is the premium price increases that have a decisive influence on the relatively high profitability of organic technologies.
According to research by the UN Council on Trade and Development, organic agriculture in underdeveloped countries has every chance to surpass the conventional and traditional systems of agricultural
Matrix of criteria for assessing competitiveness in the market of organic agricultural products
Subjects Objects The end consumer of organic products Manufacturer of organic products Organic sales service provider State
Organic products Accessibility, quality, external ecological effects. Profitability with taking into account state factors regulation pricing. Sales stability, the possibility of excluding intermediaries. Production of brands. Profitability. Convenient identification organic product, including imported. High reputation among consumers Demand for products among the population. Social factors (health and accessibility). Diversification domestic economy and foreign economic activities.
Enterprise wa-manufactur-ers organic products Possibility acquisition products without mediocre kiv. Of other-rating abstract Source of receipt stable income at relatively low costs. Sustainable development factor rural areas and obtaining additional non-agricultural income. Diversification manufacturers. Insignificant their remoteness. Cooperative deliveries. Providing organic standards and sus- tainability production after the transition period. The factor of increasing employment.
Enterprise in the provision services on implementation organic products Standard score from look buyer (remote l, price, quality, etc.). Possibility of regular reception by trade enterprises various parties organic products and accelerated turnover from sales. Sales volume. The share of organic products in the structure implementation. Software maintaining quality by adhering to organic standards
Market organic products on country levels It is estimated mediators ano through structure consumer costs Organic perfection warranty system, the share of organic products, including imported, on food and organic markets. Channel development implementation. Possibilities of the state support in transition period. Development organic warranty systems. The presence of a stable production base. High level income and education buyers. Development organic warranty systems. The presence of a stable production base. High level income and education buyers.
production in terms of yield, diversification and economic efficiency (table 7). Such benefits make organic production particularly attractive to small and poor farmers, who may otherwise be at risk of a food and financial crisis[6;8].
Organic agriculture has a chance to become a powerful tool for reducing poverty and hunger on the
Intensification of agriculture has a negative impact not only on the environment, but also depletes natural resources, without which farming is impossible. For two decades, the planet has lost 15 million hectares of tropical forests each year, and with them natural biodiversity in favor of expanding arable land. In addition, every year due to erosion and other forms of soil degradation we lose 5-7 million hectares of agricultural land and another 1.5 million hectares due to salinization and waterlogging of the soil. According to researchers, more than 30 million hectares of agricultural land have damaged soil structure and as a result of low natural
The average conventional vegetable and fruit contains more than 20 pesticides, meat and milk, in turn, contain antibiotics, hormones, growth stimulants. Instead, according to research by scientists from different
planet. The market for organic products is growing steadily. Since 2000, sales of only organic vegetables and fruits have increased by more than 300%. Demand for organic meat and dairy products is several times higher than supply. In 2006, the global market for organic products was estimated at $ 40 billion, in 20142015. the market grew to $ 65 billion.
Table 7
Organic agriculture has great potential to reverse these negative trends, as well as reduce emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane, which contribute to global warming. Organic management methods improve the condition of the soil and its fertility without the use of chemically synthesized fertilizers. Mandatory use of crop rotations, the use of seeds and species adapted to local conditions, and the restoration of functional biodiversity contributes to the further strengthening of the ecological balance.
Organic production has a number of environmental benefits (Fig. 3).
countries, organic products contain 50% more nutrients, minerals and vitamins such as vitamin C, iron, magnesium and phosphorus than similar products from industrial farms[12-14] (Fig. 4).
Benefits received by farmers engaged in organic production
The benefits that farmers receive are engaged in organic production money savings, as there is no need to buy expensive synthetic pesticides and fertilizers;
additional income received from the sale of surplus products and cultivation of marketable crops;
access to domestic and international export markets of certified organic products and a premium price for their goods;
the possibility of further increasing the cost of organic products as a result of their processing.
fertility.
Environmental benefits of organic production
Organic farming reduces the risk of loss of health by agricultural workers, as they are the most vulnerable to pesticides and other chemicals used in conventional production
Organic products are more beneficial to consumers by minimizing the health effects of toxic and persistent chemicals
Fig. 3. Environmental benefits of organic production
Nutritional benefits of organic products
No pesticides, herbicides, fungicides in the final product
no residues of chemically synthesized fertilizers
pronounced natural aroma and taste
high content of vitamins and minerals
no GMOs and their derivatives
Fig. 4. Nutritional benefits of organic products
Organic agriculture has a high potential to support the livelihoods of the rural population and revitalize small farms[15]. Along with the growth of the organic sector, the employment of the local population will also increase, as organic farming is less mechanized and requires a lot of manual labor[16;17]. Organic production
also has a number of social benefits, and this method through the production and consumption of organic food itself has a positive effect on public health (Fig. 5).
new perspectives for small and medium-sized farms
increasing the viability of rural communities
Social benefits of agri-environmental management
Fig. 5 Social benefits of agro-ecological production
creation of additional jobs in rural areas
Thus, the method of organic production plays an important social role, providing a specific market that meets the needs of consumers in organic products (Table 8).
Table 8
The main advantages of organic products for consumers
Advantages of organic products for consumers are healthy and environmentally friendly; have better quality and higher taste
do not contain genetically modified organisms
have high quality and freshness
do not contain toxic and harmful substances (heavy metals, pesticides, radionuclides, nitrates, nitrites, fungal toxins, etc.)
do not contain harmful residues of artificial growth stimulants, drugs and antibiotics
do not contain pathogenic microorganisms and parasites and allergens
preserve nutrients and natural composition during processing, as only natural processing methods, natural substances and packaging materials are used, synthetic substances (flavors, preservatives, additives, etc.) are not allowed
Thus, all these environmental, social, economic and other benefits for producers and consumers of organic products are factors in ensuring the competitiveness of these products, which in turn allows consumers to choose between traditional and organic products. Due to the intensive development of organic production, national economies are becoming more competitive in world markets[17;18].
Thus, organic products and the transition to environmentally friendly clean production are the most effective way to solve many environmental, social and financial problems. Organic production is achieved through the use of "know-how" techniques, improved technology. Environmentally friendly production provides green growth, socio-economic development of national economies and environmental protection. The introduction of environmentally friendly production allows to increase the competitiveness of the economy by obtaining economic and environmental effects, contributes to the investment attractiveness of the country and ensures the achievement of the Millennium Goals.
References
1. Organic Agriculture and Food Security URL: www.ifoam.org
2. Artysh, V. I. Vyrobnytstvo orhanichnoi produk-tsii v krainakh Yevropeiskoho Soiuzu [Production of organic products in the European Union]. Ekonomika APK. 2014. № 2. pp. 93-96.
3. Kirchmann Holger. Organic Crop Production: Ambitions and Limitations I Springer, 2009. 244 p.
4. Regulation (EU) 2018/848 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on organic production and labelling of organic products and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007
5. Bezus R. Napriamky pidvyshchennia efektyv-nosti vyrobnytstva orhanichnoi produktsii. [Directions for improving the efficiency of organic production]. Ukrainska nauka: mynule, suchasne, maibutnie. 2014. Vyp. 19(1). pp. 4-10
6. Humeniuk H. Standarty Mizhnarodnoi feder-atsii rukhu za orhanichne silske hospodarstvo: osnovni pryntsypy ta kharakterystyky. [Standards of the International Federation of the Movement for Organic Agriculture: Basic Principles and Characteristics]. Standartyzatsiia, sertyfikatsiia, yakist. 2012. № 1. pp. 19—22.
7. Zaichuk T.O. Vitchyznianyi rynok ekolo-hichno chystykh produktiv kharchuvannia ta shliakhy yoho rozvytku. [Domestic market of ecologically clean
food and ways of its development]. Teoriia i praktyka suchasnoi ekonomiky. 2013. pp. 114-125.
8. Kodeks Alymentaryus. Orhanycheskye pyshchevbie product [Organic food]. / Per. s anhl.; FAO/VOOZ M.: «Ves Myr», 2006. — 72 pp.
9. Dovidnyk mizhnarodnykh standartiv dlia orhanichnoho vyrobnytstva [Handbook of international standards for organic production] / Navchalno-koordynatsiinyi tsentr silskohospodarskykh doradchykh sluzhb; Za red. Kapshtyka M.V. ta Kotyrlo O.O. K.: SPD Horobets H.S., 2007. — 356 p.
10. Ktarenko N. Kanaly zbutu orhanichnoi produktsii. [Sales channels for organic products]. Tovary i rynky. 2014. № l.pp. 26-34.
11. Feshchenko N. M. Problemni momenty rynku orhanichnoi silskohospodarskoi produktsii. [Problematic moments of the market of organic agricultural products]. Innovatsiina ekonomika. 2013. № 7. pp. 141-150.
12. Humeniuk H. Vymohy yevropeiskoho za-konodavstva shchodo orhanichnoho vyrobnytstva produktsii tvarynnoho pokhodzhennia. [Requirements of European legislation on organic production of animal products]. Standartyzatsiia. Sertyfikatsiia. Yakist. 2014. № 1. pp. 8-15.
13. Humeniuk H. Mizhnarodni standarty Komisii Kodeks Alimentarius ta FAO/VOOZ shchodo orhanichnoho vyrobnytstva kharchovoi produktsii. [International Commission standards Codex Alimentarius and FAO / WHO for organic food production]. Standartyzatsiia. Sertyfikatsiia. Yakist . 2012. № 2. pp. 19-23.
14. Humeniuk H. D. Yevropeiski i mizhnarodni vymohy shchodo orhanichnoho vyrobnytstva khar-chovykh produktiv. [European and international requirements for organic food production]. Mesnoe delo. 2013. № 10. pp. 12-14.
15. Ieroshyna T. V. Ekolohichno chysta produk-tsiia APK: sut poniattia, suspilno- heohrafichni pidkhody do doslidzhennia. [Environmentally friendly agricultural products: the essence of the concept, socio-geographical approaches to the study]. Ukrainskyi heohrafichnyi zhurnal. 2012. № 2.
16. Volkova I. M. Doslidzhennia povedinky spozhyvachiv na rynku orhanichnoi produktsii. [Research of consumer behavior in the market of organic products]. Zbirnyk naukovykh prats Tavriiskoho derzhavnoho ahrotekhnolohichnoho universytetu (ekonomichni nauky) . 2013. № 1(2). pp. 47-53.
17. Kropyvko D. S. Instytutsiini zasady stanovlennia rynku orhanichnoi produktsii u sviti ta v Ukraini. [Institutional principles of formation of the market of organic products in the world and in Ukraine]. Problemy ratsionalnoho vykorystannia sotsi-alno-ekonomichnoho ta pryrodno-resursnoho potentsi-alu rehionu: finansova polityka ta investytsii. 2013. V. 19. № 1. pp. 111-119
18. S. Kovalchuk, A. Kravchuk The impact of global challenges on "green" transformations of the agrarian sector of the eastern partnership countries. Baltic Journal of Economic Studies, Volume 5 Number 1. Riga: Publishing House "Baltija Publishing", 2019, pp. 87-97. URL: http://www.baltijapublishing.lv/in-dex.php/issue/article/view/604
ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ МЕСТНОГО САМОУПРАВЛЕНИЯ В РОССИЙСКОЙ
ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
Комарова Ю.С.
магистрант кафедры «Экономика, организация и управление производством»,
БГТУ «ВОЕНМЕХ» им. Д.Ф. Устинова Комаров М.В.
магистрант кафедры «Экономика, организация и управление производством»,
БГТУ «ВОЕНМЕХ» им. Д.Ф. Устинова
PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN THE RUSSIAN
FEDERATION
Komarova Yu.S.,
Master's student of the Department of Economics, Organization and Production Management,
BSTU «VOENMEH» named after D.F. Ustinov
Komarov M.V.
Master's student of the Department of Economics, Organization and Production Management,
BSTU «VOENMEH» named after D.F. Ustinov
Аннотация
Проанализировав определение, принципы, функции и специфику местного самоуправления РФ, становится очевидным, что местное самоуправление - это власть, которая должна быть максимально приближена к людям. Признание местного самоуправления в качестве одной из основ конституционного строя предполагает установление децентрализованной системы управления, закрепления иных (нежели в условиях централизации и концентрации власти) основ взаимоотношений федеральных органов государственной власти, органов государственной власти субъектов Российской Федерации и органов местного самоуправления.
Abstract
After analyzing the definition, principles, functions and specifics of local government in the Russian Federation, it becomes obvious that local government is a government that should be as close to people as possible. Recognition of local self-government as one of the foundations of the constitutional system presupposes the establishment of a decentralized system of government, consolidation of other (than in the conditions of centralization and concentration of power) foundations of relations between federal government bodies, government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local government bodies.
Ключевые слова: местное самоуправление, гражданское общество.
Keywords: local government, civil society.
Система местного самоуправления включает основные входящие в него элементы. Существует несколько точек зрения ученых на толкование термина «система местного самоуправления». О.В. За-играева под системой местного самоуправления предлагает понимать «совокупность взаимодействующих между собой самоуправляющихся систем, которые выступают в качестве составных ча-стей»[1, с. 45]. По-другому подходит к определению системы местного самоуправления В.П.Кайсарова.По их мнению, система местного самоуправления - это «совокупность местных сообществ жителей, муниципальных образований, их внутренних субъектов и институтов, взаимодействующих между собой и с внешней средой в процессе отправления самоуправленческих функций»
[2, с. 19] [3, с. 82]. В.Г. Стрекозов и Ю.Д. Казанчев видят в системе местного самоуправления «законодательную регламентацию и практическое осуществление территориальных пределов местного самоуправления, его разновидностей, механизма местного самоуправления, основных принципов местного самоуправления, полномочий органов и должностных лиц местного самоуправления, гарантий осуществления местного самоуправления» [4, с. 39].
Наиболее верной представляется точка зрения О.Е. Кутафина и В.И. Фадеева, в соответствии с которой под системой местного самоуправления следует понимать «совокупность организационных форм местного самоуправления в рамках муници-
