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59Ukrainian Journal of
Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences!
http://ujvas.com.ua
Stepan Gzhytskyi National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies Lviv
Volume 2
original article | UDC 619:616-031.8:619:618.19-002:636.2 doi: 10.32718/ujvas2-2.04 Number 2
Distribution, etiology and prevention of subclinical mastitis in cows
R. M. Sachuk1, Ya. S. Stravsky2, A. M. Shevchenko3, O. A. Katsaraba4, Ye. Ye. Kostyshyn4, S. V. Zhyhalyuk1
1Research Epizootology Station IVMNAAS, Knyazya Volodymyra Str., 18, Rivne, 33028, Ukraine 2I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Freedom Square, 1, Ternopil, 46001, Ukraine 3ZPP "Torres-N", Kyiv region, Brovary, Gagarina Str., 16, office 40, 07400, Ukraine
4Stepan Gzhytskyi National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies Lviv, Pekarska Str., 50, Lviv, 79010, Ukraine
Article info Received 09.09.2019 Received in revised form
15.10.2019 Accepted 16.10.2019
Correspondence author Roman Sachuk Tel.: +38-097-671-90-63 E-mail: sachuk. 08@ukr. net
O 2019 Sachuk R. M. et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Contents
1. Introduction................ ... 18
2. Materials and methods .... .. 19
3. Results and discussion .... .. 19
4. Conclusions................ .. 21
References ....... ... 21
Abstract
According to the results of the diagnostic stage of obstetric examination in 2016-2018, the etiology and pathogenesis of mastitis in 90 cows of FG "Mriia" of Rivne region were analyzed. During the research, 83.3 % of the cows were diagnosed with breast inflammation. Subclinical form of udder inflammation was found in 51.1 %, clinical in 32.2 %, and at the same time hidden and clinical, in the same proportion - in 12.2 % of animals. In the farm, the cause of mastitis, were violations of sanitary and hygienic conditions of keeping cows and systematic technological underdevelopment of specialists in zootechnical and veterinary services. Frequent postpartum pathologies, including postpartum paresis and ketosis, contributed to the development of the disease. The experimental data for the study of the prophylactic and therapeutic effect of "Forticept" udder hygiene products on the condition of the breast, milk quality and cow productivity are presented. The "Forticept Udder Wash" antiseptic is used to prepare the udder for milking, and the "Forticept Udder Forte" film-forming agent is used to preserve udder nipples after milking is completed. It is established that the treatment, before and after milking, of the udder of cows by means of the "Forticept" complex, after 15 days allows to reduce significantly (by 55 %) the number of animals with subclinical mastitis (SFM). Within 30 days of "Forticept Udder Wash" and "Forticept Udder Forte", the incidence of SFM in the cows of the experimental group decreased from the starting 41.7 % to 19.0-23.0 %. Hygienic treatment of the cows udder with the drugs "Kenopur" and "Kenocidin" did not give the desired effect of reducing the manifestations of SFM: on the 30th day of the experiment, the number of positive milk samples in the control group increased by 4.0 % (up to 54 %). On the thirty-day "Forticept" series, only one new case of subclinical mastitis was diagnosed in the experimental group. The preventive effect of "Forticept Udder Wash" and "Forticept Udder Forte" on SFM is 96.0 %, in the preparations "Kenopur" and "Kenocidin" - 70.0 %. Reducing the incidence rate naturally contributed to the increase in daily milk yields, the improvement of milk quality indicators for fats, protein, casein and a decrease in the content of SC, KMAFanM1 and microorganisms. In the animals of the experimental group, the level of somatic cells was 339.14 ± 21.22 thousand/ml by the end of the observation period and was 26.7 % lower than the control group. At that, the number of quarters of the breast with somatic cell content more than 400 thousand/ml of milk decreased in both groups, namely: in the experimental group - by 19.0 %, in the control group - by 15.1 %.
Key words: Forticept Udder Forte, cows, subclinical mastitis.
Citation:
Sachuk, R. M., Stravsky, Ya. S., Shevchenko, A. M., Katsaraba, O. A., Kostyshyn, Ye. Ye., & Zhyhalyuk, S. V. (2019). Distribution, etiology and prevention of subclinical mastitis in cows. Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, 2(2), 18-21. V.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................J
1. Introduction
The pathogenesis of mastitis is dominated by bacteria that, under favorable conditions, have penetrated into the breast. Naturally occurring mechanisms have a number of
mechanisms for preventing bacterial infiltration, in particu-
lar such obstacles are the keratin plug in the actual duct, the annular sphincter at the apex, which closes the duct after milking and the epidermis of the skin, performing a barrier
function (Semacan et al., 2012; Kushnir & Murska, 2017; Zhuk et al., 2017; Shevchenko et al., 2019). Reduced immunity, trauma, poor diet and animal hygiene are prerequisites for mastitis, the effective treatment of which depends on the correct and timely diagnosis, detection and elimination of associated threats. In the context of prevention of breast diseases, conditions and hygiene of milking require constant attention, new approaches, more detailed study and maximum coverage of advanced knowledge and achieve-
ments of innovative technologies (Kolos, 2012; Yurchenko & Bihun, 2012; Horiuk, 2018).
The key to preventing bacterial infiltration into the mammary gland is effective post-milking udder treatment. Nowadays, the most common methods of using hygiene products are diping - dipping after milking the rods in a special glass with disinfectant solution and pre-packing if breast treatment is performed before milking (Kasianchuk et al., 2013).
In the veterinary market of Ukraine there is a considerable assortment of breast hygiene products, but their composition does not differ in the variety of active substances. The basis is preferably hydrogen peroxide, iodine, chlorhexidine and lactic acid. Particularly important in terms of composition and mechanism of action are the latest agents based on Quaternary ammonium compounds: "Forticept Udder Wash" with benzalkonium chloride and cosmetic skin care components (chamomile and yarrow extracts) and "Forticept Udder Forte", which includes active components of artificial (benzethonium chloride) and natural origin (thyme oil, lanolin, chamomile extracts and yarrow).
The aim of the research was to study the etiology and pathogenesis of subclinical mastitis and to determine the effectiveness of "Forticept Udder Wash" pre-dumping and "Forticept Udder Forte" dumping in the prevention of subclinical mastitis and their effect on milk quality.
2. Materials and methods
The experiments were conducted in FG "Mriia" wich is situated in village. Big Omelyan of Rivne district of Rivne region on cows of black-rippled breed, which are kept by stall-pasture system.
Two groups of cows of 7 heads each were selected for testing. The selection criteria was the number of somatic cells in milk of each quarter of the mammary gland, which were calculated using a portable optical somatic cell counter. A California test was used to determine the affected breast quarter. The amount of mesophilic aerobic and optional anaerobic microorganisms (KMAFanM) in milk was determined according to DSTU ISO 4833: 2006 (ISO 4833: 2003, IDT); DSTU (State Standard of Ukraine) IDF 100B: 2003 (IDF 100B: 1991, IDT); DSTU (State Standard of Ukraine) 7357: 2013.
Animals with clinically expressed mastitis were not included in the experiment.
The breast of the experimental group of cows was treated with udder hygiene series "Forticept" (Lidan Inc., USA). "Forticept Udder Wash" was diluted 1: 4 with water before use. The first was used in the form of foam obtained by foaming glasses, by fully immersing the nipples with an exposure of 30 s. After that, the milking of the first teats of milk was performed with a massage of the nipples, wiped dry and connected to the milking machine.
After milking, the nipples of the udder of the cows of the experimental group were immersed for 1-3 seconds in a dipping glass with a solution of the drug "Forticept Udder Forte". As a result, a protective film was formed on the nipples, which prevented the pathogenic microflora from entering the milk duct of the udder before the next milking.
For cows of the experimental group for prediping were used classic for the farm preparations, namely a solution based on lactic acid. The pre-milking treatment of the udder of the cows was carried out with disposable wipes, which
were moistened with 0.5 % solution of "Kenopur" by the company "Sid Lines". After milking, the nipples were immersed in a dipping glass with a "Kenocidin" composite solution based on chlorhexidine, mint, allantoin, lanolin, glycerol and sorbitol.
Statistical processing of the results was performed by variational statistics methods using Statistica 6.0 (StatSoft Inc., USA). Nonparametric research methods were used (Wilcoxon, Mann - Whitney criteria). The arithmetic mean (x), standard error of the mean (SE) was determined.
3. Results and discussion
According to the results of the diagnostic stage of obstetric examination during 2016-2018, 75 cases of mastitis were established in 90 cows of FG "Mriia" of Rivne region, during the dry and postpartum period. The results on the prevalence of various forms of mastitis in cows are given in Table. 1.
Table 1
Prevalence of mastitis in cows
Indicator
Number of animals n %
Total cows 90 100
with mastitis: 75 83.3
including:
- subclinical 46 51.1
- clinical 29 32.2
- subclinical and clinical 11 12.2
Totally, 83.3 % of cows were diagnosed with breast inflammation. Of the mastitis patients, subclinical progression of udder inflammation was found in 51.1 %, clinical in 32.2 %, and at the same time, hidden and clinical, in the same proportion in 12.2 % of animals. The largest number of cases (n = 36) of subclinical mastitis occurred in the post-partum period.
Retrospective monitoring of obstetric pathologies and analysis of the farm of udder of cows of farm, revealed a number of organizational omissions, including: lack of accounting for cows suffering from mastitis during lactation, lack of diagnosis of subclinical mastitis, untimely isolation of sick cows from the general group. The disadvantages of the technological nature were the following: the animals lie on the floor in the manure alleys, enter the puddle on the playgrounds (with heat stress), used sawdust for litter (especially coniferous trees, which contributes to the contamination of Klebsiella sp.).
Other violations include non-compliance with the order of milking cows: mastitis patients were milked at the same time as healthy animals. The animals were treated without bacterial identification and their sensitivity to antibacterial agents. Often the course of treatment was too short - 2-3 days. It has been established that in the last two years, cows with mastitis have been treated with antibiotics of the cephalosporin series - "Tseftiodev" and "Tseftiokur". Because the drugs do not have a withdrawal period cows were not isolated from the total herd. In addition, due to the lack of a veterinarian, the treatment was assigned to a milking machine operator, which did not contribute to controlling the disease. There have been no cases where the management of the farm has decided to cull cows that are constantly suffering
Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, 2019, Vol. 2, N 2
from mastitis and are a source of infection. Frequent post-ophthalmic pathologies have also contributed to the development of mastitis, among which were obstetrics, postpar-tum paresis and ketosis.
It is worth noting defects in the operation of milking equipment, which led to the violation of the technology of milking, namely excessive vacuum, overexertion ("dry milking"), the wrong ratio of milking and rest periods (not regulated pulsator), mismatch of the actual rubber. As a result, breast cancer diseases have become hyperkeratosis -excessive thickening of the tip of the cervix, which is gener-
ally known to increase by 2-3.5 times the risk of bacteria getting into the actual canal (Danylov & Vorobev, 2004).
Analysis of the results of clinical trials of 30-day administration of Forticept complex drugs to the cows of the experimental group showed that antiseptic hygienic means for udder "Forticept Udder Wash" and "Forticept Udder Forte" have a curative effect (Fig. 1). In half of the cases, the complete disappearance of the signs of subclinical mastitis (SFM) was observed. In addition, 15 % of sick cows initially affected by SFM had a 30-day remission during the experiment.
ШШ Experimental group Щ Control group
H
Total animals
Healthy animals
Affected by SFM
d A new
case of SFM
15th day of drug use
A new case of SFM
30th day of drug use
Before the use of drugs
Fig. 1. Dynamics of cases of subclinical mastitis in cows, M ± m, n = 45
It is established that the treatment of cow udders by means of "Forticept" complex before and after milking, after 15 days allows to reduce significantly (by 55 %) the number of animals with subclinical mastitis (SFM). For 30 days of application of "Forticept Udder Wash" and "Forticept Udder Forte" the dynamics of SFM, in cows of the experimental group decreased from the starting 41.7 % to 19.0-23.0 %. The use of the drugs "Kenopur" and "Kenocidin" did not reduce the incidence of manifestation of SPS. On the contrary, on the 30th day of the experiment, the number of positive milk samples in the control group increased by 4.0 % (to 54 %). During the month of "Forticept" series use, only one new case of an animal with subclinical mastitis was recorded in the study group. Thus, the prophylactic effect of "For-ticept Udder Wash" and "Forticept Udder Forte" on SFM is
96.0 %. For the drugs "Kenopur" and "Kenocidin", this effect was 70.0 %.
Reducing the level of lesions of the mammary glands naturally contributed to the increase in daily milk yields, quality indicators - fats, protein and casein, as well as a decrease in the content of SC, KMAFanM1 and the number of microorganisms in the milk of cows. In the animals of the experimental group by the end of the observation period, the level of somatic cells was 339.14 ± 21.22 thousand/ml and was lower than the control group by 26.7 %. At that, the number of quarters of the breast with somatic cell content exceeding 400 thousand/ml of milk decreased in both groups, namely: in the experimental group - by 19.0%, in the control group - by 15.1 % (Table 2).
Table 2
Milk quality indicators, M ± m, n = 7
Indicator Study Group Control Group
Impressions On the 30 th day Impressions On the 30th day
Daily hope, kg 20.8 ± 0.29 23.0 ± 0.21*** 20.9 ± 0.19 21.2 ± 0.16
Fat, % 2.9 ± 0.03 3.0 ± 0.04* 2.9 ± 0.02 2.9 ± 0.02
Protein, % 2.8 ± 0.04 2.9 ± 0.02*** 2.8 ± 0.04 2.7 ± 0.04***
Casein, % 2.7 ± 0.03 2.8 ± 0.04 2.7 ± 0.03 2.8 ± 0.03
The amount of SC, thousand/ml 462.86 ± 28.16 339.14 ± 21.22** 506.29 ± 15.54 453.14 ± 15.57
KMAFanM1, CFU / ml 2.3 ± 0.03 105 2.1 ± 0.03 105* 2.2 ± 0.02105 2.9 ± 0.02105
Total bacterial insemination,
CFU/cm3 > 150 > 100 > 150 > 100
The presence of inhibitors non-available non-available non-available non-available
Note: * - Р < 0.05; ** - Р < 0.01; *** - Р < 0.001
In addition, the use of Forticept series drugs yields stable yields with a tendency to increase: gross hope in the experimental group increased by 9.6 % over the 30-day period, while in the control group it increased by 1.4 %.
4. Conclusions
1. During the study, 83.3 % of cows were diagnosed with breast inflammation. Of the mastitis patients, subclinical progression of udder inflammation was found in 51.1 %, clinical in 32.2 %, and at the same time, subclinical and clinical in 12.2 % of animals. The risk factors for mastitis in the farm were violations of sanitary and hygienic conditions of keeping cows, the presence of pathologies (obstetric care, postpartum paresis, ketosis, heat stress).
2. Means for udder hygiene "Forticept Udder Wash" and "Forticept Udder Forte" when combined for 30 days in 96.0 % of cases prevent the development of subclinical mastitis and in 50.0 % lead to recovery of diseased animals.
3. Milk from cows whose nipples were treated with "Forticept Udder Wash" and "Forticept Udder Forte" by bacteriological parameters according to the highest standards (according to GOST 3662-97): in particular, the amount of SC was 200 thousand/cm3, the total bacterial contamination - > 100 thousand/cm3. Inhibitory substances were not detected in milk samples.
4. The use of Forticept series drugs yields stable yields with a tendency to increase: the gross hope in the experimental group increased by 9.6 % over the 30-day period, compared to 1.4 % in the control group.
In the future, the effectiveness of "Forticept Udder Wash" and "Forticept Udder Forte" as goat pre-dumping and diping will be explored.
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