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19АРХИТЕКТУРА
DISMOUNTABLE BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES OF ANTIQUITY AND THE MIDDLE AGES Nogaibayeva А.1, Samoilov K.I.2
1Nogaibayeva Anara - Bachelor of Arts (Architecture), post graduate Student;
2Samoilov Konstantin Ivanovich - Doctor of sciences (Architecture), Professor, ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT, SATBAYEV UNIVERSITY, ALMATY, REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
Abstract: the primitive communal period in the history of mankind covers the time from the early stages of human development to the emergence of class society and the state. The construction activities of our distant ancestors were closely related to the process of the formation of various forms of organization of primitive collectives - a herd, clan, phratry, tribe, etc.
Keywords: collapsible buildings, plague, hut, yurt, tent.
Paleolithic (40-10 thousand BC) The oldest of the prehistoric dwellings so far known to us is found in the south of France near Nice. It had the appearance of an oval plan of a hut made of poles dug in the ground, with a hearth of flat stones inside. This is a temporary home for a fairly large group of people who have lived in it for no more than 10 days [1]. In this case, the organization of the human environment is determined, first of all, by the biological need to ensure the physical conditions of human existence. The formation of the foundations of a building culture was determined by environmental conditions: temperature fluctuations, humidity, the nature of the landscape and vegetation, the presence of building materials.
Primitive people in search of protection from the weather and attacks of predatory animals at first used only what they found in nature ready for shelter: caves, grottoes, trees, ledges of an overhanging mountain. Paleolithic are also characterized by dug holes, wind barriers, huts, dugouts and half-ruined dwellings with fortified walls and a manhole through the roof.
Base settlements were most often in the nature of community houses, where several families were located around the birth centers. An example of such a house was given by excavations on the Kostenkovsky fortification in Russia. Its construction is simple: a number of central supports support a camp pole, on which the rafters, dug into the ground, rest. Traces of a dwelling of 7x8 m in size from mammoth bones with a hearth in the center were found here [2].
The earliest forms of an artificially constructed dwelling are a wind screen woven from branches; a gable or conical hut and a domed hut round in plan [3].
Neolithic (IX-mid VI BC). In the Neolithic, houses are already being built from wood, reed, twigs and clay. Elementary constructions were developed that were the starting points in the further construction activities of man. In this period, people led a sedentary lifestyle, and built sustainable structures [2]. This period is even called the "Neolithic revolution", because over 7 millennia, humanity has made a giant leap in its development. During this period, people who settled on the ground and took up farming began to improve permanent housing. And people leading a nomadic lifestyle began the long process of developing the design of a mobile home (a tent, a wagon, a yurt, a plague, etc.). They developed mainly in the forest-steppe regions of Eurasia and North America [4].
The first ground-based dwellings were very diverse in form - from light cone-shaped frame, hemispherical, trapezoidal, pyramidal to complicated, multi-chamber. The most widespread type of dwelling is easily disassembled, semi-stationary, with a light-smoke hole
and a hearth on the floor - a hut or a conical-shaped plague. Images of such dwellings are also found in our midst - among the scribes of the Akbaur grotto at the end of the third -beginning of the second millennium BC. in East Kazakhstan near the village of Besterek. They are based on the same cosmological symbolism: the likeness of a world mountain, a hearth on the floor, a division into right and left sides associated with binary oppositions. Complicated multi-chamber dwellings with male and female halves, household departments, altar complexes represented a single cultural and social organism [5].
The prototype of the plague could be, for example, branches leaning obliquely to the tree. In European Russia, the plague lost its former purpose and turned into an official household building: among the Mari, Udmurts, Chuvashs, Tatars, its sparse skeleton serves as an ovine (shish); covered with straw, it covers the passage to the cellar. Among Western Finns - in northern Finland and Karelia - he serves as a kitchen in the summer under the name of cats. In the middle of the plague, under the hole at its apex, there is usually placed a focus composed of soft stones [6].
The emergence of a mobile nomadic lifestyle can be attributed to the Bronze Age. Bronze Age (IV - beginning of I millennium BC). In the Bronze Age, the specialization of agriculture and cattle breeding reveals the incompatibility of their use of the same territories at the same time. This leads to the need for cattle breeding to move to a nomadic regime. Thanks to the use of bronze tools in architecture, a culture of construction work has grown. For the development of mobile dwellings, the nomads used the experience of forest hunters in the manufacture of tents, and also carried light wicker dwellings on wheels. Over time, a universal constructive type of collapsible housing was developed [7].
Hippocrates described the nomads of Asia as follows: "Scythians live there in the Scythian desert, they are called nomads, because they have no houses, but they live on carts. The smallest carts on four wheels, and the rest on six; on top they are covered with felt, but there are also made like houses, one double, and the other triple; they serve as protection against rain, snow and winds. These wagons are pulled by two pairs, and sometimes three pairs of hornless bulls [8].
Since ancient times in the countries of East and Southeast Asia, when compiling calendars, great importance has been attached to the periodicity of the movement of the Sun, Moon, Jupiter and Saturn. This primarily applies to the nomads of Central Asia and is largely explained by their way of life. Each nomad family had its own yurt (ger), whose dome remained open during the warmer months, so the dwelling was also used as a sundial. Thanks to this, the results of observations of the movement of the bodies were accumulated and transmitted from generation to generation. This became possible because the yurt of different nomadic peoples was strictly oriented by the inlet in the same direction - to the south (Kalmyks, Mongols), southeast (Buryats), east (Tuvans), etc. [9].
The Iron Age (1st millennium BC.) The use of iron products increased the technical capabilities of labor, in particular, the cultivation of the land, weapons, the construction of wooden dwellings, transport (the manufacture of parts for harnesses and wheels with rims and hubs). During this period, the formation of the classic types of nomadic dwellings took place - a prefabricated yurt and cloth tents, from which it was possible to combine structures of any functional purpose [2].
The principles of the constructive and technological structure of traditional nomadic housing based on a hut and tent turned out to be extremely resistant to the influence of scientific and technological progress; the researchers suggest that the characteristic features of the mobile life of nomadic herders and the widespread use of a yurt - a felt prefabricated -collapsible dwelling with a trellised skeleton, developed in the middle of the 1st millennium AD, in the ancient Turkic period of the Middle Ages, and then the process of economic and cultural stagnation began [10].
Some components of the yurt were invented in the Bronze Age. Part was added to the Saka era. The final design of the yurt takes place in the Hunno-Turkic period - it is then that the most important structural element appears - the shanyrak [5].
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The appearance of the yurt and the interior decoration varied depending on its functional purpose. The largest and most luxurious were ceremonial yurts (ak-uy, ak-horde, boz-uy). Among the ceremonial constructions are yurts for guests (konak-ui) and newlyweds' dwellings made with special grace and love (otau-ui). The parade yurts on average consisted of 18, and the largest of the Z0 lattices (rope). For comparison, we say that the walls (kerege) of an ordinary residential yurt were assembled from 6 lattices. In addition to the main residential yurts and ceremonial structures, there were other types of collapsible structures, characterized by the simplicity of design and interior decoration, for example, military marching yurts. The more spacious of them were called ab-laisha, and the smallest, made up of three lattices, short domed rails (uuk) and a miniature upper circle (shanyrak) were called zholy-ui. Special yurts were also allocated for kitchens and warehouses [1].
Interestingly, in the early Middle Ages, Turkic-speaking nomadic peoples, like their predecessors, used mobile dwellings. This, for example, is indicated by the engraving on the rocks in the Sauyskandyk gorge, on the southern slope of the Karatau ridge. It also depicts a man and a woman inside a yurt-like dwelling with corresponding division and a vertical chimney. Around the house we see typical ancient Türkic horsemen, as well as animals -rams and goats, which, apparently, personified wealth and prosperity [11].
The Middle Ages are characterized by a departure from regular rectangular plans (in cities laid down by the principle of Roman camps, the modular core turned into the center of a spontaneously expanding settlement). However, in this historical period, along with the decline in the development of stationary urban modularity, the era of the massive spread of mobile modular residential structures begins.
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