Directed increase of functional abilities among students-polyathletes during training for endurance race

: The level of polyatletes’ mastery mainly depends on the degree of readiness for 100 meters race, shooting, swimming, grenade throwing and long-distance running. It was stated that in long-distance running polyathletes don’t have stable and progress results increase in comparison with other disciplines of all-round competitions. Stable results increase in long-distance running is determined by an effective aerobic processes development among athletes. The most important criterion of their estimation is anaerobic threshold index. That is why a high level of speed at the anaerobic threshold helps athletes to achieve better result during the main competitions of the season and it is reasonable to search for the new ways of the training cycle effectiveness improvement in a yearly cycle. Materials. We held the research in order to study the directed increase of functional abilities during training students-polyathletes for long-distance running in terms of non-profile higher educational establishment. Research methods. Information sources analysis and summarizing, diagnostics, testing, experiment, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The research results showed that high sports results achievement during summer competitive period is connected with two trainings organization in each weekly microcycle. These two trainings present running at the level of anaerobic threshold. That is why polyathletes are able to keep higher speed during endurance running without organism acidulation and are able to show high sports results in the planned competitions. Conclusion. The received results can be used by the trainers during training students-polyathletes in one of all-round competitions disciplines running.

For citation: Olga N. Nikiforova*, Marina V. Khoteeva, Tatyana I. Prokhorova. Directed increase of functional abilities among students-polyathletes during training for endurance race. The Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2019; 14(1): 34-39 . DOI 10.14526/2070DOI 10.14526/ -4798-2019 High sports results achievement at a professional stage demands good base of polyathletes' physical readiness and it is connected both with cardiovascular and respiratory systems development and with muscular apparatus development [1,2,3].
Nowadays some scientific research works stated that one of the most important indices of oxygen providing and muscular systems adaptation to competitive loads in endurance running is speed, which is developed by the runner, at the anaerobic threshold level [2,4,5].
Continuous long-term running with the speed at the level of anaerobic threshold provides organism adaptation to work at a steady state.
Lactate production and utilization in an organism is in a dynamic balance [6,7]. The aim of such kind of trainings during the preparatory period of the yearly cycle is in the level of steady state increase. It means that we should develop the ability of an organism to fulfill anaerobic work in terms of higher speed.
When polyathletes adapt to the loads, fulfilled with the speed corresponding to anaerobic threshold, they can increase the intensity of the training load in the training process [8,9].
The dynamics of this index in yearly cycles gives the notion of the balanced character of polyathletes' special endurance development. It

THE RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT Volume 14 No.1 2019
provides sports results increase in long-distance running [10,11].
However, the question of anaerobic threshold indices dynamics among studentspolyathletes during training for long-distance running in yearly cycle is not studied enough.
The aim of the research is to study the directed functional abilities increase among students-polyathletes during training for endurance race in the preparatory period of yearly cycle.

Materials and methods
32 students-polyathletes at the age of 17-23 (men and women) with the following qualifications: from the 2nd sports category till master of sport, who go in for sports improvement section in RSAU -Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K. A.
Timiryazev, took part in the research.
The research was held since 1 September, 2017 till the 1st of July, 2018 (yearly microcycle).
All athletes systematically trained in polyathlon during 3-6 years.
According to sports results, showed during the competitions before the beginning of the research, all athletes were divided into two groups.
Individual athletes' indices of physical development and physical readiness also didn't differ validly (P≥0,05).
The first group included studentspolyathletes. They were successful during the competitive period and had positive dynamics of the studied indices. The second group included students-polyathletes. They were not successful during the main competitions. They had negative dynamics of the studied indices or didn't have sufficient physical readiness indices increase.

Sports training organization in a yearly
cycle was oriented at the loads fulfillment. They are directed toward functional abilities increase and special endurance development, owing to 2 trainings held in each weekly microcycle connected with running at anaerobic threshold level speed.
The anaerobic threshold was regularly defined during testing, approximately once in 5-7 weeks.
Anaerobic threshold was determined according to heart rate using F. Konkoni method with the help of sport-tester.

Polyathletes fulfilled a standard running test
(4km) at the stadium or in an indoor track. Speed of running was gradually increased in 200-400 meters from 10 till 21 km/hour. The indices, received during AT speed determination at dependence diagram "Heart rate-speed of running" across linear fracture, are valid enough. That is why F.Konkoni test is used in many cyclic kinds of sport [10,11,12]. We determined the speed of running at anaerobic threshold level (V AT), heart rate at anaerobic threshold level (HR AT), maximum heart rate in the test (HR max).

Results and Discussions
The  Thus, running speed increase at anaerobic threshold level among students-polyathletes from the 1st group in a yearly cycle, is the main factor of sports achievements increase in endurance running.
Students-polyathletes from the 2nd group had wavelike VAT curve with the peak during winter competitive stage. It wasn't higher than this peak by summer competitive period. It can be connected with sports results stagnation in endurance race during this period.

1.
As a result of functional abilities increase (running speed increase at anaerobic threshold level) sports results in 3000 m running among men improved for 11,4 sec and for 7,6 sec among women within one yearly cycle.