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Section 3. History and archaeology
овладевать определенными способностями, это прежде всего: коммуникабельностью, аналитическим мышлением, толерантностью по отношению к окружающим, самостоятельностью, предприимчивостью, инициативностью и т. д.
Долг преподавателей социально-гуманитарных наук — обучить студентов общечеловеческим ценностям, которые придают нашей многогранной жизни определенную осмысленность.
Список литературы:
1. Каримов И. А. Юксак маънавият - енгилмас куч (“Высокая духовность - непобедимая сила"), - Тошкент. “Маънавият”, - 2008, - 173 с.
2. Конституция Республики Узбекистан. - Ташкент. «Узбекистан», - 2012, - 39 с.
3. Вайндорф-Сысоева М. Е. Педагогика. Учебное пособие. - М., - 2005.
4. Эркаев А. Духовность и развитие. - Т.: Маънавият. - 2008.
Eprikyan Armine Melsikovna, Yerevan State Pedagogical University after Khachatur Abovyan, A candidate of historical sciences, the Faculty of History and Law
E-mail: armineeprikyan@mail.ru
Diplomatic and military steps of Turkey to capture Nakhijevan
Abstract: The province of Nakhijevan, which has been an inseparable part of historical Armenia, has always been an arguable and fighting subject between Armenia and Azerbaijan. Many trespasses had been made by Turkey towards it, England, the USA and Soviet Russia had taken the role of “intermediary”. There were a lot of words about the fact that it is not an arguing point that Nakhijevan belongs to Armenia. Armenian historical province Nakhijevan had been in a complex knot of military and diplomatic conditions, from 1917 to 1921.At present when the main task of Artsakh is internationally kindled the bitter luck of Nakhijevan and the Armenians who live there, who had unjustly been separated from the independent Armenian republic, facts about the condition of the policy of genocide, made by the Turkish government.
The article stirs up and scientifically discusses many questions which were risen at different conferences between Armenian- Azerbaijan, Russian- Armenian, Russian-Turkish held in Moscow, Alexandropoulos, Kars and Soviet Russia’s attitude concerning all this connected with the sovietization of Azerbaijan, many arguable territories and Nakhijevan problem.
Keywords: Nakhijevan, occupation, Azerbaijan, Bolshevik Russia, antagonism, arguable subjects, negotiations, Turkey, sovietization.
Armenian historiography especially signifies a number of developments connected with Armenian Nakhijevan in the frameworks of its serious diplomatic and military problems, which rose during these processes, its role in the relations between Armenian-Azerbaijan, Armenian-Russian and Ar-menian-Turkish.
In the result of all these facts the first Armenian Republic, later called soviet Armenia was expelled from the diplomatic process and transferred into the sphere of Russian-Turkish relationship.
It was proved when in 1923, June 16 the central council of Azerbaijan made a decision to unite Nakhijevan to Azerbaijan. It made the Turkish government irritated. Ten days later a note of complain from Turkey reached Moscow.
This connection of Nakhijevan to Azerbaijan was characterized by the Turkish government as an act of violation: Russian-Turkish contract of1921, March 16, article 3 Moscow, Turkish-Transcaucasia contract of October 13, article 5, Kars. It was written “According to my governments’ evidence, I’m
authorized to inform the government of Soviet Russia that this connection is not valid, as it is considered to be an act of violation of the above mentioned contracts. The Turkish government resolutely complains against the territorial connection [9, 409].
This phase had of course several consequences. By the demand of Moscow the central government of Azerbaijan was obliged to review his decision and made a new one in 1924, February 9. As to that decision “Reconstruction of Nakhijevan to a Soviet Republic of Nakhijevan under Azerbaijan’s protectority” [1, 633].
By following the further intentions, Turkey interfered to prevent Nakhijevan’s connection with Turkey.
Scientifically it will be easy to be convinced in this, if we briefly looked through Turkey’s further plans connected with the occupation of Nakhijevan and Turkey’s diplomatic games.
Both Turkey’s and Soviet Azerbaijan’s purpose was to lead an aggressive policy in that region. Concrete steps were made to express it. Some days later after the summit, which was held in Ankara on April 23, 1920, Mustafa Kemal sent a
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Diplomatic and military steps of Turkey to capture Nakhijevan
letter to V. I. Lenin and suggested an actual division of Transcaucasia. By this division Russia takes Azerbaij an and Georgia. Undertaking some military actions Turkey occupies imperialist Armenia and Nakhijevan [3].
Above mentioned proof will be represented below by a number of facts, messages, telegrams and decisions [2, 213].
- To amputate Armenia and divide it between Russia and Turkey;
- considering the dangerous situation Armenian government decided to discuss the problem with Turkey concerning the arguable territories. “In suppose that our troops should get total opportunity to be in touch with Turkey”, writes Russian diplomat Levon Karakhan to S. Orjonikidze. In addition it was written “Armenian population and troops will receive us without any resistance”. In his respond on May 24 Orjonikidze wrote “We can explode Armenia but it will bring food shortage” [5, 60]. I don’t think that the dash-naksutyun government will allow the transfer of our troops and weapons to Turkey. Your suggestion to cooperate with Turkey is an actual demand to Armenia, and will arose a great wave of annoyance within the masses. First.
It was actual that the authorities of the Bolshevik party had come to an agreement with the Turks. Early in May they sent a great number of weapons and troops to the Turkish nationalists assisting them in the war against national minorities. The Bolshevik party had alternative plans. After the occupation of Nakhijevan they wanted to conquer Kharabakh and Zangezur too.
After the exchange of telegrams it was obvious that Moscow aimed to sign the contract with the Turkish Anatolia. The main problem was still Armenian Nakhijevan.
S. Orj onikidze’s and N. Narimanov’s plans concerning the sovietization of Armenia failed. With the support of Turkey, Russian government made a decision on May 25 to organize the occupation of arguable territories in Nakhijevan.
In the telegram, which was directed to Moscow to Lenin, Stalin and minister of foreign affairs Chicherin it was added: “I think the regions of Shushi, Nakhijevan, Ordubad and Djulfa will be occupied without any resistance...” [9, 20].
On May 25 an anti-Soviet strike broke in Azerbaijan and the Turkish troops appeared in Nakhijevan In connection with this S. Orjonikidze, Mdivan and N. Narimanov changed their tactics which was previously written in the telegrams demanding to sovietize Armenia and Georgia by force.
About the missionary work of L. Shant and Russian-Armenian negotiations in Moscow
The acceleration to start the Armenian-Russian negotiations followed two facts. First it was the contrast between Azerbaijan and Russia and the other was the increasing contrast inside Armenian Republic. The government of Russian Federation undertook the initiation for the start of negotiations. Armenian government suggested holding the negotiations in Moscow. At the end of April a delegation was formulated in Yerevan. L. Shant (the leader of the delegation), members of RA parliament H. Terteryan and L. Zarafyan
were included in the staff. The delegation immediately left for Moscow. It took them a month. Armenian -Russian negotiations began at the end of May. Minister of foreign affairs
G. Chicherin and his assistant L. Karakhan were the representatives of Russia. They participated in the negotiations. Government instructed Shant’s delegation to demand for Nagorni Kharabakh, Zangezur and Nakhijevan as a part of Armenia. L. Shant sent a telegram from Tbilisi to the diplomatic representative T. Bekjanyan on June 1st. It was written “... the demands of Armenia are justified but they are under the pressure of Turkey and Baku, therefore the signing of the contract should be delayed.”. It was written in the telegram “After long hesitations and negotiations the government announced about its decision. Under the pressure of Turkey, Baku demanded the actual solution of an arguable problems connected with Kharabakh, Zangezur, Nakhijevan and Sharur-Daralagyaz. They wanted to occupy those regions with the help of Russian troops. Finally they wanted to create a mixed commission and establish steady borders in the Caucasus” [6].
L. Shant’s delegation agreed to accept Nagorni Kharabakh as an arguable point. Thus he wrote: “We suppose there are three possible solutions:
1. If the troops stay without promotion, the questions concerning Kharabakh, Kazakh, Zangezur, Yelizavetpol and Akhtala will still he arguable and the signing if the contract will be cancelled. This yielding probably will be accepted.
2. According to the contract the Armenia’s territory should be renamed by general words as Kars, Yerevan, Eliza-vetpol, Tbilisi, and Batumi. But the most important thing was to decide the question of borders concerning Nakhijevan.
3. As Kharabakh’s problem is arguable, the agreement must be delayed, so we’ll return and continue the negotiations in our territory”
Of all these points, the first one is the worst if we want the contract to be signed. But none of these could be solved in such situation. Turkey’s position was calm and safe in many factors:
- Azerbaijan’s aim was to keep provinces of Nagorni Kharabakh, Zangezur and Sharur-Daralagyaz.
- Kharabakh and Zangezur were under the Soviet authority and the above mentioned territories are considered a part of the Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan.
- Due to an active interference of Turkey, Nakhijevan is under the power of rebels for several months. Because of this all the legal demands of Armenian government were prohibited [10].
About some interfering circumstances of Armenian-Russian negotiations
The general directions of Turkish-Azerbaijan negotiations led to other negotiations in Moscow between Russians and Armenians. Even the furthest and weakest probability that Kharabakh and Zangezur could be included in the cast of Armenia, rose all the Muslims of Transcaucasia and active regions of Turkey. They tried by all means to hinder the treaty
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Section 3. History and archaeology
between Russians and Armenians. A special delegation from Turkey and Azerbaijan was sent to Moscow. By occupying Zangezur they would join the tadgik forces through Nakhije-van, Sharur and Surmalu [7].
Communists in Moscow accepted that plan quietly; as they thought it would give them chance to join “Red Anatolia in other words Turkey. It inspired Azerbaijan a great deal. A new delegation by the leadership of Mamad Hasan was sent to Moscow. The purpose of that delegation was to demand Moscow for the realization of the territorial plans. They wanted to connect not only Kharabakh and Zangezur but also Nakhije-van, Sharur and Surmalu to Azerbaijan.
Out coming from that desperate situation Chicherin turned to the communist authorized representative of Russia S. Kirov who was then in Moscow. He wrote: “Armenian delegation agrees to recognize the problem of Kharabakh and Zangezur arguable points, but didn’t want to recognize Sharur-Daralagyaz, Nakhijevan, Ordubad and Djulfa”. Being an honest man and a diplomat he thus added: “... even the mustafians had never claimed on these regions. Under the support of Turkey Narimanov’s government would even reach Yerevan” [1, 86].
But there was another reason about which neither Shant nor Terteryan could know [9, 45].
It was the Kemal Turkey. On the 4th of July the minister of foreign affairs of Turkey Bekir Sami Bay sent a letter to Moscow. There was officially informed that “Turkish government accepts Russia’s plea about “Armenian-Turkish” problem” Simultaneously he adds “.we support the principles of contracts between Brest-Litovski and Batumi concerning the question of constitution” [2, 55].
It meant that Turkey didn’t want to go on the compromise concerning the territories; moreover, it wanted to owe the half part ofArmenian Republic (Kars region, Nakhijevan.). Numerous negotiations were failed because of Turkey’s aggressive reasons.
On the same day Chicherin made an order to create the military-revolutionary committee of the Caucasian army. According to the 7th point of the order the rights to control the territories had been limited by the Russian troops. In other words they had to be satisfied with the control over Shushi and Jebrail provinces. The aim of Russian troops was to establish peace in that territory. The question of state borders should be decided by the commission of representatives from both sides (Armenia and Azerbaijan) under the presidency of Russian federation, taking into consideration the local peoples’ will [8, 522-524].
This order hadn’t been discussed yet, when Russian troops approached the borders of Zangezur in 1920, July 5 and bombarded the positions of Armenian boundaries. On the same day the 32nd division of Red Army occupied Goris region and the 252nd regiment of the 83rd brigade occupied Sisian region. Despite the occupation of Zangezur, the soviet side had no clear plan concerning the status of that region. On July 8, Stalin sent a telegram to Orjonikidze instructing him to defend one of the sides in present situation (Azerbaijan and Turkey).
About the confrontation fight on the final occupation of Nakhijevan
Due to the interference of Russian communist government, Turkey stopped the pre-attack on Armenia, but kept his 22000 army near the borders. It was readily waiting for the suitable period to cross Armenia’s border and occupy Kars, Surmalu and especially Nakhijevan. Simultaneously, Turkey helped the Muslim rebellious regions, providing them with weapons and inciting Armenia against the government.
Two significant problems had to solve to improve the situation in the country:
- to obey those Muslim regions by decisive actions, rebelled in July-August 1919 with the assistance of Turkey and Azerbaijan and didn’t accept Armenia’s authority in those regions. They were Zangibasar, Vedibasar, Sharur and Nakhijevan.
- They wanted to occupy Alashkert valley, to settle it with west-Armenians, deprive the Muslim regions of Republic and connect it with Turks to get their support [8, 524]. But Armenian government could realize none of these, because they didn’t have corresponding forces [9, 66].
As Armenians were slow in military actions and diplomacy, the commander of eastern front of Turkish army Kyazim Karabekiz Pasha ordered the commander of division in Bay-azet to send another unit to Nakhijevan in June 27 [4, 248].
Such an unorganized republic as it was Azerbaijan later declared that “Azerbaijan’s borders pass under Yerevan” [5, 120].
For two centuries Osmanic Turkey survived just playing on the confrontations between Western Europe and Russia. After the First World War, Turkey again holds the side of his enemies. At that time Russia was fighting against Atlanta.
The truth of this contains the following comparison.
“Azerbaijan turned red in one day and with the help of Russia again began to solve the territorial arguments with his neighbors” The Turks living in Nakhijevan didn’t want to be back from their elder brothers: Osmanic Turkey and Azerbaijan. In his letter to Chicherin S. M. Kirov remarked about Nakhijevan. In the letter it was written that after the occupation of Nakhijevan, Turkey established there Soviet authority.
So in 1920, July 28 under the sponsorship of Russia, the red troops entered the whole abandoned region of Nakhijevan.
The next day the revolutionary committee of Nakhijevan blamed Armenian government for its imperialistic ambitions towards the citizens. They announced “The working people of Nakhijevan declared himself to be an inseparable part of the Soviet Republic ofAzerbaijan and in his struggle leans on the powerful Russian, Turkish and Azerbaijan red armies, which have already occupied Nakhijevan and its region forever”.
Thus was the end of Armenian troops in the operation of Nakhijevan. Due to Russian red army, Turkey and Azerbaijan saved Nakhij evan from the “so-called” Armenian revenge. The crimes which were done against peaceful Armenian population in 1918-1919 could be called nothing but GENOCIDE.
There were many attempts to return Nakhijevan to Mother Armenia, but all was in vain.
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Passionarity ethnogenesis theory and laws of historical development
- Conference which was held in Alexandropoulos gave nothing to us. It happened as it had been outlined by the Turkish diplomacy and the project connected with Armenia was over-fulfilled. They took much more from Armenia. Armenia lost Nakhijevan wholly.
- During the second Russian-Turkish conference in Moscow, Armenia’s situation was much more diminishing.
That conference was the greatest victory of Turkey. Turkey managed both to empty Nakhijevan and its regions and also
force Russia to connect Nakhijevan with Azerbaijan as an inseparable part of it.
- Kars conference put an end to all arguable questions dealing with Turkey and Azerbaij an. Some sections in northwest called “Gayli drunk” and “Yerankyuni goti” were also transferred to Azerbaijan. It provided a direct link between Turkey and Azerbaijan from the back of Armenia.
Such was a basis of the first Armenian Republic and its unsuccessful diplomacy at the beginning of the 20th century.
References:
1. Armenian genocide. Turkey’s responsibility and duties of world community. Documents and comments. - M., 2003.
2. Documents of the internal policy of the USSR, - vol. 2, - M., 1958.
3. I suggest the occupation of Nakhijevan, Ordubad, and Djulfa. “Banber of Armenian archives”, - Yerevan, 1993, - numb. 1-2.
4. Galoyan G. A. Armenia and great states 1917-1923. - Yerevan, 1999. - Р. 248.
5. Kheyfets A. N. Soviet Russia and connection of Eastern countries, 1918-1920. - M., 1964.
6. NAA, F. 276, ts. 1, g. 218, n. 112.
7. NAA, F. 200, ts. 1, g. 484, n. 26.
8. Nagorni Kharabakh in 1918-1923.
9. Zohrabyan E. A. The main task of Nakhijevan (1920 May - 1921 October). - Yerevan, YSU publ. - 2010.
10. Zohrabyan E. A. 1920 Turkish-Armenian war and states. - Yerevan, 1997, - Р. 74.
Zaikova Tatyana Mihailovna, a teacher of history and social, Municipal budgetary educational institution, «Secondary school № 4 Zelenodolsky Municipal District of the Republic of Tatarstan» E-mail: dthcfk@mail.ru
Passionarity ethnogenesis theory and laws of historical development
Abstract: The article discusses the theory of ethnogenesis passionate Lev Gumilev, which is a hypothesis and describes the interaction with the host developing ethnic landscape and other ethnic groups, which specifies the drive of the excess of biochemical energy of living matter, which generates sacrifice, often for the sake of illusory purposes or as an irresistible inner urge to efforts to change his life, the environment, the status quo.
Keywords: ethnicity, ethnogenesis, passionarnost, sacrifice, with drive, the levels of drive.
Зайкова Татьяна Михайловна, учитель истории и обществознания Муниципального бюджетного образовательного учреждения «Средняя общеобразовательная школа № 4 Зеленодольского муниципального района Республики Татарстан»
E-mail: dthcfk@mail.ru
Пассионарная теория этногенеза и закономерности исторического развития
Аннотация: в статье рассматривается пассионарная теория этногенеза Льва Николаевича Гумилева, которая является гипотезой и описывает взаимодействие развивающихся этносов с вмещающим ландшафтом и другими этносами, которая определяет пассионарность как избыток биохимической энергии живого вещества, порождающий жертвенность, часто ради иллюзорных целей или, как непреодолимое внутреннее стремление к деятельности, направленной на изменение своей жизни, окружающей обстановки, статуса-кво.
Ключевые слова: этнос, этногенез, пассионарность, жертвенность, пассионарии, уровни пассионарности.
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