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t 7- 1 r-r t Baltic Journal of Economic Studies Vol. 7 No. 5, 2021 ---
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2021-7-5-235-242
DIGITAL INTERVENTION IN LEGAL MECHANISMS FOR DETECTING THE PROCEEDS OF CORRUPTION
Tatiana Kolomoiets1, Oleksii Makarenkov2
Abstract. The article reveals the digital intervention in the legal mechanisms of detection of corruption proceeds. It is determined that digital technologies in the prevention of corruption are tools to promote integrity in the public sphere of public relations by ensuring non-contact interaction of an official with other citizens, avoiding the physical delivery of gifts and bribes, formalizing procedures and eliminating anthropogenic and sociogenic factors. Legal mechanisms through digital technologies are capable of neutralizing corruption risks. Their ability to take into account the specificity of the corrupting influence of private interest on the public interest, energetically superior to human control, does not detect expression and/or other variants of subjectivity, which are ontologically corrupt in and of themselves. Innovativeness becomes an important feature of anticorruption legislation implemented through digital tools, as they are constantly updated. Due to this connection, the anti-corruption legal mechanism acquires the features characteristic of the digital format of information circulation through telecommunications. This makes anti-corruption legislation a more dynamic system, which is minimally archaic, eliminates the dysfunction of algorithms of existing rules, because it is mathematically consistent. It is established that the process of changing the anti-corruption legislation due to the intervention of the digital format of data circulation has become natural. This contact between the numbers and the rules of law is strengthened. They are united by an initial element for recording specific legal and mathematical values, respectively. Numbers are the ontological essence of formalization of legal requirements in electronic format. The calculation of the functional purpose of anti-corruption legislation is mentally seen through the construction of abstract models of legal regulation of social relations, based on human virtues. It is emphasized that the intensified use of digital technologies will help to differentiate the nature of corrupt practices for all dimensions of public administration and/or economic relations. Particular effects are expected in the areas of state budgets/ funds, taxes, finance, national defense, law enforcement, circulation of information, and culture. It is emphasized that the electronic algorithmization of anti-corruption procedures makes it possible to provide a valid correlation of the degree of corruption risks with the degree of thoughtfulness of the proposed legal norms to eliminate them. Such norms must be consistent with the values and other components of the political and legal system in which they are applied, as well as prevent problems of cross-border corruption, in particular within the framework of the EU, into which Ukraine is integrating. It is concluded that electronic methods of anti-corruption law enforcement together and separately reveal the specifics of their manifestation. It is important to combine them with traditional legal regulators of integrity in the sphere of public law, where human nature is respected. It is promising to identify the specifics of digital technologies used in transitional and sustainable legal forms of organization of political, economic and other social interaction.
Key words: corruption prevention, digital interference, European Union, integrity law, legal mechanisms, procedure, public official, technologies, telecommunication.
JEL Classification: D73, K40, L96
1. Introduction
The dominance of the trend of digital communication means its decisive impact on the rule
Corresponding author:
1 Zaporizhzhia National University, Ukraine. E-mail: [email protected]
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1101-8073
2 Zaporizhzhia National University, Ukraine. E-mail: [email protected]
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0042-165X
of law, which at present cannot be maintained without rethinking traditional (digital) forms of legal communication (paper, physical handwriting,
physical presence at meetings, etc.). In the context of the topic of our work, the relevance of the problem is narrowed to issues of integrity of public servants - the dominance of public interests over their private interests in their professional activities. As A. Gurria, Secretary General of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, has rightly noted, in all countries and at all levels of society, corruption threatens to distort social and economic interactions, reduce efficiency and increase inequality by rewarding those who have access to wealth. As a result, the cost of doing business rises, public resources are wasted; for example, globally, 57% of public procurement is based on bribery of officials by foreign participants in these procedures, and economically vulnerable citizens are left unprotected (OECD work on corruption and integrity). Frustrated citizens may turn away from the state, disengage from political processes, migrate, or oppose the actions of corrupt political and economic elites (Chan, 2018). Accordingly, a proper understanding of the nature and facets of corruption prevention, combined with the use of the above-mentioned technologies in the law, determines the actual development as such, in general, and its sustainability on the basis of a sustainable rule of law, in particular. The achievements of the EU countries are a prime example. They have sufficient material and spiritual resources, as well as the means to protect them adequately. It is obvious that they can be considered among the most important forms of civilization and the main legal systems of the world (Article 9 of the UN Charter).
Accordingly, there is a steady trend of intensification of digital research in the legal mechanisms of countering corruption. The obtained knowledge is a relatively stable invariant basis of various states and properties of legal phenomena, their essential sides and moments. The strength of their logic is manifested in the ability to identify objective patterns of development of anti-corruption law, to determine its trends, to predict the prospects of change and transformation of the constituent institutions of dissemination of standards of integrity in public authorities. It is because of these capabilities that logical knowledge is a component of progress in the field of law. The process of cognition of "digital interference in the legal mechanisms of detection of corruption proceeds" as a legal object moves from sensation, perception and representation of it to the formation of complex concepts, in which a higher mental abstraction arises from a lower, lower one goes to a higher, higher level of generalization, as the consequence of abstraction transforms the less abstract representation, revealing its inner meaning (Kerimov, 2001).
2. Analysis of the recent researches and publications
The attention of scholars is constantly riveted to the substantive characteristics of the transition of legal relations from direct communication to a format mediated by artificial technology (intelligence). At present, the course of such relations is largely determined by the spread of information and communication technologies, namely hardware (reception, etc.), software, the Internet, and other networks for transmitting information. Anticorruption work in these relations is part of the general system of social regulation of social and other types of legal relations. These relations are related on the issues of digital circulation of data within the subject of study of the general theoretical sciences of law, information law, legal linguistics and their branches. Among scientists, the relevant research was conducted by V. B. Averyanov, O. M. Bandurka, T. O. Kolomoyets, V. K. Kolpakov, E. V Nevmerzhytsky, S. G. Stetsenko, M. I. Havronyuk, as well as R. K. Melekayev (established the definition prevention corruptibility of the Russian Federation legislation); A. M. Novak (the introduction of digital technologies in public administration, the state in the smartphone, as a factor influencing the formation and implementation of national anti-corruption policy; M. A. Sokolov (detection and elimination of normative legal acts defects in the mechanism of law-making); etc. The sincere scientists aspirations to offer effective solutions to ensure the integrity of public power and other public relations are reflected in numerous monographs (dissertations). V. Franchuk, D. Koretska-Shukevich (revealed the administrative-legal framework for combating corruption-related offenses in Ukraine and the Republic of Poland); O. Bondarenko (the concept of criminal law counteraction to corruption in Ukraine); V. Trepak (applied theory problems of preventing and combating corruption in Ukraine); D. Ishchuk (administrative-legal status of specialized anti-corruption entities in Ukraine); B. Golovkin, V. Batyrgareeva, O. Novikov and others (issues of the state and trends of corruption in the economy private sector; typical corruption schemes in the field of entrepreneurship and revealed the main areas of prevention and counteraction to this phenomenon, including through the system of anti-corruption compliance); A. Voloshenko (causes, essence, political and economic origins of systemic corruption in Ukraine; approaches to comprehensive assessment of the current level of corruption; key determinants and basic concepts of the mechanism for preventing systemic corruption); A. Biletsky (public participation in the corruption prevention of crimes in Ukraine); M. Plastun (the place and participation of the head of state in the anti-corruption system, in the
formation and implementation of anti-corruption policy, its basic patterns of evolution in the historical-legal context). Foreign scholars are also actively involved in understanding the issues of ensuring a permanently low level of corruption, namely: institutions against systemic corruption and oligarchic domination (S. Vergara Gonzalez); corruption, political incompetence and social division in Spain 1874-2018 (R. Preston); corruption of genomics, digital health, medical information campaigns and other components of the medical-industrial complex (S. O'Mahony); subordination of the elite part of the population, simplification of its functional purpose by members of corrupt networks (politicians and their advisers, financiers, etc.), acceptability of social dialogue methods and civil disobedience to combat corruption, on the example of India (S. Chella Rajan), etc. At the same time, insufficient attention is paid to the issues raised in the topic of this article, given the steadily high level of corruption in Ukraine. Although fragmentary conclusions about them exist in scientific works. Therefore, the previously stated problem remains relevant for research.
3. The essence of using digital to detect corruption
The knowledge acquired by legal scholars is not now fully realized in legislation and law enforcement. This weakens the persistent tendency to the dominance of human virtues, especially among civil servants and entrepreneurs. The transformation of legal consciousness of Ukrainians in the direction of rejection of the use of corruption as a means of communication, denying its value and acceptability in legal relations is also slowing down. The population of Ukraine perceived corruption in 2014 (142nd in the world, 26 points) not much less than in 2020 (117th, 33 points), indicating a shaky anticorruption trend fueled by the benefits of digital technology. Today's world demonstrates the active use of the digital format for checking the dishonest actions of civil servants. While the first asset declaration procedures for these individuals were introduced on paper (back in 1965 in the United States, and as of the late 1970s in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), such asset declarations are now filed exclusively on electronic media. This function has become natural for the administration of the balance of government revenues and expenditures in all highly developed countries. In addition to compliance with individual receipts, the digital format is used to monitor the fair use of public funds. For example, in Ukraine there is an electronic system of organization of public
procurement, which openly contains information about the conditions of spending public funds for the purchase of goods, works and services. The Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia uses the software product Erar (Aerarium is the Latin name for treasury and figuratively means public finances). It is an online tool for transparent monitoring of cash flows of public sector organizations (public expenditure monitoring application). In particular, this application provides a registry of gifts received by officials and public institutions (it summarizes the registries of gifts maintained by all public authorities) (Erar - the application provides data on the use of public money in the Republic of Slovenia).
The rules for the implementation of digital format of anti-corruption exist not only in the framework of purely specialized legislation. They are widely represented in the requirements for the formation of anti-corruption ratings, the prevention of the purge of criminal assets, the functioning of electronic systems of circulation and accounting of property, and so on. For example, 35 banks and 54 financial institutions in Monaco hold more than 300,000 accounts and manage total assets of about 750 billion euros (approximately $819.4 billion). The money laundering charges relate mainly to crimes committed abroad. The Principality does not face the usual forms of organized crime, nor does it have a significant smuggling market (Monaco Against Money Laundering). The countries with the best practices in the fight against corruption are the Republic of France and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (hereinafter, the UK). Compared with neighboring countries, Swiss regulation of anti-corruption legislation is underdeveloped. "When it comes to money laundering, Switzerland implements only the absolute minimum of mandatory standards because of pressure from abroad. ... The effective fight against money laundering is only of secondary importance. Unfortunately, I have come to the conclusion that there is nothing to be gained in Switzerland. ... Money laundering reporting Switzerland is bogged down by a lack of information technology, which means that most documents have to be processed manually. At the end of last year, some 6,000 reports worth several billion francs had not yet been processed because of imperfect IT", declared Daniel Thelesklaf. Since 2016, between 12 and 17 billion Swiss francs worth of assets have been recorded in Switzerland each year. As a result of the combination of these shortcomings, Switzerland protects only a "small fraction" of the laundered money passing through its banks ('Switzerland failing to tackle money laundering': Thelesklaf).
4. Definition of digital interference in legal integrity mechanisms
The process of changing the anti-corruption law due to the intervention of the digital format of data circulation has already become natural. It can also be stated that this contact between figures and legal norms is increasing. They are united by the source element for recording specific legal and mathematical meanings, respectively. Numbers are the ontological essence of formalizing legal requirements in electronic format. The calculation of the functional purpose of anti-corruption law is mentally seen through the construction of abstract models of legal regulation of social relations, based on human virtues. Mathematical logic allows us to systematize numerous illustrations of anti-corruption practices; separation in a rational ascent from the abstract to the concrete core of the problem.
This part gives an idea of the main properties of the whole; it generates abstractions and expresses concrete links of anti-corruption legislation with the entire legal system. Digital formats of information flow regulation and the legal system are united by the same nature of formulae construction. Moreover, they change each other's nature by mutual impulses of action, by inter-symbolic interference. The energies of both matter (law and mathematics) overlap. For example, electronic procedures for checking corruption offenses, their risks, and all other components of the fight against corruption are possible only because they lend themselves to mathematical analysis.
Communication through telecommunications networks a priori reduces the opportunities (significantly complicates) for the delivery of legally prohibited gifts and bribes, as well as various means of persuasion, inducement to commit an offense, manipulation of feelings (emotions) of the official and so on. These issues are fully disclosed through the use of related sciences of knowledge (theories) of legal psychology, the theory of psychological type of legal understanding (manifestation of its components in action). Such channels of interdisciplinary communication reveal the problem of the loss of effect of verbal communication acts in face-to-face meetings of people, compared to their non-contact interaction -online through software and over the Internet.
A characteristic preventive feature of digital communication of anti-corruption nature in the form of a dialogue (polylogue) with an official of a public authority is the availability (comprehensibility, ease, etc.) of their technical fixation. Such fixation, as well as feedback, reactions and other elements of the history of electronic communication are potentially suitable for use as evidence in case of grounds for disciplinary, administrative and/or criminal proceedings.
A psychological view of people's understanding of these possibilities shows that their willpower is naturally directed towards compliance with anticorruption legislation. For example, the digital format of communication does not allow for a conversation about a bribe, clarifying it, etc. Otherwise, the technical fixation of extortion or bribery is sufficient evidence to establish the corpus delicti, namely: "Acceptance of an offer, promise or receipt of an improper benefit by an official" and/or "Offering, promising or giving an improper benefit to an official" (Articles 368, 369 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine respectively).
The use of computer technology involves formalizing procedures and eliminating the human factor. Reducing an official's actions to formulas requires a deeper understanding of the existing rules, their clarification and adjustment in accordance with the criteria of clarity, unambiguous clarity. Otherwise, the anti-corruption procedure cannot be digitized -translated into the language of a computer program. For example, an adequate and understandable package of income (benefits) and other social guarantees reduces the temptation for officials in public office to spend money unscrupulously (Huberts, Hoekstra, 2016). Algorithmization of the actions of public officials determines their formally declared transparency (openness of public information) in legal reality. For example, the system of automatic verification of officials' income declarations through a mechanism for detecting logical and/or arithmetical errors in them. This, at a minimum, provides grounds for increasing the confidence of citizens (informed, prudent, law-abiding) in the integrity of state power and further logically increases its authority to bring about the necessary changes for the development of society.
The negative effect of the digitalization of legal mechanisms to identify the proceeds of corruption is the absorption of the anthropic nature of the law by digital technologies that work on mathematical formulas and algorithms. There is a leveling of humanity in the direct lawmaking and law enforcement, including emotional, sensory, rational, volitional slices of human psychology. In this case, the nature of anti-corruption legislation loses its purpose, which is to ensure the maximum development of everyone as a necessary condition for the free development of all. Anti-corruption activity is not an end in itself. It does not weaken sociality and does not strengthen the abstractness of social ties. The struggle for virtue excludes the immersion of people in a virtual reality (augmented reality) instead of legal reality (does not replace it) and so on. The optimal option is to supplement law with artificial intelligence in the regulation of social relations. Otherwise, the time of legal processes is reduced to the temporal needs of the
operating processes of electronic computer programs. There is a sense of loss of spiritual values, including those of the present and/or future rule of law. They are replaced by a phenomenon of accelerating time, its unprecedented rapidity, and a desire for consumption that grows exponentially amid a tendency to reduce the capacity to comprehend the nature of law. The desire to enjoy and other forms of deconstructive legal life in an instant, to get everything at once, is actualized. Legal values and their macrostructures of time are being replaced by the virtual values of the digital world and their microstructures of time (ancient Greek Kaipog "opportune moment"). The widespread introduction of electronic services exacerbates problems, namely: compatibility of innovative technologies; national security in the context of network, information warfare; protection of personal data from cybercrime, hacker attacks, spyware; contingencies in the form of database equipment failure; creation and protection of data backups, and loss of national identity and appeal, in particular due to the weakening of variation in the enrichment of the national language space, etc.
5. Detection of corruption proceeds through digital technology in legal mechanisms
In fact, the use of digital technologies in the volume corresponding to the civilizational level of the nation, its legal worldview, culture, consciousness. This is one of the ways of sustainable development and a necessary condition for the neutralization of corruptive factors in social relations. In particular, as exemplified by our state, the implementation of measures to institutionalize the digital format of public administration is aimed at significantly reducing corruption and bribery in all its manifestations. This includes developing effective, accountable and transparent institutions, as well as ensuring flexible, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels; ensuring public access to information and protecting fundamental freedoms in accordance with national law and international agreements. Public legal integrity in economic relations seeks to achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological improvement, and innovation; support the development of domestic technology, research, and innovation, including by providing an enabling policy environment; develop effective, accountable, and transparent institutions at all levels; build capacity at all levels of relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation (EU support for e-governance and digital economy in Ukraine). The importance of these technologies for monitoring the welfare of officials in the dynamics through the institution of annual declaration of their property/ income is known. It is noted that at the end of the
1990s, along with paper declarations, electronic declarations began to exist. An OECD study showed that in countries where declarations were accepted electronically rather than in paper form, the reliability of the data provided increased from 67% to 98% on average in the first two years. Currently, there are more than 130 such countries (Steblyanko, Reznik, 2017). It is important for them to focus on identifying in these declarations only those incomes that are not officially recorded by the state in the existing accounting systems (registers), the movement of property, finance, which are managed by public authorities and their authorized subjects.
Physical presence for direct communication between a visitor and an official of a public authority is corruptogenic, for example, when interpreting the legislation of the Republic of Singapore. It creates conditions for forming the right impression, convincing the official to make the right decision contrary to the law, including anti-corruption, to a greater extent than non-contact communication. Intermediaries are graphical interactive, automated and/or other computer input (processing, transmission) of information, such as operating systems Macintosh and Windows. The high degree of human-computer interaction instead of humanhuman interaction in public law minimizes the corruption risks of communication of traditional forms and increases the multiplicative potential of integrity, namely: increases the quality (efficiency, effectiveness) of public servants as measured by fundamental rules and social values; excludes the shortcomings of public administration, its complex forms of dysfunction - resistance to positive and long-term changes, formalism, indifference to efficiency, hostility to technology, redundancy, nepotism, corruption (D'Alterio, 2017). Public relations culture and values must be supported by a clear set of rules, procedures and guidelines. The finance, legal, audit and human resources departments play an important role in this. Supervision, control (verification of reporting) of compliance and enforcement are methods of implementing the integrity rules. Especially in the areas of control/investigation of public procurement procedures, implementation of relevant contracts, overlapping of positions (Huberts, Hoekstra, 2016).
These problems are compounded by the use of public authorities and/or public funds for the benefit of private individuals. Taken together, this inevitably reinforces a persistent tendency to despise human virtues in an unstable environment of transitory and market relations. Ukraine demonstrates far from the strongest mechanisms of combating corruption both at the national level and in international relations. Questionnaires within the legal sociological approach to understanding the problem of corruption and
The tools that citizens use to properly exercise and protect their rights and freedoms... (%)
■ corruption tools - 63,7
■ moral / religious norms - 22,7
■ coercion / violence - 6,8
courts and other institutions determined by the laws of the state - 6,8
Figure 1. The results of the application of socio-legal method for the knowledge of problematic issues of corruption prevention in the open society - 440 experts (entrepreneurs, civil servants and other professionals; mainly from Zaporizhzhia region and partly from Dnipro and Kharkiv regions), summarized for 2012-2020
acceptable options to minimize it have been used by the author since 2010 and prove the desire of Ukrainians to exercise their rights in the least burdensome way for them. It is only natural that citizens oppose formal (inhumane) bureaucratic procedures, archaic norms of current law, and/or simplistic (non-legal) law enforcement practices by resorting to moral norms, violence, and corruption. All three types of social interaction tools become part of the legal reality for them. However, this reality goes beyond the formal requirements of existing laws and regulations. At the same time, the use of gifts, acquaintances and other means of corruption (70-85% of surveyed experts between 2012 and 2020) invariably dominates, or it is combined with moral norms and other non-legal regulators of human relations (Figure 1).
It is known that the spread of such practices has a particularly devastating effect in the sphere of public legal relations Decisions/actions of civil servants are not determined by public interests. According to the successful experience of highly developed countries, the widespread introduction of information technologies into the scheme of legal relations (citizen - civil servant) contributes to the neutralization of corruption. It is important to focus the attention of scientists, but so that the technical component and the software are not left separately, and the legislation and other sources of law separately. Otherwise, in Ukraine and other countries of the region of Eastern Europe, as well as similar social communities of the world there is a consistently high level of illicit enrichment of public officials and
other subjects of declaration, money laundering (corruption, bribery, real conflict of interest), involvement of senior officials and entrepreneurs in transnational corruption flows, etc. The solution to these problems lies in the joint use of anti-corruption legislative procedures and relevant technologies, programs, registries.
At the same time, the correlation of such components with the already developed doctrines and successful anti-corruption practices is a rather divergent curve. Their integral curve is an urgent task that needs to be solved, especially in the absence of an anti-corruption strategy in Ukraine since 2018. For example, in mid-June 2021, Ukraine legally recognized the problem of shadow income and insufficient tax culture of citizens by adopting the law on one-time (special) voluntary declaration. To date, all anti-corruption mechanisms (legislative requirements and digital technologies) have failed to counteract these corruption-causing factors and/or turn them into the product of corrupt connections. The proposed fiscal methods and the focus on one aspect of improving the culture of citizens are expected to have a limited effect. They are not complemented by measures to improve the legal, financial, political and other types of culture of citizens; technologies of control, compliance with particularly large incomes of individuals (entrepreneurs) by state agencies and comprehensive legal requirements for their use (on the model of high-tech developed countries). Equally lacking are proper material incentives for capable civil servants based on their performance in the form of additional compensation. There is no salary or corrupt income,
but they are paid according to their performance in the area they lead, etc. (Ang, 2020).
The lawyers' focus is on establishing patterns and systems in facts that are judged to be coincidences that have led to the rapid intellectual decline and spiritual dwarfism of our era. The excessive power of multinational corporations, the decline of politics and professions, problems of law and order, the fetishization of security, and the narcissism of the Internet and social media reduce people to digital machines in need of constant monitoring and maintenance (O'Mahony, 2019). This social reality breeds petty theft, grand theft, fast money, and access to money in the public sphere. There are types of corruption that are detrimental to economic growth in one way or another. In countries with big finance, dishonesty comes in the form of access to power and money (for access to money). Nations with an overwhelming majority of financially poor (poor and below the poverty line) populations do not overcome any of the types of corruption that officials at the highest levels of government should be tough on (Ang, 2020).
6. Conclusions
Thus, digital technologies in the field of anticorruption are tools to promote integrity in public relations by ensuring the contactless interaction of an official with other citizens, avoiding the physical delivery of gifts and bribes, formalizing procedures and eliminating errors of anthropogenic and sociogenic factors. The content of legal mechanisms, enhanced by the potential of digital technologies (accounting systems, registers, communications, etc.), is able to neutralize corruption risks. The capacity of digital technologies to account for the specificity of the corrupting influence of private interest is energetically superior to any human control and does not detect expression and/or other variants of subjectivity, which in itself is ontologically corrupt. An important feature of the anti-corruption legislation implemented with the help of digital tools is innovation. Digital technologies are constantly updated (every 3-9 months by 100%) and implemented. Through this connection, the integrity (anti-corruption legal mechanism) acquires the features of its part (digital technology), becomes dynamic, minimizes archaic norms, eliminates the dysfunctions of existing algorithms of rules as those that do not comply with mathematical logic.
The authors believe that the steady growth in the use of digital technology will help to differentiate the nature of corrupt practices for all dimensions of public administration and/or economic relations. This is especially important in the areas of state budgets/funds, taxes, finance, as well as national
defense, law enforcement, information, culture, etc. Electronic algorithmization of anti-corruption procedures makes it possible to ensure that the degree of corruption risks is legally correlated with the degree of ingenuity of the proposed legal norms to eliminate bad faith. They, in turn, should correspond to the values and other components of the political and legal system, where they are applied, as well as prevent cross-border corruption problems. In the framework of the EU, into which Ukraine is integrating, this requires combining joint efforts of anticorruption states and solving tasks to determine the basic theoretical and methodological constructs of the use of digital technologies in anti-corruption institutions, the extent of their formal reflection in the legislation. The unity in the use of digital technology practices to verify and ensure the integrity of public servants, as well as an understanding of the trend of their movement, becomes relevant.
Further development requires a general theoretical framework for formal legal procedures for financial audit, compliance on the adequacy of sources of income and expenditure of public servants, as well as banking and other controls on their tangible assets using digital technology. The pan-European integration of anti-corruption efforts is also manifested in the strengthening by means of digital technologies of forensic capabilities of law enforcement control over the economic and legal soundness of financial and other types of business transactions; methods and algorithms for checking latent corruption in public procurement; legal directions of the economy de-shadowing as a part of anti-corruption legislative mechanisms and constructive practices of their application conditioned by digital format. A separate area of actualization of human virtues is to increase the digital awareness of citizens as a component of their economic (tax, financial), political and legal culture, as well as strengthening the legal protection of lawyers, journalists and other categories of informants. Digital intervention in the legal mechanisms for detecting the proceeds of corruption is also manifested in the operation and improvement of electronic registries of corruption factors, corruption risks and challenges to the virtue of public officials; enhancement of forensic and other practical capabilities of national agencies to detect, investigate and manage assets derived from corruption and other crimes. In this regard, the interconnection of interstate (inter-institutional) cooperation in the fight against transnational/global corruption requires significant revitalization.
Thus, electronic methods of anti-corruption law enforcement are total and individual reveal the specificity of their manifestation. It is assumed that their effectiveness will be influenced by the factors of successful combination with the traditional for
the nation legal regulators of integrity in the sphere of public relations. Such a combination should not lead to the loss of the fundamental nature of anticorruption legislation. It is important to show the specifics of the use of digital technology in transitional and sustainable forms of social interaction. All these and related issues can be developed through additional research. Empirical data from the experience of interactive automated systems and other electronic networks, their telecommunication channels and hardware are needed to verify the conclusions. Humanity counts on their potential. Tools are inherently reliable and indifferent to human shortcomings. Therefore, digital technologies are
References:
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