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52Digit ratio (2D:4D): relationship with freestyle swimming performance of adolescent well-trained swimmers
Ozen G.1
, Atar O.2ABE, Koç H.2
1 Department of Physical Education and Sports Teaching, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Qanakkale Onsekiz Mart
University, Qanakkale, Turkey.
2 Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Qanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Qanakkale,
Turkey
Authors' Contribution: A - Study design; B - Data collection; C - Statistical analysis; D - Manuscript Preparation;
E - Funds Collection.
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was a relationship between the digit ratios and freestyle swimming performance of adolescent well-trained swimmers.
Material: Twenty-two well-trained male swimmers who had at least 3 years of swim training experience were recruited as participants. The participants' mean age was 14.1±1.5 years, body height was 164.5±11.3 cm, and body mass was 54.4±11.2 kg. Participants' body height, mass, index finger (2D) and ring finger (4D) lengths were measured and digit ratio (2D:4D) and body mass index of participants was calculated. To determine the swimming performance of participants, the short (50m and 100m) and middle (200m and 400m) distance freestyle time-trial swimming tests were performed on participants. The association between the 2D:4D ratio and the swimming performance were determined by the Pearson correlation coefficient.
Results: Our findings indicated that there were strong negative correlations (r > .50) between the mean of BMI and
swimming times of adolescent swimmers. (p > .05). However, result of this study revealed no relationship between the digit ratio (2D:4D) and swimming performance in adolescent swimmers. (p > .05).
Conclusions: As a result, it may be stated that the 2D:4D ratio of swimmers is not a major parameter in predicting swimming performance for adolescent swimmers.
Keywords: athlete, digit ratio, performance, sport, swimming.
Introduction
Digit ratio (2D:4D) is the proportion between the length of the 4th finger to that of 2nd finger of the hand [1]. Scientific researchers revealed that the digit ratio is a predictive marker which may reflect the exposure and sensitivity to prenatal androgen. They reported that there was a link between prenatal androgen exposure and digit growth [2]. Digit ratio is negatively associated with prenatal testosterone, but positively with estrogen exposure. These correlations are used to estimate the production of testosterone and estrogen in the gonads [3]. 2D:4D digit ratio has been proposed as a putative prenatal testosterone marker studied in various fields of scientific research [4]. Current studies have investigated whether there were associations between 2D:4D ratio and a wide range of physical, mental and social skills [5].
Digit ratio is one of the best indicators of the level of testosterone and are used as a noninvasive method to assess the level of testosterone on the body [3]. Additionally, the results of digit ratio researches revealed that digits of right hand being a more sensitive indicator to predict the level of testosterone on the body due to the influence of prenatal exposure to testosterone [1, 6]. Testosterone is an androgenic sex hormone and one of the most important hormones that assist with muscular growth, thrive, and muscle damage repairs on the human body [2, 7]. Numerous cross-sectional studies of the 2D:4D ratios have reported the digit ratios lower in men compared to women because men had a higher testosterone level than © Ozen G., Atar 0., Kop H., 2019 doi:10.15561/18189172.2019.0307
women [8]. In the sports science and medicine literature, it is fairly well-known the effect of testosterone on physical performance of both male and female athletes [2, 6]. Scientific studies suggested that the higher level of testosterone on the body can lead to increase athletic performance in various sports disciplines such as; team handball, soccer, skiing, rugby [6, 9-12]. Some researcher who investigated athletes' digit ratio found a relationship between digit ratio and athletic performance, but others not found [13, 14]. Therefore, researchers are still arguing over the correlation between digit ratio and athletic performance.
Until today, most of the studies published on this topic have focused on the relationship between athletic performance and digit ratios in adult athletes [2, 9, 11]. A few researchers studied the relationship between athletic performance and digit ratios of adolescent athletes [15, 16]. Adolescence is a period when male testosterone hormone is most secreted [17]. In this regard, the investigation of the relationship between the digit ratio and athletic performance during this period may provide important findings. To this end, the purpose of this study was to determine whether there was a relationship between digit ratio with short and middle distance freestyle swimming performance of adolescent well-trained swimmers.
Materials and Methods
Subjects
Twenty-two male well-trained swimmers who had at least 3 years of swim training experience were recruited as
participants. The objective and the procedures of this study were explained to all participants and their parents. They voluntarily consented to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant as well as their parents before the study commenced. The inclusion criteria of this study were: having an age between 12 and 16 years, being healthy and well-trained male swimmers (at least to be five years swimming). Participants who reported injuries to their index or ring fingers were excluded from this study. All measurements and tests were done in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The participants' mean age was 14.1±1.5 years, body height was 164.5±11.3 cm, and body mass was 54.4±11.2 kg. Also, all the participants were right-handed. Anthropometric characteristics of participants are described in Table 1.
Data Collection
Anthropometry and body composition
The ages of all participants were calculated from the date of birth on their national identity cards. Participants' body height (cm) was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using a stadiometer, and body mass (kg) was measured with minimal clothing to the nearest 0.1 kg a digital body weight scale and the body mass index (BMI, kg/ m2) calculated using the following formula: body mass (kg) / body height2 (m). In order to determine digit ratios (2D:4D) of participants, the length of the 2nd (index) and 4th (ring) fingers were measured directly on the ventral surface of right hand from the crease proximal to the palm to the tip of the finger. Digital callipers with an accuracy of 0.01 mm (Mitutoyo Absolute 700-113-10, Mitutoyo America Corp, Plymouth, Mich) were used for digit length measurements by a specialist physiotherapist. Digit measurements were made twice, and the average was computed. In order to eliminate bias due to interobserver errors, all digits measurements were made by one physiotherapist. The 2D:4D ratio of participants was computed by dividing the length of the 2D by that of the 4D.
Swimming Performance Tests
The swimmers tested to determine the short (50m and 100m) and middle (200m and 400m) distance time-trial swimming performance using freestyle only. All of the performance tests were applied in the competition season. Their swimming performance was assessed over maximal 50, 100, 200, and 400 m freestyle swimming in a 50-m long course indoor pool (indoor temperature, 25°C, water temperature, 27°C and humidity 60%). Each swimming performance test was performed with a dive start and in the swimmer's best stroke. Swimming tests
were performed in two separate days with a break of one day between testing for adequate recovery participants. The first day, participants completed 50, 100, and 200 m swimming performance tests and then the second day completed 400 m tests. All subjects performed a standardized 5-min warm-up prior to performance tests. Total recovery time between 50, 100 and 200 m tests was 10 min. Their swimming time was recorded using an Omega digital stopwatch with one-hundredth-of-a-second accuracy by two swimming referees. Measurements were done in accordance with ethical principles, and all the tests were conducted by the same person. The testing procedure is standardized for all swimmers.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS Version 15 statistic software package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The results are given as means (M) and standard deviation (SD). Shapiro-Wilk W tests within normality analysis were used to determine that data was acceptable with regard to homogeneity. As variances showed a normal distribution, the association between the 2D:4D ratio and the swimming performance were determined by the Pearson correlation coefficient. The Pearson correlation coefficients were classified into three levels: high correlation (>0.50), medium correlation (>0.30 - 0.49), and low correlation (<0.30). Inter-observer agreement for the first and second measurements of 2D:4D were evaluated using Cohen's kappa coefficient statistic (k) with single-score intraclass correlation coefficients. The significance level was set at 5% for all inferential statistics.
Results
In order to assess the repeatability of digit length measurements, it was calculated Cohen's k statistic. The k statistic for the measurements of 2D:4D showed a high intra-class correlation coefficient (r= 0.98). Digits length from the results of the first measurements strongly correlated with the results recorded from second measurements (k > 0.80).
Table 2 displays the mean, minimum, maximum values and standard deviations for the swimming time at different distances. According to the data from Table 2, it was seen participants' the mean of the 2D length (71.5±6.1 mm) were higher than their 4D length (74.8±6.3) mm. The mean of participants' digit ratio (2D:4D) was 0.96±0.4 (ranged 0.87-1.05).
Table 3 demonstrates the associations between digit ratios (2D:4D) and swimming performance on various distances of participants. The means of both 2D and 4D
Table 1. Anthropometric characteristics of the participants.
Variables n Min. Max. Mean SD
Age (year) 22 11 16 14.1 1.5
Height (cm) 22 141 183 164.5 11.3
Weight (kg) 22 35 74.8 54.4 11.2
BMI (kg/m2) 22 17 24 19.9 1.9
lengths were negatively correlated with 50, 100, 200 and 400 m swimming time (p < .05). There were no relationships between 2D:4D ratios and swimming time in 50, 100, 200 and 400 m (p > .05). However, 2D:4D ratio significantly correlated with BMI of participants. The mean of participants' BMI negatively correlated 50, 100, 200, and 400 m swimming time.
Discussion
The current study addresses this issue by examining relationships between the digit ratio (2D:4D) and swimming performance in male adolescent well-trained swimmers. Scientific researches revealed that there is a negative correlation between digit ratio and prenatal testosterone, but a positive correlation with estrogen exposure [2, 8]. It is generally accepted that low 2D:4D ratio is linked with a higher level of testosterone [18]. The importance of testosterone hormone for the accrual of muscle mass or strength is indicated by a number of studies showing links between the level of testosterone and body composition and/or muscle mass in later life [1, 19]. In this connection, much of the research investigating the links between digit ratios and athletic performance has reported that elite athletes have low 2D:4D ratio (ranged 0.90-1.00) [2, 11, 12, 20]. Similarly, adolescent well-
trained swimmers who participated in this study also had a low digit ratio (0.96±0.04). This result of the present study is in good agreement with the recent literature.
Our findings indicated that there were strong negative correlations (r > .50) between the mean of BMI and swimming times of adolescent swimmers. As expected, many researchers also have found that swimmers with low BMI have better swimming performance time [16]. In addition, 2D:4D ratio of participants was positively correlated with BMI (p < .05). Scientific researches have revealed that the high prenatal testosterone levels strongly related to higher muscle mass and lower fat mass in adulthood [1, 19]. In literature, the lower 2D:4D ratio are thought to signal the higher pubertal or adult testosterone levels and high BMI reflects low testosterone levels [21]. For adolescent swimmers in this study is in agreement with the idea that lower BMI would be associated with higher testosterone and lower 2D:4D ratio in athletes.
Nowadays the relationships of digit ratios (2D:4D) with physical, psychological characteristics and athletic performance is one of the most popular issues in various scientific fields [22, 23]. Thus, we wanted to study whether there was a relationship between digit ratio (2D:4D) and swimming performance. General characteristics of successful swimmers include speed, endurance, and
Table 2. The swimming performance data of participants.
Variables Min. Max. Mean SD
2D (mm) 55.6 79.0 71.5 6.1
4D (mm) 58.8 85.4 74.8 6.3
2D:4D 0.87 1.05 0.96 0.04
50 m swimming time (s) 26.1 35.0 29.3 2.4
100 m swimming time (s) 56.0 60.2 59.2 1.2
200 m swimming time (min) 2.01 2.43 2.15 0.13
400 m swimming time (min) 4.12 5.40 4.53 0.44
Note: *; p < .05, **; p < .01
Table 3. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis of 2D:4D ratio and swimming performance time of participants.
Variables
2D:4D
BMI 50 m 100 m 200 m 400 m
2D:4D BMI 50 m 100 m 200 m 400 m
r 1 .362* -046 .081 -.160 -.192
p .049 .420 .368 .238 .196
r - 1 -.618** -.599** -.565** -.620**
p - .001 .003 .003 .001
r - - 1 .767** .881** .829**
p - - .000 .000 .000
r - - - 1 .576** .578**
p - - - .004 .004
r - - - - 1 .810**
p - - - - .000
Note: *; p < .05, **; p < .01
1
strength [24]. It is generally considered that the level of testosterone on body influence the improve speed, endurance, muscular strength, and body composition [7]. Both the level of testosterone and physical performance increases rapidly during adolescence [17]. For this reason, examining the relationship between digit ratio and athletic performance in adolescence period may provide more reliable and important findings. The main findings presented in this study show that the low digit ratio is not related to better performance in a freestyle swimming requiring major energetic contributions from both aerobic and anaerobic systems. In literature, a study completed by Voracek et al., 2010 demonstrated that relationships between the digit ratio and fencing success were absent in male fencers [8]. In the study of Lombardo, Otieno and Heiss have been found no significant differences between athletes and non-athletes in digit ratios [25]. Similarly, Peeters and Claessens reported the digit ratio (2D:4D) is not a discriminating parameter for artistic gymnastics performance [26]. Celik et al., also found no relationship between the 2D:4D ratio and physical performance level in master athletes [13]. Like our findings, another researcher Jia who examined the connection between the 2D:4D ratio and throwing ability of athletes in sports undergraduate have reported a decrease 2D: 4D digit ratio did not correlate significantly with sports performance [27]. Our results were consistent with these researchers who proclaimed no association between the digit ratio and athletic performance. It is widely known that many factors such as: anthropometric and physiological characteristics, genetic, technical and tactical ability, nutrition, sleep, psychology, experience, and external factors such as; coaches, training methods, altitude, ambient temperature, relative humidity etc. and/or combining these factors play a critical role in the performance of young athletes and have the potential to influence, positively or negatively, their sportive performance. Taken together, these factors also might mask a potential association between digit ratio and athletic performance in many sports.
Recently, a growing literature has emerged from studies claiming there is a meaningful negative relationship between the digit ratio and physical performance in both athletic and sedentary group [2, 6, 9, 11]. These
References
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studies have suggested results opposite to our findings. Based on their results, digit ratios and finger lengths can be considered as a main predictive parameter for talent selection or athlete performance in children and young athletes. However, according to the results of the present study and other studies which claimed to be contrary to their findings, it can be said that making such a prediction by taking the digit ratios of athletes into consideration can lead to potential inaccuracy.
Conclusion
Finally, the result of this study revealed no relationship between the digit ratio (2D:4D) and swimming performance in adolescent swimmers. In this respect, we may be stated that the 2D:4D ratio of swimmers is not a major parameter in predicting athletic performance. In literature, there are authors, who reported different results about the correlation between the 2D:4D ratio and athletic performance in sports. Therefore, the relationship of athletic performance with digit ratios as a predictive marker of the level free testosterone may remain speculative. Future research should target long-term observation of the link between these parameters in various sports.
Highlights
• Low digit ratio is not related to better freestyle swimming performance in adolescent well-trained swimmers.
• There were strong negative correlations between the mean of BMI and swimming times of adolescent swimmers.
• Lower BMI would be associated with higher testosterone and lower 2D:4D ratio in adolescent well-trained swimmers.
Acknowledgment
We gratefully acknowledge the help of all the participant who took part in the study.
Conflict of interests
The authors state that there is no conflict of interest.
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Information about the authors:
Ozen G.; (Corresponding author); http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5756-653X; [email protected]; Department of Physical Education and Sports Teaching, Faculty of Sport Sciences, fanakkale Onsekiz Mart University ; Sports Science Faculty 17000 fanakkale, Turkey.
Atar O.; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7941-2865; [email protected]; Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, fanakkale Onsekiz Mart University; Sports Science Faculty 17000 fanakkale, Turkey.
Ko$ H.; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2867-9775; [email protected]; Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, fanakkale Onsekiz Mart University; Sports Science Faculty17000 fanakkale, Turkey.
Cite this article as:
Ozen G, Atar 0, Kog H. Digit ratio (2D:4D): relationship with freestyle swimming performance of adolescent well-trained swimmers. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports, 2019;23(3):150-154. https://doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2019.0307
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en).
Received: 02.04.2019
Accepted: 29.04.2019; Published: 29.06.2019
