CC BY
3DIFFERENCES OF EUPHEMIA PHENOMENON BY GENDER
AND AGE
D.O. Bakhriddionova1
This article analyzes the scientific views on gender and age differences in the phenomenon of Euphemia. The object of analysis is the concept of "toilet", and in this case, the euphemistic combinations used in English and Uzbek languages are discussed. Examples of the euphemistic phenomena analyzed in both languages by gender and age are analyzed. Also, opinions on the importance of using euphemisms in society are given. Through these examples, it is thought that the place of euphemism in human communication is incomparable.
Key words: euphemism, "toilet", gender difference, age difference, cultural environment.
Language is the communicator of culture and the most important form of culture. Language plays an important role in the transmission of information in society, as well as in the social behavior of mankind. By using substitute words and expressions called "euphemisms" instead of the taboo words, the words that cause unpleasant relations, the words of sympathy that we encounter in our daily life, we make our human relations polite.
The use of euphemisms in society is divided into 3 different aspects:
1) According to differences between gender and age
2) According to differences between professions or individuals
3) According to differences in style or contexts
According to statistics, women use more euphemisms than men. For example, the English euphemisms for "sweat" are "Horse sweat; men perspire; young ladies glow" which are widely used in women's speech.
The first aspect of the use of euphemisms in society: differences between gender and age are the main factors that cause the increase of synonyms in this field. Exactly, the gender differences of the euphemism for "toilet/toilet" are reflected as follows:
1) Through, the use of nouns related to two genders:
Women-men — ay a liar- erkaklar Female - male — ayo liar- erkaklar (mostly used in the offieies) - (asosan idoralarda ishlatiladi) Ladies-gentlemen/ladies - gents —> xonimlar - janoblar (usually used politely) (odatda xushmuomala tarzida qo'llaniladi) Lassies - lads —► qizlar- yigitlar Gals - guys —> qizlar- yigitlar Princesses - princes _ malikalar- shaxzodalar1
2) Through possessive pronouns:
Hers - his —> uniki ( qizlarga nisbatan) - uniki (o'g'il bollarga
nisbatan)
3) Through proper nouns (through the names of women and men):
Juliets - Romeos —> Juliettalar — Rameolar lane - John * Jeyn - Joun
Rawson's Dictionarv" of Euphemisms and Other Doublstalk. Hugh RawsorL Castle Books. 2002, p.247
1 Dildora Oktamovna Bakhriddionova - English teacher, Department of English Practical Course, Faculty of Foreign Languages, Jizzakh State Pedagogical University.
In addition, in men's speech, the euphemism "make room for another beer" is used for "going to the toilet". In women's speech, the euphemism "make room for tea" is used for this purpose.
Also, euphemisms specific to women's speech for "going to the toilet" are:
-Powder one's nose - kimningdir burnini changlash;
-Plant a daisy/ rose / pea - Qoqigul / atirgul / no'xatni sug'orish;
-Pluck/ pull a daisy/ rose/ pea - romashka/ atirgul/no'xatni yulib olish/tortish;
Euphemisms characteristic of men's speech:
-Go for a walk with a spade- Belkurak bilan sayrga chiqish;
-Shoot a dog ( Amer.) - Itni otish (Amerikancha ingliz tili);
-Shoot a lion (Brit.) - Sherni otish (Buyuk Britaniyacha ingliz tili);
-Kill a snake ( Austral.) - Ilonni o'ldirish ( Avstraliyacha ingliz tili);
Euphemisms characteristic of schoolchildren:
-Leave the room - xonadan chiqish;
-Leave the class- darsdan chiqish;
Euphemisms used in children's speech:
-Big jobs - katta ish;
-Little jobs - kichik ish;
-Number 1 - 1 soni (is used for "little one");
-Number 2 - 2 soni ( is used for "big one");
-Wee- wee/ pee-pee (baby talk)- used for "little work" in babies' language.
-Potty - trained- (teaching to say "to go to the toilet);
-Toilet - trained - (teaching to say "to go to the toilet).;1
Commonly used euphemisms for "to go to the toilet" in English are:
•Go to the lavatory;
•Go to the loo;
•Go to the bathroom;
•Go upstairs;
•Go somewhere;
•Call of nature/ nature's call;
•Pay a call;
•Pay a visit
Sometimes English euphemisms related to "going to the toilet" include local euphemisms. Such euphemisms are understandable only in certain places. For example: at Balliol College, Oxford University, students use the euphemistic phrase "to visit Lady Periam" to "go to the toilet". Because the toilet of this college is located on the land donated by Lady Periam. This euphemistic phrase is understandable only to the students and staff of this particular college.
A number of euphemisms related to "going to the toilet" are also used in Uzbek. For example, not directly "to go to the toilet", but instead of it we can use the following euphemisms and euphemistic phrases:
-"hojatga borish", (go to the rest room) -"tashqariga chiqish", (go outside) - "shamollab kelish",(go to the nature)
-"badrabga borish" (qipchoq lahjalarida uchraydi) (mostly used in "Qipchoq dialect")
In the Uzbek language, among these euphemisms, there are euphemisms and euphemistic expressions used within the framework of gender and age:
Euphemisms related to "going to the toilet" in women's speech: -"Oq uyga borib kelish" (going to the white house- this euphemistic phrase is a local phrase used in many places because the toilet building is white.);
-"hojatga/ hojatxonaga borish", (this euphemism is used in English as "re-stroom");
-"5 daqiqaga chiqib kelish"; (going out for 5 minutes); Euphemisms related to "going to the toilet" in men's speech:
-"Ochiq havoga chiqib kelish"; (going to the nature); -"Daraxtlarni sug'orib kelish"; (planting trees);
1 Euphemisms. John Ayto. Bloomsbury, 1993, p.162
-"Orqaga o'tib kelish" (going to the backside- this euphemistic phrase is also local, and in many places, it is called so because the toilet is built at the back of the house);
Euphemisms related to "going to the toilet" in children's speech:
-"Hushtak chalib kelish" (whistleblowing- mostly used in boys' speech);
-"Ich og'rishi"; (Stomach ache)
-"Kichigi uchun chiqib kelish" (going out for the "little one"- used in schoolchil-dren's speech);
-"Kattasi uchun chiqib kelish" (going out for the "big one"- used in schoolchil-dren's speech);
-"Paynetga borib kelish" (going out for "paynet" - used in schoolchildren's speech);
Gestures are sometimes used in children's speech:
-"Kichik barmoqni ko'rsatish" - (show the little finger- it means "little rest").
In conclusion, in both analyzed languages, although there is a natural need, in order to preserve the cultural atmosphere in the speech, to "go to the toilet", necessary words are used instead. we witnessed its application. As Mir Alisher Navoi, the great poet and writer, the sultan of the ghazal estate, said: Insonni so'z ayladi judo hayvondin, Balki guxari sharifroq yo'q ondin.
(Meaning: Humanity differs from the animal with the help of "Words", and there is no treasure more than "Words").
Humanity differs from the animal world by its language and thinking. In human communication, the use of euphemisms/euphemistic expressions in their place also shows the speaker's respect for the interlocutors.
References:
1. Rawson's Dictionary of Euphemisms and Other Doubletalk. Hugh Rawson. Castle Books, 2002, p.247
2. Euphemisms. John Ayto. Bloomsbury, 1993, p.162
3. 21st Century Political Euphemisms In English Newspapers: Semantic And Structural Study. Laura Samoskaite. Vilnius, 2011.
4. Вариативность Английских Эвфемизмов-табуизмов. Никитина И.Н., Александрова Г.Н., Белякова О.В.
5. Современные исследования социальных проблем 2018, Том 10, № 4 • http://soc-journal.ru
6. THE ART OF USING WORDS IN SPEECH CULTURE". D.O.Bakhriddinova. Journal of Hunan University (Natural Sciences) Vol. 48. No. 8. August 2021, China.p.201
7. Bakhriddinova Dildora Oktamovna. " The etymological gradual development of euphemisms ". ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplanary Research Journal. Year:2020, Volume: 10, Issue:10. First page : ( 578) Last page : ( 583). Online ISSN: 2249-7137 Article DOI: 10.5958/2249-7137.2020.01169.6
© D.O. Bakhriddionova, 2022.
