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УДК 16-01/09
DIFFERENCE IN HORMONAL RESPONSE OF MALE AND FEMALE MICE UPON L-THYROXIN AND PROPYLTHIOURACL TREATMENT
© Proshin S.N.1, Manatov M.G.1, Kuzavleva A.A.2, Amirkhanyan K.K.2, Kul'deeva K.N.2, Osmanov Z.M.2, Samardakov Yu.A.2, Radjabov R.M.1, Glushakov R.I.1
1North-West State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikova, 47, Piskarevskij Pr., 195067, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
2Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 2, Litovskaja St., 194100, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
Abstract
Objective. To elucidate the relationship of the activity of hypothalamic-pituitary thyroid hormone axis upon experimental modulation of hyper- or hypothyroid status on female and male organism.
Methods. The study was performed on virgin 30 mature male mice and 33 mature female mice of the inbred line C3H-A. On male and female mice a model of experimental hyperthyroid and hypothyroid status was reproduced by the administration to L-thyroxin and propylthyouracil, accordingly. The blood samples from animals were assayed for TSH, T4 (total) and prolactin.
Results. In the hyperthyroid male mice, the level of T4 (total) was significantly higher as compared to the hypothyroid and control groups. No difference in the level of TSH and prolactin was found between the hyperthyroid and the hypothyroid groups. In the hypothyroid female mice, the level of TSH and T4 (total) was significantly lower and the level of prolactin was significantly higher as compared to the hyperthyroid and the control groups.
Conclusion. The male and female mice responded in different ways upon the administration to L-thyroxin and propylthyouracil on the level of TSH, T4 (total) and prolactin.
Keywords: hyperthyroid and hypothyroid status, hormones, L-thyroxin, propylthyouracil, C3H-A mice
РАЗЛИЧИЕ В ГОРМОНАЛЬНОМ ОТВЕТЕ У САМОК И САМЦОВ МЫШЕЙ ПРИ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИИ L-ТИРОКСИНА И ПРОПИЛТИОУРАЦИЛА
Прошин С.Н.1, Манатов М.Г.1, Кузавлева A.A.2, Амирханян K.K.2, Кульдеева К.Н.2, Османов З.М.2, Самардаков Ю.А.2, Раджабов Р.М.1,Глушаков Р.И.1
1 Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова, Россия, 195067, СПб, Пискарёвский пр., 47
2Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет, Россия, 194100, СПб, ул. Литовская, 2
Резюме
Цель. Изучить дальнейшую взаимосвязь в активности гормонов гипоталамо-гипофизарно-тироидной оси в женском и мужском организме при экспериментально вызванном гипо- и гипотиреозе у лабораторных мышей.
Методика. Исследование было проведено на 33 девственных самках и 33 самцах инбредной линии C3H-A мышей. На животных была воспроизведена модель экспериментального гипер- и гипотиреоидного состояния при использовании L-тироксина и пропилтиоурацила, соответственно. У животных были взяты образцы крови для анализа на ТТГ, T4 (общий) и пролактин.
Результаты. У гипертиреоидных самцов уровень общего T4 был значительно выше как по сравнению с гипотиреоидной, так и контрольной группой. У самцов никаких различий между уровнем ТТГ и пролактина обнаружено не было. У самок в гипертиреоидной группе уровень ТТГ и общего T4 был значительно ниже, а уровень пролактина был значительно выше по сравнению с гипертиреоидной и контрольной группами. У самок в гипертиреоидной группе уровень общего был значимо выше по сравнению с гипотиреоидной и контрольной группами. Никаких различий по уровню ТТГ и пролактина не было обнаружено между гипер- и гипотиреоидной группами.
У самок в гипотиреоидной группе уровень ТТГ и общего Т4 был значительно ниже по сравнению, а уровень пролактина значительно выше как в сравнении с гипертиреоидной, так в сравнении с контрольной группами.
Заключение. Самки и самцы мышей по разному реагируют на применение Ь-тироксина и пропилтиоурацила, что регистрируется по уровню ТТГ, общего Т4 и пролактина.
Ключевые слова: гипер- и гипотиреоидный статус, гормоны, Ь-тироксин, пропилтиоурацил, мыши линии С3Н-А
Introduction
The state of physiological functions of the whole organism, its vital activity and adaptation to various changes in the surrounding and internal environment is controlled by neurohumoral mechanisms. The main place in the implementation of those mechanisms belongs to hormones [1]. The main purpose of hormones is to fine-tune the intensity of metabolic processes. This ensures the constancy of homeostasis. Hormones control the higher integrative functions of the brain interacting with neurotransmitter systems [20]. Multifunctional relationships of hormones with the nervous system provide the formation of mental status, emotions, behavior and memory [25, 34]. Violation of the endocrine balance contributes not only to metabolic disorders [36], but the appearance and development of disorders in behavior [26]. It can be assumed with a high degree of certainty that both the regulation of metabolic changes and the cognitive function of the brain depend on the functional activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid system [8, 22]. The insufficiency of functional activity of this system can significantly affect the developing organism and lead to a violation of embryogenesis which in its turn further leads to mnestic and behavioral disorders [2]. A number of diseases lead to a pathology of the thyroid gland [21, 32]. For example, it is shown that autoimmune thyroiditis is one of the most common diseases in children and adolescents. This is the most common cause of acquired hypothyroidism in childhood and adolescence [33].
It has been established that thyroid hormone deficiency leads to a slowing of metabolic processes and weight gain. Otherwise an excessive level of these hormones of the peptide origin contributes to increased metabolism and weight loss [11, 35]. By the condition of the skin it is also quit possible to recognize people suffering from hypo- or hyperfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid system [18, 31]. The experimental data obtained show that the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid system is closely related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system. The effect of thyroid hormones on the secretion of melanocyte-stimulating hormone was detected in fish. In experimental hyperthyroidism in carp (Cyprinus L.) in the middle part of the pituitary gland an increase in the level of a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and mRNA of proopiomelanocortin was observed. Whereas the basal level of cortisol in the blood plasma was decreased [14]. At the same time a clinically relevant problem is currently the relationship between the activity of thyroid gland and prolactin. Hyperprolactinemia occurs in a third of children with subclinical hypothyroidism and is considered an important indication for treating subclinical hypothyroidism in children [28]. It is also a well-known fact that hyperprolactinemia is strongly associated with osteoporosis.
Pharmacological intervention by dopamine agonists reverses the bone loss [24]. Wherein the level of thyroid hormones can be normal but the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone is lowered [4]. In pregnant rats which received excessive amounts of iodine the level of prolactin decreased. At the same time the pups dramatically lost weight [10]. Thus despite some progress in studying the relationship between the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and prolactin much remains unclear. In this regard we carried this study in inbred C3H-A mice of both sexes to elucidate further the regulatory activity of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis under the experimental impact.
Methods
The study was performed on 30 mature male and 33 mature virgin female mice of the inbred line C3H-A. The animals were obtained from the nursery «Rappolovo, leningradskaya oblast'». At the beginning of the study the age of laboratory animals was 40±0 days, their weight - 18-20 g. The experiment was being performed for 22 weeks from January 29 till the 1st of July of 2018 year. After receiving from the nursery before the experiment began the animals underwent an 18-day adaptation period during which the behavior and general condition of each animal was evaluated twice a day. Males and females were kept in
separate cases and in each case were randomly divided into three groups. In males the three groups were formed equally and each included 10 animals - hyperthyroid. euthyroid (control) and hypothyroid. In females the three groups were formed as follows: hyperthyroid. euthyroid (control) and hypothyroid - 15. 8 and 10 animals. respectively. The animals were maintained at constant temperature (23±1°C). 12:12-h light-dark cycle schedule and on standard food ration and water ad libitum. On males and females of the first group a model of experimental hyperthyroid status was reproduced Г161. For this purpose. the animals were intraperitoneally injected L-thyroxin in the dose of 200 ^g per 100 g of weight. L-thyroxin was diluted with physiological saline to a concentration of 0.01% and administered throughout the experiment every other day with the volume of each injection being about 40 ц1. On animals of the second group a model of experimental hypothyroid status was reproduced. The water in the reservoir was replaced with a 0.5% solution of propylthiouracil. According to the calculated data each animal received approximately 1.9-2.2 mg of propylthiouracil per 100 g of body weight per day. The mice of the third group made up the control group. For the correctness of the experiment the animals of the second and third groups were injected with 40 ц1 of 0.9% saline once every two days. By the 22nd week of the experiment all animals were decapitated and murine blood was received ex tempo.
All blood samples were centrifuged at 1.000* £ for 10 min at 10°C. serum was aliquoted and stored at -70°C until shipment to AlkorBio TiroidlFA-TTG (TSH). DRG Diagnostics^ (Т4 total) and AlkorBio IFA-Prolaktin assays (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). All kits for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were purchased from AlkorBio Company. St. Petersburg. Russia.
All data are reported as means±s.e.m. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test. Differences were considered statistically significant at P<0.05.
Results
Male mice. As it is shown (table 1) the mean value for TSH among males of the first hyperthyroid group was 0.25±0.135 цШ/ml. In the control and the hypothyroid groups. the mean values for TSH were 1.979±0.940 and 176±0.120 цШ/ml, respectively. The difference in the level for TSH was significant between the hypothyroid and the control groups at P<0.05. The difference in the level for TSH was also significant between the hyperthyroid and the control groups at P<0.05. No difference was found between the hypothyroid and the hyperthyroid males. Measuring the level of Т4 (total) immediately attracts the fact that its level in hyperthyroid female mice is significantly higher than in the other groups. This fact is evident because that group received L-thyroxine. So the difference is significant relative to the control group and the group administered to PTU at P<0.001 for both cases. The difference for Т4 (total) was also revealed between the control group and the hypothyroid one at P<0.05. If we compare the results between the hyperthyroid group and the hypothyroid one by the level of prolactin (PRL). the same trend is observed for the TSH level. No difference was detected between those groups. However. the control mice had the mean value for the level of PRL as 443.792±196.226 mIU/l. The difference was significant as compared to the level of PRL for the hyper- and the hypothyroid groups at P<0.001 for both cases (table 1).
Table 1. The level of thyroid-stimulating îormone, thyroxin and prolactin in male C3H-A inbred mice
The experimental condition TSH, дШ/ml T4 (total), ^g/dl Prolactin, mIU/l
The hyperthyroid group (first group) 0.257±0.135* 27.312±0.975** 65.411±34.500**
The control group (second group) 1.979±0.940 7.570±0.550 443.792±196.226
The hypothyroid group (third group) 0.176±0.120* 4.517±0.815* 72.423±42.500**
Notes: the difference significant at P<0.05 if (*) and P<0.001 if (**). See explanation in Results
Female mice. It is noteworthy considering the results on the level TSH in female mice that the mean value for this hormone was found to be 1.589±0.369 ^IU/ml in the mice administered to PTU (table 2).
Table 2. The level of thyroid-stimulating îormone, thyroxin and prolactin in female C3H-A inbred mice
The experimental condition TSH, дШ/ml T4 (total), ^g/dl Prolactin, mIU/l
The hyperthyroid group (first group) 0.323±0.105** 26.35±1.810** 102.760±0.0140*
The control group (second group) 0.912±0.191* 9.444±0.880 298.655±48.444
The hypothyroid group (third group) 1.589±0.369* 5.162±0.603** 408.439±70.943**
Notes: the difference significant at P<0.05 if (*) and P<0.001 if (**). See explanation in Results
This value was significantly higher relatively to the control and the hypothyroid groups at P<0.05 and P<0.001, respectively. A significant difference was also detected between the control group and the hypothyroid one at P<0.05. No surprises were identified by the level of the total T4 among the groups studied. The mean value of total T4 was higher in hyperthyroid female mice at 26.35±1.81 ^g/dl. As is expected the significant difference was registered between the hyperthyroid group and the control and the hypothyroid groups at P<0.001 for both cases. The mean value of PRL level assayed in the group administered to PTU was 408.439±70.943 mIU/l whereas it was 102.76±0.014 mIU/l in third group of female mice. So the significant difference between the hypothyroid group and the hyperthyroid one was evident at P<0.001. It is noteworthy that no difference was found between the second and the third groups of female mice. Meanwhile the difference for PRL was elucidated between the control and the hyperthyroid groups at P<0.05.
Male and female. Comparing the results for TSH, T4 (total) and PRL the attention is drawn to the fact that the level of T4 (total) was higher in the control group of female mice as compared to the one of male mice at P<0.05 (table 3).
Table 3. The comparative data for the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxin and prolactin in male and female C3H-A inbred mice
The experimental condition TSH, ^IU/ml T4 (total), ^g/dl Prolactin, mIU/l
The hyperthyroid group (first group) male 0.257±0.135 27.312±0.975 65.411±34.500
female 0.323±0.105 26.35±1.810 102.760±0.0140
The control group (second group) male 1.979±0.940 7.570±0.550 443.792±196.226
female 0.912±0.191 9.444±0.880* 298.655±48.444
The hypothyroid group (third group) male 0.176±0.120 4.517±0.815 72.423±42.500
female 1.589±0.369** 5.162±0.603 408.439±70.943**
Notes: the difference significant at P<0.05 if (*) and P<0.001 if (**). See explanation in Results
The significant difference between the male and female mice of the hypothyroid groups was detected at P<0.001. The same level of significant difference was elucidated for the level of prolactin in the hypothyroid groups.
Discussion of results
TSH is expressed in the thyrotrophs of the anterior pituitary gland, which in turn induces the synthesis and release of thyroid hormones by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is the predominant secretory product of the thyroid gland, whereas only 20% of the circulating T3 are secreted directly by the thyroid. In the periphery T4 is deiodinated supplying roughly 80% of the circulating triiodothyronine. Reciprocally, synthesis and release of T4 and T3 are inhibited when hormone levels in plasma exceed a pre-set level.
It is considered that hypothyroidism increases synthesis of TSH and thyroid hormone uptake transporters in plasma membranes of target cells and circulating TSH levels. Otherwise hyperthyroidism decreases TSH synthesis. So there is a precise physiological feedback mechanism for regulation of the level of hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. We found that the levels of TSH and PRL were significantly decreased in the hyperthyroid female mice. The levels of TSH and prolactin were significantly increased in the hypothyroid group. So the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis of female mice responded in ordinary way upon administration to agents which either replace the functioning of the thyroid gland or inhibit its function. The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis may also control PRL secretion because lactotropic cells (lactotrophs, PRL-secreting cells) also possess receptors, for example, to thyrotropin-releasing hormone and further to TSH.
Clinical data support such a link. Subclinical hypothyroidism with high TSH levels and even normal thyroid hormone levels is accompanied by increased PRL secretion [19]. Furthermore, hyperprolactinemia was detected in about 20% of patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and in 39-57% in overt hypothyroidism [3]. Average TSH levels were higher in hyperprolactinemic women [23, 29, 30]. Much earlier is was assumed that increased production of PRL in hyperthyroid women may be due to increased clearance of PRL in hyperthyroidism [9]. Hypothyroidism, not hyperthyroidism, may be linked to infertility although hyperthyroidism also causes menstrual irregularities. These irregularities, however, rarely lead to infertility [7]. A bit controversial results were obtained for female mice. In fact, natural differences in thyroid hormone levels in male and female have recently been elucidated in long-term
clinical study of newborn male and female [17]. So the unequal hormonal response of male and female mice treated with L-tyroxin and PTU is quite possible. For example, the level of TSH was found to be higher in the control male mice as compared to the control group of female. It may be explained in this way that thyrotropin-releasing hormone is reliably proved to be abundantly expressed in the male reproductive tract, with the highest expression being inthe epidymis, prostate and testis. These tissues contain mainly so-called TRH-like peptides and a small amount (25%) of authentic TRH [15]. These peptides appear to form a paracrine network possibly regulating prostatic growth and normal growth and function of the gonads [6]. Further, TRH properly and similar peptides can stimulate higher level of TSH in male. At first glance, the results obtained by the level of hormones in response to the administration of L-thyroxin and PTU seem contradictory. They can reflect more a complicated mechanism of feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis under these agents treatment. Lactotropic cells in male are developed every week. Then the hormonal imbalance provoked by L-thyroxin can just inhibit further the minimal activity of PRL-secreting cells or disrupt in male mice.
The unexpectedly low level of TSH in male mice as compared to the female ones is explained more difficult. However, the response of male mice to L-thyroxin is in natural way. There is no difference but an obvious tendency to decreasing total T4 upon treatment by L-thyroxin exists. The particular glial cells in the third ventricle of the brain which are called tanycytes are enriched by iodothyronine deiodinase type II (DIO2). DIO2 converts T4 into T3 which are much more active than T4. There is a body of evidence that this iodothyronine deiodinase type II activity is one of main origin of T3 for CNS [13]. But DIO2 serves to convert a variable rate of intracellular T4 to T3 independent of circulating in blood levels. The cytoplasmic pool of T3 includes therefore both T3from the plasma and T3 generated by DOI2. The activity of this endoplasmic reticulum enzyme can be regulated by ubiquitination and is influenced by the thyroid state (increased in hypothyroidism and decreased in hyperthyroidism) [5]. It can be one of the explanations of decreased TSH level in PTU treated male C3H-A mice. It is very probabe that the feedback mechanism is disrupted for this case. But there is a good question, why the female C3H-A mice responded to PTU administration by elevated level of TSH. For this case there is another explanation. It is well established that the activity of tanycytes is under strict hormonal control. Tanycytes express a variety of estrosen receptors, and for example cultured rodent tanycytes have been shown to rapidly retract their processes when exposed to estradiol. Then the activity of tanycyte decreases and conversion of T4 to T3 down-regulates [12, 27].
Conclusion
The male and female mice responded in different ways upon the administration to L-thyroxin and propylthyouracil on the level of TSH, T4 (total) and prolactin. Neuroendocrine system is very delicate entity. In spite of apparent evidence and knowledge about gender hormonal differences the nuances of hormonal regulation in male and female are still far from complete understanding and it requires further intensive study.
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Information about the authors
Proshin Sergei N. - The Professor of the Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov. E-mail: psnjsn@rambler.ru
Manatov Magomed G. - Clinical Resident of the Deaprtment of surgery named after Opel, North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov. E-mail: Dr.7gv@yandex.ru
Kuzavleva Anna A. - Student of Medical Faculty, St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University. E-mail: kuzavleva_anna95@mail.ru
Amirkhanyan Karina K. - Student of Medical Faculty, St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University. E-mail:onazhmudin@br.ru
Kul'deeva Arina N. - Staff of St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University. E-mail: kan888@list.ru
Osmanov Zagidi M. - Staff of St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University. E-mail: zagidio@mail.ru
Samardakov Yurii A. - District Therapist of City Hospital #120, Saint-Petersburg. E-mail: asamardakov@mail.ru
Radjabov Rasul M. - Student of Medical Faculty, North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov. E-mail: K281ua05rus@mail.ru
Glushakov Ruslan I. - Associate Professor of Medical Faculty, North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov. E-mail: glushakovruslan@gmail.com
Информация об авторах
Прошин Сергей Николаевич - профессор кафедры фармакологии и фармации ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова» Минздрава России. E-mail: psnjsn@rambler.ru
Манатов Магомед Гаджимурадович - клинический ординатор кафедры хирургии им. Опеля ФГБОУ ВО «СевероЗападный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова» Минздрава России. E-mail: Dr.7gv@yandex.ru
Кузавлева Анна Александровна - студентка педиатрического факультета ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Минздрава России. E-mail: kuzavleva_anna95@mail.ru
Амирханян Карина Кареновна - студентка педиатрического факультета ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Минздрава России. E-mail: onazhmudin@br.ru
Кульдеева Арина Наильевна - лаборант ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Минздрава России. E-mail: kan888@list.ru
Османов Загиди Марисович - лаборант ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Минздрава России. E-mail: zagidio@mail.ru
Самардаков Юрий Андреевич - терапевт городской больницы №120, Санкт-Петербург. E-mail: asamardakov@mail.ru
Раджабов Расул Мурасодасович - студент лечебного факультета ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова» Минздрава России. E-mail: K281ua05rus@mail.ru
Глушаков Руслан Иванович - доцент лечебного факультета ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова» Минздрава России. E-mail: glushakovruslan@gmail.com
