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UDC 619:618.19-002-07:636.2(470.319)
DIAGNOSIS OF MASTITIS IN COWS AT DETECTION OF TERMOREGULATION DISODERS OF MAMMARY GLAND
Skrebneva E.N., Candidate of Biological Sciences Timohin O.V., Candidate of Technical Sciences Skrebnev S.A., Candidate of Veterinary Sciences Sahno N.V., Doctor of veterinary Sciences Orel State Agrarian University, Orel City, Russia E-mail:[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Not only local protective reactions but also reactions of organism as a whole are activated at mastitis. Significant changes that lead to visible shifts in the concentration of natural resistance factors take place.As a result, methods of fixation of natural resistance changes of the whole organism andof the mammary gland were taken as basis of mastitis diagnosis. With any inflammatory process in the body at pathology of mammary gland thermoregulation disorders are observed. The degree of abnormalities from the temperature norm in the sick organ and in the whole organism depends on the nature of the inflammatory process. This article describes the substantiation of mastitis diagnostics method, based on the change in the value of the heat flow from the surface of the udder skin. New methods of mastitis diagnostics, based on the change in the rate of the heat flow from the surface of the udder skin, allow dispensing with reagents, selection of milk samples and reduce the time of investigation.
KEY WORDS
Mastitis; Mammary gland; Heat flow; Diagnosis; Udder; Cow; Somatic cells; Clinical mastitis; Subclinical mastitis.
Mastitis is polymicrobial and polyfactors disease, which reduces milk productivity, deteriorates milk quality, premature culling of animals, therefore, cause considerable economic damage to dairy cattle breeding [1, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10].
Not only local protective reactionsbut the reaction of the organism as a whole activate at the development of mammary gland dysfunction.Significant changes that lead to changes in thermoregulation in the whole organism and in specific points on the surface of the skin of the animal take place.In connection with this, we proposedmethods of measuring of the level of heat production in mammary gland as the base of mastitis diagnosis [1, 2, 7].
In farms of our country diagnostics of subclinical mastitis usually are conducted with the help of «express»-methods (rapid mastitis tests), as well as extensive use of instrumental methods of diagnostics [4, 6].
However, in our opinion, the latter have a number of disadvantages that is the necessity of expensive reagents usage, the existing of the laboratory equipment, necessity of complex technical devices usage [7].
MATERIALS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
The developed method was based on the hypothesis that at dysfunction of mammary gland, caused by inflammation, the volume of heat production of this body increases.Primarily animals were examinedon mastitis with the help of standard methods (rapid mastitis test, defecation test, estimation of somatic cells number). Then, the functional state of mammary gland was determined by measuring of the heat flow ratewith the help of device «Calorimeter» in the specific points: the body of the front left teat on the inside (1), the body of the front-right teaton the inside (2), the body of the left rear teaton the inside (3), the body rear right teaton the inside (4), the basis of the udder (5), the fundus of the udder (6), the mirror of the udder (7).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Heat flow of the udder was determined at 189 cows that were formed into three groups 63 heads in each (healthy cows, sick cows with subclinical mastitis, sick cows with clinical mastitis) (Tables 1, 2).
2
Table 1 - The rate of heat flow depending on the physiological state of cows’mammary gland, W/m
Heat flow Group of cows
Healthy cows Sick cows with subclinical mastitis Sick cows with clinical mastitis
A) in the region of teats: C-1 148,07± 1,39 160,33±3,43 168,98±2,83
C-2 157,15± 1,71 169,04±3,30 176,56±2,76
C-3 146,70±1,76 159,02±3,33 167,52±2,66
C-4 154,09±1,09 166,28±3,14 172,84±2,68
B) basis of the udder 166,05±1,46 173,27±2,90 184,91±2,30
c) milk mirror 168,61±1,93 173,58±3,13 184,48±2,37
d) fundus of the udder 159,43±1,95 167,73±2,95 179,28±3,27
Examined cows, heads 63 63 63
Mean value 157,16±0,60 167,04±2,34** 176,37±1,70***
*) p< 0.05; **) p < 0.01; ***) p < 0.001. A comparison of the significance with indicators of healthy animals
Table 2 - Therate of heat flow depending on the physiological state of the cows’ mammary gland and
number of affected quarters, W/m2
Heat flow Group of cows
Sick with subclinical mastitis cows Affected quarters of the udder Sick with clinical mastitis cows Affected quarters of the udder
1 2 3 4 1 2 3
a)in the region of teats, C-1 155,67±3,00 160,96±4,52 169,24±13,01 172,50±7,04 165,51±1,97 171,00±8,80 191,25±8,84
C-2 163,49±2,92 173,29±5,58 176,11 ±7,79 178,25±5,15 173,21±2,55 185,12±8,26 193,54±4,04
C-3 153,89±2,28 163,25±6,32 171,70±9,66 172,57±5,88 163,90±2,31 178,13±8,70 182,80±5,64
C-4 164,44±3,37 165,19±4,67 172,86±11,21 174,16±5,06 169,11 ±2,32 188,61±10,28 184,03±2,28
b) basis of the udder 169,92±2,72 173,73±4,24 174,56±3,79 182,84±5,18 183,28±2,28 184,71 ±5,12 197,24±8,38
c) milk mirror 169,55±2,74 170,65±4,71 180,25±2,86 183,96±7,10 181,87±2,32 189,02±5,56 198,47±5,77
d) fundus of the udder 165,83±3,24 168,62±6,17 172,81±6,03 176,39±7,96 176,28±3,22 187,17±14,12 191,08±9,23
Examined cows, heads 35 14 7 7 49 7 7
Mean value 163,26±1,02* 167,96±1,56** 173,94±5,04*** 177,24±1,92*** 173,31±0,89*** 183,00±3,42*** 191,20±2,73***
*) p< 0.05; **) p < 0.01; ***) p < 0.001. A comparison of the significance with indicators of healthy animals
The data of tables 1 and 2 show that in the early period of the inflammatory process (subclinical mastitis) of animals with the affected of one area of the uddermean heat flow rate was 163,26 ± 1,02 W/m2, and in comparison with healthy animals it was by 6.1 W/m2 higher (P<0.05).The heat flow indicators from the surface of the udder had a tendency to increase at the development of inflammatory process. The increasing of heat flow proportionally to the amount of infected quartersat lesion of two quarters and more of the udder is observed. It was found that the mean heat flow indicators increase at lesion of two quarters of the udder 10.8 W/m2 (P<0.01), three quarters - 16.7 W/m2 (P<0.001), four quarters by 20,08 W/m2 (P<0.001), correspondingly.
Thus, it is obvious that the average heat flow rate from the surface of the udder is above 163,26±1.02 W/m2is considered the beginning of the inflammatory process leading to dysfunction of mammary gland (subclinical mastitis).The average heat flow rate is above 173,31±to 0.89 W/m2 (P<0.001) it indicates that there is more serious disorders of physiological processes, which are observed at clinical mastitis.This is confirmed by other obvious signs: enlargedaffected quarter of the udder, concretion, severely hyperemic skin,
increased temperature. While milking, milk of unusual consistency exude, clots, which are dead leucocytes and tissue cells can appear in it.
A comparative study of time expenditures for mastitis diagnostics using our developed method and already adopted in production method was done (table. 3).The time-study showed that the proposed method allows reducing time formastitis diagnostics in one animal, in comparison with the previously known method to 1.37 times.
Invention patent on the developed of mastitis diagnostics new method is received [7].
Table 3 - Time for mastitis diagnosis in one cow
Methods Time, min.
Known 6,3±0,01
Proposed 4,6±0,03
*) p< 0.05; **) p < 0.01; ***) p < 0.001. The comparison with dataof known method of diagnostics of mastitis
CONCLUSION
Thus, new methods of mastitis diagnostics, based on the change in the rate of the heat flow from the surface of the udder skin, allow dispensing with reagents, selection of milk samples and reduce the time of investigation. We found that at the average heat flow ratebeing more than 163,26±1,02 W/m2 cow should be considered as sick with subclinical mastitis.
REFERENSES
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