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DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPIRITUAL AND MORAL VALUES OF ORPHANAGE PUPILS
U. М. Askarova
The article deals with the issues of development of the spiritual and moral values of orphanage pupils as a means of their preparation to life in the society. It describes the concept of “morality” (“ethical life”) in different interpretations and presents data regarding the results of the experiment on development of spiritual and moral values of orphanage pupils.
Key words: socializing, spiritual and moral values, self-education, interpersonal relations, moral values, ethical norms, caring attitude toward nature and society.
In the process of preparing pupils of orphanages for life, special attention is paid to development of their spiritual and moral qualities, as students, being equal members of society, must comply with the norms of public morality. What are the criteria of morality? What are the spiritual and moral qualities necessary to be developed among the pupils of orphanages based on the requirements of today? What should be the content of the teaching activities to implement the set goals?
How and in what form are moral values manifested in interpersonal relationships?
It can be stated that: (a) morality regulates and establishes the social interpersonal relationship; (b) morality helps to define the content of an interpersonal relationship; (c) the spiritual and moral standards (criteria) are not systematized and are not fixed in a written form, as the laws or rules of law; (d) morality is regulated by the social thought; (e) compliance with the spiritual and moral criteria defines the attitude of a person to the spiritual and moral values, place and role of a man in the society and ultimately hisworldview; and (f) morality expresses an important aspect of the human personality, etc.
Historical experience and theoretical analysis of the interpersonal relationship evolved over the centuries convinces us that the spiritual and moral qualities of a person help to make him or her successful. Practical actions and theoretical ideas in this direction have been formed in the process of historical development of the Uzbek people. Definition of the criteria of morality in different epochs of human development have occurred in different ways. Despite the fact that every social system was characterized by its own approach to the definition of moral and ethical norms, there are still some common ideas, suitable for all ages and social systems. In summary, they can be represented as follows: (a) caring for nature; (b) desire to do good things for people, not causing them harm; (c) sense of duty and responsibility for one’s actions and deeds; (d) caring for the public interest and willingness to contribute one’s own efforts, protection of the country and willingness to fight for the welfare and happiness of the people and the fatherland.
In the holy book of the Zoroastrian religion, “Avesta,” good thoughts, good words, and good work were recognized to be the foundation of moral qualities. In the Islamic religion it is also stated that purity of soul, kindness, faith, absence of greed, justice, and education (knowledge) are the foundations of morality, whereas
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unbelief, evil deeds, lies, slander, frivolity, ignorance, and laziness were considered to be a sin and unworthy qualities. In the Hadith of the Muslim Sacred Book of the Quran the most important moral qualities are listed, which, in the subsequent phases of development of the society, are of equal importance [3, p. 84]. Great thinkers of the East paid great attention to study and analysis of the spiritual and moral values. Among these scientists, government and religious leaders were: Abu Rayhan Biruni, Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, Abu Ali ibn Sina, Unsurul-Maoli, Kaykovus, Ahmad Yugnaky, Alisher Navoi, Jaloliddin Davony, Husain Voiz Koshify, Muhammad Sodiq Qoshg'ariy, and Abdullah Avloniy, who created the image of the highly moral personality in their works. Ancient written sources of prominent thinkers about the spiritual and moral qualities can be used in the preparation of pupils of orphanages for life in the society. Before we can start carrying out educational work on the formation of moral qualities of pupils, we should have a clear idea about the specific features of these children [4, p. 413].
First of all, we should start the prevention work in order to save the pupils from bad habits and addictions, which many pupils from disadvantaged families have. Lack of socializing skills, psychological stability, unawareness of the need to maintain a healthy lifestyle, and lack of motivation to work and professional activities lead to the fact that pupils are not ready to conduct family and social life. During the research, we have developed and tested the method of formation for the moral qualities of pupils in orphanages in order to prepare them for public life. In the process of training and education, we attracted pedagogical methodologists and educators of orphanages. In the course of the research we gathered indicators in the control and experimental groups. The degree of readiness of orphanage pupils for social life was a criterion of the evaluation.
Table
Level of development of spiritual and moral values of pupils
Groups, number of participants Indicators of the level
High Average Low
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
Experimental п1=245 62 25,3 104 42,4 79 32,2
Control п2 =249 41 16,5 83 33,3 125 50,2
The indicators presented in the table show that development of spiritual and moral qualities of the respondent-students of the experimental group is higher than that of pupils in the control group, which means that pupils in the control groups lag behind their peers in the experimental groups. On the basis of these figures we can judge the effectiveness of work with the participants of the experimental groups in the following areas: (a) increase of interest in the acquisition of knowledge; (b) implementation of the principles of moral behavior in communicating with others; (c) provision of assistance to those who need it; (d) manifestation of sincerity and trust in the educational institution team and, in particular, to their peers; (e) desire to enrich their worldview; (f) expression of respect to strangers, guests; (g) active participation in socially useful work, etc. [5, p. 79].
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Thus, purposeful activity of the teaching staff of orphanages to prepare pupils for life in the society will help to develop positive moral qualities of children and teenagers, and thus to raise a worthy generation of citizens in our country.
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Translated from Russian by Znanije Central Translastions Bureas
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