CC BY
6
UDK 001
Kasimov O.S. associate professor Chair of "Design"
National Institute of Art and Design named after Kamoliddin Bekhzod
Miguel Angel Aznar Aznar professor
Master in Restoration of Architectural Heritage DEVELOPMENT OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN IN ISLAMIC SPAIN
Annotation:Every structure in the Mauritanian palace and the gardens around it are distinguished by there uniqueness, their resemblance to each other.
Key words: Iberian Peninsula, Hennil Bayro, barber, Myrtle, Muylis, al-
fakh.
The closest area to the northern part of the African continent is Spain. It is one of the Spanish-European country and is located in the Iberian Peninsula. The country is bordered by France, Morocco and Portugal, has direct access to the Mediterranean coast and directly goes to the Atlantic ocean. At that time, European countries were made up of small states. However, that the Arab Muslims began to amaze the world with their vital development and experiences, the advancement of science. Accordingly, we can take an example of Arab Spain of that period. The Arabs were able to build a very powerful state and spread it around the world. This development took place in the Iberian Peninsula.
La-Alhambra-de-Granada
Spain consists of 17 autonomous regions. One of them is Andalusia, and the city of Granada is world famous for its Arab civilization. The Alhambra Hills of Granada continue to amaze the world with their charm and mystery industry. In the south of the Murcia, it is situated a place where is surrounded by
a solid wall around the red hills of Sabika is called Alhambra and this tower is a clear example of Arab architecture. This is how the whole of Europe pays attention "There is no place in Europe that can match to the Alhambra".
Plan of Alhambra
Al Sabika Hill is located 700 meters above sea level. It consists of a piece of sediment, mineral remains, slate and quarts in the Sierra Nevada. Although these raw materials are considered soft in nature. They serve as a reliable foundation. When we look at Alhambra's 1867-sketch, it was long, majestic, consisting of several minarets, the front of which resembles a ship's deck, reminiscent of Granada's city center. Alhambra's hill is 600 metres long and 200 metres wide.
There is very little written information about the Alhambra, the castle speaks of itself, only the inscription, " We write to you from the Alhambra, may God protect it in its shelter", has survived. Alhambra has received almost no attention in history. It was only in 1953-year, that it began to be viewed as a monument of art. The 14th century Alhambra was later combined with the avantgarde of modern architecture. The novelty of that period was the use of simple geometric shapes from simple and natural raw materials in the design of the previous and subsequent XIV-XV centuries in design, urban planning, housing construction, interior decoration, garden, environmental design. There are so many examples which we can give.
Le Corbusier is also described it in 1977 as "a beautiful and noble combination of light and form".- He says that a modern city should be rich in such innovations of its time and that architecture is primarily based on the internal needs of people, and on this basis the idea of "green cities" was born. In this one can see the harmony of building and nature forms.
Architect Prieto Moreno worked for many years as an architect of the Alhambra Castle. When we look at Alhambra, we can see several hundred architectural solutions in terms of architecture, environmental design. The
construction of this castle has become a real masterpiece. The great builder Joseph I and his son Muhammad V served much, despite the fact that the symmetry in the inner courtyards were regularly maintained for centuries.
From 711 onwards, the kingdom of Andalusia occupied Spanish territory, and this Muslim rule continued until 1491, when Muhammad XII was dethroned and the Christians came to power. Almost 600 years of Muslim rule over Spain had a major impact on the eastern development of urban architecture, irrigation landscape in Spain. Therefore, in the pages of history, the period up to 1450 is called Muslim Spain, and the periods after that are called Christian Spain.
The kingdom of Andalusia, occupied many lands and increased its position with the help of the barbarians (Christians who embraced Islam). Since then, urbanization has begun in parts of Spain. In 929, Abdurakhman III came to power and established the Caliphate of Cordoba. During these periods, Arab Spain became the political and cultural center of Europe. At the same time, urban planning was developed and housing was expanded. Large mosques and art monuments were built in Cordoba. Settlements have been built around the capital. During this period the construction of Alhambra Castle began. Abdurakhman III rules the state based on the Qur'an. At that time, Arab Spain was at the forefront of development in Europe. Over time, internal strife escalated gaining a foothold with King Castile's Leon Alfonso VI. Castile took advantage of the situation and dealt a severe blow to the Arab's but by 1246 Muslim ibn al-Ahmar ibn Nasr ascended the throne and made peace with the Christians, focusing on the development of the city of Granada. At the same time, it begins to strengthen its military base.
Professor Manuel Achan studies the Kingdom of Granada in 3 parts;
Phase 1; The first period is called the military period. In this period, strictness, family rule of the state was a tradition, and later the state was ruled by civil servants and scholars of al-fakh (fiqh).
Phase 2; Prosperity of the Emirate of Granada: (1333-1354). The regions of Joseph 1, and later Muhammad V (1354-1391). During this period, there was a "Muylis" or "Majlis", an "Advisory Council" with which the King ruled the state. During this period, the Spanish capital, Granada, became the most beautiful city in Spain. There are many magnificent typical Muslim architectural buildings are being built in Granada: madrasas, Qur'an recitation schools (maristan), hospitals, parks, markets and others. Inside, they include the open garden of Lindaraha Palace, the small gardens of Alkasaba, the vineyards at the Nasrid complex Palace, the Partal Gardens at the exit of the palace, the surroundings at the entrance to Carlos V Palace, the arches leading to Heneralif and the gardens inside Heneralif.
Heneral if gardens
The 3rd Heneralif by the 15th century, conflicts and disagreements between the military in public administration arose. By 1453, Catholics had achieved the goals they had dreamed of for centuries. The Alhambra falls into the hands of the Christians now. In honor of this victory, Carlos V built a fountain as a symbol of an imperial power. As a tribute to the history and culture of the Alhambra, the architect of the palace of Carlos V, Machuki, designed a new imperial symbolic architecture next to it, preserving it rather than touching the monuments of Islamic culture.
Carlos V palace
The Alhambra is supplied by the Darro River. Therefore, a large water reserve is maintained on the Heneralif Hill. Reserve gardens play an important role in year-round irrigation. In addition, two other rivers, Hennil and Bayro, have provided water to the people of Granada. Carlos V turns the inner corridors into alleys. Later, in the early 19th century, at the initiative of Count Wellington, chestnut, pine, maple, and trees were planted.
Alkasaba strong fortress walls
Alkasaba Adarves Park, Nasrid Yards, Mexuar, Komares, Lvov, Alhambra had 7 Mauritanian courtyards, but so far three of them have survived. Each of them is unique and never repeats itself. This is where Pedro Machuca's yard is located. Here Pedro lived and worked during the Empire of Carlos V. That is why this courtyard is named after him. Unfortunately, during the Islamic period, these buildings and courtyards had their exact dimensions and proportions, but by the time of the Christians, some of the proportions were broken.
Constructions in this direction were later used in other countries of the world. In 1569, Labi Hovuz was built in Bukhara, Uzbekistan and in 1630-1647, Zakhiriddin Mukhammad Babur, the successor of the Timurid Empire, built the Taj Mahal in Agra, India.
In this way, Islam demonstrates its high philosophical views. Looking at the beautiful building on the water, he describes it as " a mortal world in which everything looks beautiful, but real is near God".
Although the following architectural monuments are built in different centuries. They are different in architectural, planning compositional solutions, shape, environmental design, decoration, raw material, color, and they are the only idea-the fantasy of building on water, as well as the reflection of the building in water curb unites.
Comares. Spain Labi Haus. Uzbekistan Taj Mahal. India
1360-1380 1569 1630-1647
Of course, the descriptions of paradise in the Qur'an state that " there will be streams and flower gardens around them". The Islamic landscape differs from
other garden philosophies in that it remembers its garden of paradise and likens these earthly gardens to figurative gardens of paradise. Even the use of girih and plant forms, which are high art samples in the interior and exterior decoration of the building, reminds us that man is one with nature[1-6].
Ladies Tower 1302-1309
In addition, these beautiful shapes are still appearing in a unique way in new interpretations by designers, artist and architects, inspiring the art world. For example, the Scottish architect Charles Rene Mackintosh and the Dutch graphic artist Marius Escher studied Spanish Islamic architecture and admired it, while finding inspiration in Muslim monuments. That is why Alhambra has become a museum of reality, which is still unexpected and affects strange people.
Spain has flourished in the periof of Muslems and Christians too. It prouds of its historical rich inheritage and its beauty itself.
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