CC BY
6УДК 69
Iskabylov M.A.
first-year master's student in Department of Land Management, Department Architecture and Design Kazakh Agro-Technical University named after S. Seifullin (Astana, Kazakhstan)
DEVELOPMENT OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE ON THE TERRITORY OF KAZAKHSTAN
Аннотация: this article examines the development of landscape architecture in Kazakhstan, tracing its evolution from traditional Central Asian garden designs to modern, ecologically sustainable urban landscapes. Drawing on examples such as the "Semei Ormany" forest restoration initiative, the integration of global design trends like the Moganshan Kaiyuan Senbo project from China, and regional adaptations in areas like southern Kazakhstan, this study explores how cultural heritage, sustainability, and public engagement shape contemporary landscape architecture in Kazakhstan. The article also highlights the influence of international practices, particularly from China and Uzbekistan, while addressing the role of technological innovation and ecological restoration in Kazakhstan's landscape development.
Ключевые слова: Landscape Architecture, Kazakhstan, Ecological Restoration Sustainability, Cultural Heritage, Urban Development, Regional Adaptation, Public Engagement, Water Management, Traditional Garden Design, Climate-Specific Design.
Introduction.
In a message on 2 September 2024. In the seventh direction, the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kassym Zhomart Tokayev emphasised the improvement of the ecological situation and cultivation of a careful attitude to the environment.
Kazakhstan's landscape architecture has undergone a significant transformation over the years, evolving from traditional designs influenced by Central Asian garden styles to modern, sustainable urban landscapes. This evolution reflects the country's efforts to balance rapid urbanization with environmental conservation,
cultural heritage preservation, and the adoption of global design trends. Drawing on key projects like the "Semei Ormany" forest restoration initiative, urban park developments in Baotou, China, and landscape integration in Uzbekistan, this article explores the development of landscape architecture in Kazakhstan, emphasizing sustainability, regional adaptation, and public engagement.
Methods and Materials.
The study employs a comprehensive review of literature and case studies, drawing from 15 sources as well as international examples from China and Uzbekistan. Key projects analyzed include the "Semei Ormany" forest restoration, urban park development in Baotou, China, and the landscape integration of tunnel portals in Uzbekistan. The research also examines public engagement initiatives, such as the "Taza Qazaqstan" campaign, and the use of technological innovations in landscape design.
Results.
1. Forest Restoration and Sustainability: Kazakhstan's efforts to restore forest areas through projects like "Semei Ormany" are essential for preserving ecological balance and addressing the country's limited forest cover [1]. The focus on sustainability is echoed in other landscape architecture projects, which incorporate native plants and water-efficient designs to suit the region's arid climate [12]
2. Cultural Heritage and Global Influences: Kazakhstan's landscape architecture integrates traditional Central Asian garden designs with modern global trends, particularly those from Chinese landscape architecture. Projects like the Moganshan Kaiyuan Senbo (Fig.1) resort in China demonstrate how traditional elements can be blended with modern technologies and aesthetic prnciples [7][8].
Figure 1. Moganshan Kaiyuan Senbo Project Master Plan.
3. Regional Adaptation and Technological Innovation: Different regions in Kazakhstan require tailored approaches due to their diverse climates. The integration of smart irrigation and emission monitoring systems in urban parks reflects the country's commitment to sustainable urban development [15]. In southern Kazakhstan, the use of native materials and plants ensures that landscape designs are resilient to the harsh climatic conditions [12].
4. Water as a Central Design Element: Water features play a crucial role in both Kazakhstan and China's landscape designs, serving both functional and aesthetic purposes. In Baotou (Fig.2), water features help improve urban microclimates and enhance the ecological quality of public spaces [5][8].
Figure 2. Nanhai Wetland Scenic Area in 1929-1937 (top) and 2007 (below).
5. Public Engagement and Social Functionality: Public participation, as seen in the "Taza Qazaqstan" initiative, is crucial to the success of landscape architecture projects in Kazakhstan [1]. These initiatives foster a sense of environmental responsibility and help maintain green spaces as essential components of urban life.
Discussion: Influence of Global and Local Practices in Landscape Architecture.
The analysis of the development of landscape architecture in Kazakhstan, complemented by the exploration of landscape projects such as the Moganshan Kaiyuan Senbo project in China, urban parks in Baotou, and tunnel portal designs in Uzbekistan, reveals common themes and diverse strategies that shape modern landscape architecture. The comparison of these cases highlights the ways in which global practices, regional adaptations, and interdisciplinary innovations intersect in Kazakhstan's evolving approach to landscape design.
1. Cultural Heritage and Regional Adaptation.
A notable theme in all thrcases is the importance of cultural heritage and regional adaptation in landscape design. The Moganshan Kaiyuan Senbo project in China emphasizes the integration of traditional Chinese landscape aesthetics—such as harmony between nature and human environments—with modern construction techniques. This blend of tradition and innovation reflects a similar balance seen in Kazakhstan, where landscape architects incorporate traditional Central Asian designs into urban spaces, blending local culture with contemporary global trends [12] .
In Baotou, the development of modern urban parks, such as Renmin Park and Nanhai Wetland Park, prioritizes regional ecological needs while maintaining cultural relevance. The design principles emphasize adapting parks to local conditions, including soil, climate, and urban planning strategies. This approach mirrors the importance of regional specificity in Kazakhstan's landscape projects, where arid climates in the south require special attention to sustainable water use and native plant species [7][8].
Comparison: While both Kazakhstan and China integrate regional traditions into their designs, the focus in China leans more toward maintaining harmony and philosophical concepts of nature, whereas Kazakhstan places greater emphasis on practical urban needs and ecological preservation. Uzbekistan's approach to tunnel portal design, while less focused on cultural heritage, still reflects local ecological conditions and regional aesthetics, ensuring that infrastructure blends with its natural surroundings [8].
2. Sustainability and Ecological Integration.
Sustainability is a core principle in landscape architecture across all thrregions. In Baotou, the ecological parks are designed to improve air quality, reduce noise pollution, and regulate city temperatures. This ecological focus is central to Kazakhstan's landscape architecture as well, particularly in its efforts to restore forests and increase green spaces in urban areas. Projects like the "Semei Ormany" initiative underscore the importance of reforestation and the integration of green infrastructure to mitigate the environmental impact of urbanization [7] [8].
Similarly, Uzbekistan's landscape design for highway tunnels integrates ecological principles by ensuring that the surrounding greenery helps mitigate visual fatigue for drivers and enhances the environmental aesthetics of roads. This reflects a broader trend in Central Asia, where the need for sustainable design is increasingly shaping infrastructure and public spaces[8].
Comparison: While ecological sustainability is emphasized in both Kazakhstan and China, Kazakhstan focuses more on large-scale ecological restoration, such as reforestation, whereas China's urban park development is more oriented toward balancing urbanization with small-scale ecological interventions within cities. Uzbekistan, by contrast, applies sustainability to infrastructure, ensuring that even utilitarian projects like tunnels incorporate ecological benefits [8][7].
3. Water as a Design Element.
Water plays a significant role in landscape design across all thrregions. In Baotou, water features such as lakes, wetlands, and fountains are central to the design of urban parks, contributing to both ecological and aesthetic goals. These water elements not only provide recreational spaces for the public but also help to improve the microclimate and biodiversity within the city [8] [7].
In Kazakhstan, water is similarly integral to the design of public spaces, where it serves both functional and aesthetic purposes, particularly in arid regions where water management is crucial for the sustainability of green spaces [5]. The use of water in tunnel portals in Uzbekistan, while primarily functional in terms of drainage and landscape integration, also contributes to the visual experience of infrastructure, enhancing the environmental harmony along roadways [8].
Comparison: The use of water in landscape architecture is a common theme in both urban and infrastructural designs. While Kazakhstan and China focus on the aesthetic and ecological benefits of water in parks and public spaces, Uzbekistan's use of water is more understated, functioning primarily as a supporting element in infrastructure. Nonetheless, all thrcountries recognize the importance of water in creating sustainable and appealing landscapes [8] [7].
4. Public Engagement and Social Functionality.
Another shared theme is the social role of landscape architecture. In Baotou, the creation of urban parks like Renmin Park is not only an ecological effort but also a response to the public's increasing demand for recreational green spaces in cities. These parks are designed to enhance the quality of life by providing citizens with opportunities for leisure, relaxation, and community activities [8].
In Kazakhstan, similar social functions are emphasized in public green spaces, particularly in urban areas where parks and recreational spaces are vital for improving residents' mental and physical well-being. The integration of public parks into urban planning reflects Kazakhstan's commitment to creating socially inclusive spaces that serve the diverse needs of its population [1].
Comparison: Both China and Kazakhstan prioritize the creation of socially functional green spaces that enhance the urban experience and contribute to public health. However, China's focus in Baotou leans more heavily on integrating parks into the city's broader urban strategy, ensuring that parks are both ecologically beneficial and culturally significant. Uzbekistan's approach, while more focused on infrastructure, also considers the psychological and social benefits of well-designed landscape elements along highways [8].
Conclusion.
Kazakhstan's landscape architecture has made significant strides in recent years, reflecting the country's commitment to balancing urban growth with environmental sustainability and cultural heritage preservation. Through projects like "Semei Ormany," urban park developments, and the integration of smart technologies, Kazakhstan is creating landscapes that are both functional and ecologically resilient.
The influence of global design trends, particularly from China and Uzbekistan, has enriched Kazakhstan's landscape architecture, providing valuable insights into how traditional aesthetics can be combined with modern innovations. As the country continues to urbanize, the focus on sustainability, regional adaptation, and public
engagement will remain critical for the future development of Kazakhstan's green spaces.
Kazakhstan's landscape architecture stands as a model for how nations can balance the demands of urbanization with the need for environmental conservation and cultural continuity, ensuring a sustainable and livable future for its citizens.
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ:
1. Salamat. A (2022). Ландшафтная архитектура южной столицы Казахстана. Karaganda Technical University, Kazakhstan. Строительство и Архитектура . Дизайн городской и ландшафтной архитектуры, 1-7;
2. Mukhiddinova, R. K. (2022). История формирования садово-парковой архитектуры средневековых городов Средней Азии. Вестник Педагогического университета, 6(2), 310-314;
3. Mukimova, S. R., & Mukhiddinova, R. K. (2022). История развития благоустройства Средней Азии во второй половине XIX - начала XX века. Инженерный вестник Дона, 5(89), 634-646;
4. Utegenov, I. U., & Mukhanov, B. (2020). Анализ развития парков в городе Уральск. Мировая наука, 11(44), 151-156;
5. Dormidontova, V. V. (2013). Европейское влияние на современные сады Востока. Architecture and Modern Information Technologies, 1(22), 9;
6. Zhaksigarina, M. Z., Borzenkova, A. V., & Baktygereeva, M. A. (2019). Ландшафтный дизайн в резко-континентальном климате и принцип выбора строительных материалов. Вопросы науки и образования, 1(42), 143-151;
7. Abramovich, N. A., & Fan, Y. (2024). Традиции и новаторство китайской ландшафтной архитектуры в проекте Moganshan Kaiyuan Senbo. Материалы и технологии, 13(1), 26-32. https://doi.org/10.24412/2617-149X-2024-1-26-32;
8. Telukina, A. S. (2022). Особенности развития современных городских парков на примере города Баотоу. Скиф. Вопросы студенческой науки, 7(71), 4851;
9. Telyukina, A. S. (2022). Ландшафтный дизайн и архитектурные решения при планировании общественных парков, отвечающих актуальным запросам общества. Скиф. Вопросы студенческой науки, 7(71), 48-51;
10. Dadamukhamedova, M. S., & Sidikova, T. D. (2022). Ландшафтный дизайн порталов тоннелей автомагистралей Узбекистана. Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, 6(3), 12-15;
11. Egorova, D. A., & Bessonova, A. V. (2022). Английский стиль в ландшафтном дизайне. Наука и образование, 5(2), 348;
12. Isakhan, A. A., & Samoylov, K. I. (2024). Региональная архитектурно-пространственная организация городского ландшафта в Южном Казахстане. Проблемы науки, 3(84), 42-48;
13. Enikeeva, L. M., Chichkanova, V. Y., & Prokofiev, E. I. (2018). Урбанизированная ландшафтная архитектура в формообразовании современного города. Известия Казанского государственного архитектурно-строительного университета, 2(44), 56-66;
14. Sadirmekov, A. E. (2016). Роль воды в ландшафтной архитектуре. Новый взгляд. Международный научный вестник, 11, 6-15;
15. Mukhanov, B. (2020). Анализ развития парков в городе Уральск. Мировая наука, 11(44), 151-156;
16. Жаксыгарина Марзия Жумашкызы, Борзенкова Анастасия Вячеславовна, & Бактыгереева Молдир Алибиевна (2019). Ландшафтный дизайн в резкоконтинентальном климате и принцип выбора строительных материалов. Вопросы науки и образования, (1 (42)), 143-151;
17. Утегенов И.У., & Муканов Б. (2020). АНАЛИЗ РАЗВИТИЯ ПАРКОВ В ГОРОДЕ УРАЛЬСК. Мировая наука, (11 (44)), 151-156.
