CC BY
44
UDC 338.22:330.341.1(477)
O. Bondarenko,
junior researcher, Odessa
DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN UKRAINE
In countries with a market economy, the sector of small and medium-sized businesses is paying a lot of attention - governments, with the help of various measures of direct and indirect support, promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and, if possible, compensate for its inherent disadvantages. SMEs are the focal point of a market economy, and, focusing on the needs of the market, develops precisely in those areas where demand arises, and comes from those areas that cease to meet market demands. Thus, optimum economic proportions in the structure of the market are formed and maintained.
The ability to quickly perceive and disseminate technical innovations and the development of innovation makes this sector a full participant in the innovation process. By providing the bulk of jobs and paying a large portion of taxes, the SME serves as the mainstay of the socio-economic policy of the state. In the periods
of economic crises, it is the SMB that affects production, absorbing rising unemployment and ensuring the productivity of individual activities, its presence on the market contributes to lowering prices, supports structural flexibility of the economy and constant attention of producers to consumer demand and product quality.
However, in Ukraine, the study of the structure of the entrepreneurial sector (ES) showed that the share of small enterprises is about 95% throughout the period of development of entrepreneurship in Ukraine, and the share of the volume of sales of their products in total does not exceed 19% (Tables 1, 2) [1].
This suggests that small business structures that turn into medium and large economies in developed economies in Ukraine, either remain small, or cease activities in general, that is, they have no expanded reproduction. That is, there is a structural asymmetry of the entrepreneurial sector.
Table 1
The structure of the Ukrainian entrepreneurial sector in 2016
Activities Total, units / % to the total Large enterprises Medium enterprises Small businesses
units in% to the total number of enterprises of the corresponding type of activity units in% to the total number of enterprises of the corresponding type of activity units in% to the total number of enterprises of the corresponding type of activity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Total 306369 / 100 383 0,1 14832 4,9 291154 95,0
including:
agriculture, forestry and fisheries 44998 / 14,68 20 0,0 2501 5,6 42477 94,4
industry 38555 / 12,58 208 0,5 4652 12,1 33695 87,4
construction 24333 / 7,94 2 0,0 766 3,2 23565 96,8
wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 82192 / 26,83 116 0,1 2644 3,2 79432 96,7
transport, warehousing, postal and courier activities 13716 / 4,48 21 0,2 1101 8,0 12594 91,8
temporary placement and organization of food 6544 / 2,14 1 0,0 243 3,7 6300 96,3
information and telecommunications 11932/3,89 6 0,0 331 2,8 11595 97,2
Ending of Table 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
financial and insurance activities 3786/1,24 1 0,0 255 6,7 3530 93,3
real estate transactions 30913 / 10,09 2 0,0 425 1,4 30486 98,6
professional, scientific and technical activities 24853 / 8,11 2 0,0 547 2,2 24304 97,8
administrative and auxiliary services activities 13801/4,5 2 0,0 873 6,3 12926 93,7
education 1855/0,61 - - 52 2,8 1803 97,2
health care and social assistance 3936/1,28 - - 284 7,2 3652 92,8
art, sports, entertainment and recreation 1705/0,56 2 0,1 112 6,6 1591 93,3
provision of other types of services 3250/1,06 — — 46 1,4 3204 98,6
1 Data are given without considering the results of activity of banks, budgetary institutions, temporarily occupied territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Sevastopol and parts of the zone of anti-terrorist operation.
Table 2
Volume of sold products (goods, services) of enterprises by types of economic activity in 2016
Activities Total, UAH million Large enterprises Medium enterprises Small businesses
UAH million in% to the total number of enterprises of the corresponding type of activity UAH million in% to the total number of enterprises of the corresponding type of activity UAH million in% to the total number of enterprises of the corresponding type of activity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Total 6237535,2 2391454,3 38,3 2668695,7 42,8 1177385,2 18,9
including:
agriculture, forestry and fisheries 403645,8 53033,7 13,1 206593,8 51,2 144018,3 35,7
industry 2305695,9 1232221,0 53,4 921066,3 40,0 152408,6 6,6
construction 169705,3 2 2 2 2 82759,2 48,8
wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 2385691,5 689681,7 28,9 1123927,8 47,1 572082,0 24,0
transport, warehousing, postal and courier activities 365332,7 188888,3 51,7 127402,5 34,9 49041,9 13,4
temporary placement and organization of food 23083,8 2 2 2 2 7272,0 31,5
information and telecommunications 117407,2 39808,6 33,9 44258,3 37,7 33340,3 28,4
Ending of Table 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
financial and insurance activities 61162,3 2 2 2 2 15916,1 26,0
real estate transactions 85497,3 2 2 2 2 47794,7 55,9
professional, scientific and technical activities 241869,5 2 2 2 2 39923,6 16,5
administrative and auxiliary services activities 53787,0 2 2 2 2 23446,7 43,6
education 2253,0 - - 898,9 39,9 1354,1 60,1
health care and social assistance 13805,0 9936,6 72,0 3868,4 28,0
art, sports, entertainment and recreation 4921,4 2 2 2 2 1906,2 38,7
provision of other types of services 3677,5 1424,4 38,7 2253,1 61,3
1 Data are given without considering the results of activity of banks, budgetary institutions, temporarily occupied territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Sevastopol and parts of the zone of anti-terrorist operation.
2 The data are not disclosed to ensure compliance with the requirements of the Law of Ukraine "On State Statistics" regarding the confidentiality of statistical information.
The research of the sectoral structure of the substation shows that the share of entrepreneurial structures of productive types of economic activity (industry and construction) is about 20% of their total, and the share of trade and financial intermediary - more than 40%; the share of entrepreneurial structures engaged in professional, scientific and technical activities is only about 8% (see Table 1). In other words, in previous years hy-pertrophied development was speculative (financial and intermediary) sector of the economy, which provides a
Table 3
Cost-effectiveness of operating activities of enterprises by types of economic activity in 2016, UAH million1
level of income incommensurate with real production and practically does not create added value.
After all, financial and intermediary activities bring relatively high profitability (trade: 15.8%), while relatively low risk, and the activity of the real sector of the economy - the productive - has an inverse relationship, that is, it is relatively low income, with a profitability not exceeding 5% (for example, in industry: 4.2%, construction: -0.4%), but relatively risky (Table 3).
The result of operating activities Operating expenses Profitability level (loss-making), %
Total 315184,7 4258442,3 7,4
agriculture, forestry and fisheries 109638,7 338045,6 32,4
industry 96856,9 2331111,2 4,2
construction -714,9 181765,2 -0,4
wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 59328,0 376671,0 15,8
transport, warehousing, postal and courier activities 18864,4 370177,1 5,1
temporary placement and organization of food -219,4 26903,4 -0,8
information and telecommunications 10047,9 118558,9 8,5
financial and insurance activities -3765,1 78583,8 -4,8
real estate transactions -9824,4 120935,8 -8,1
professional, scientific and technical activities 38489,0 218523,1 17,6
administrative and auxiliary services activities -2516,0 65033,1 -3,9
education 134,9 2428,2 5,6
health care and social assistance 621,5 13885,5 4,5
art, sports, entertainment and recreation -1958,6 11856,8 -16,5
provision of other types of services 201,8 3963,6 5,1
1 Data are given without considering the results of activity of banks, budgetary institutions, temporarily occupied territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Sevastopol and parts of the zone of anti-terrorist operation.
In addition, the low level of innovative activity of business structures remains. Thus, according to the survey conducted by the State Statistics Service [1], in 2014-2016, the share of enterprises engaged in innova-
Moreover, a critically high degree of dispropor-tionality exists regarding the unevenness and imbalance in the structure of sources of funding for innovative activities of industrial enterprises (Table 5).
Data table 5 indicate an increase in the share of own funds of enterprises for the financing of innovation activities and a significant drop in the share of foreign investors' funds (from almost 30% in 2010 to 0.1% in 2016), indicating a crisis situation and a high degree of risk and instability the country's economy as a whole and innovation business activity, in particular.
In our opinion, to overcome the technological backwardness as a result of the imbalances in innovation entrepreneurship, we need to build a system of technological entrepreneurship (STE) in Ukraine, under which we mean a single integrated social institution "Education, Science, Technology and Innovation" [2]. At the same time, we define technology entrepreneurship as an entrepreneurial activity in transforming scientific knowledge into innovative ideas for the creation of new products and technologies adapted to modern value added chains.
tion activity amounted to 18.4%, including technological innovations - 11.8% (5.7% - food and 10,3% - process), non-technological - 13,4% (8,7% - organizational and 10,2% - marketing) (Table 4).
For the construction of STE, as proved by the research, it is advisable to apply an iterative approach.
Step 1. Determination of the priorities of technological development of the country for the long-term period.
Step 2. Development of the concept of state policy for the development of markets for innovative goods based on the use of technological entrepreneurship potential.
Step 3. Creating an effective communication system for organizations that carry out research and development, among themselves and with other socio-social, entrepreneurial and state institutions, a link between society, the state, science, education and entrepreneurship.
Step 4. Development of the system of cooperation of science and entrepreneurship. A promising form of cooperation is design research and technology consortia - forms of implementation ofjoint technological projects on a temporary contractual basis, the scale and complexity of which exceeds the resource and technological capabilities of each of the participants in the project.
Table 4
Innovative activity of enterprises in 2014-2016 by types of economic activity, _% to the total number of surveyed enterprises_
Including introducec
Innovative enterprises technological innovations technological and non-technological ones innovations non-technological ones innovations
Total 18,4 5,0 6,8 6,6
Mining and quarrying 14,2 5,1 3,8 5,3
Manufacturing industry 22,0 6,6 9,0 6,4
Supply of electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning 15,4 8,7 3, 9 2,8
Water supply; sewage, waste
management 9,8 5,3 2,5 2,0
Wholesale trade, except trade in
motor vehicles and motorcycles 17,3 3,2 5,7 8,4
Transport, warehousing, postal and courier activities 9,7 2,7 3,3 3,7
Information and telecommuni-
cations 22,1 4,8 8,3 9,0
Financial and insurance activi-
ties 21,7 3,7 8,6 9,4
Activity in the spheres of architecture and engineering; technical testing and research, re-
search and development, adver-
tising activities and market re-
search 20,1 5,7 7,5 6,9
1 Data are given without considering the temporarily occupied territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the city of Sevastopol and parts of the zone of the anti-terrorist operation.
2 Data are calculated based on the results of the state statistical observation in the form of the number of INN "Survey of innovation activity of enterprises for the period 2014-2016" (according to the international methodology) [1].
Table 5
Sources of financing of innovation activity of enterprises
Years Total cost, mln. UAH Including at the expense of funds
their own the state budget foreign investors other sources
%
2000 1757,1 79,65 4,42 17,58 12,35
2001 1971,4 83,90 2,83 2,97 10,3
2002 3013,8 71,07 45,5 1,51 18,66
2003 3059,8 70,21 3,04 4,25 22,5
2004 4534,6 77,22 1,40 2,48 18,91
2005 5751,6 87,72 0,49 2,75 9,04
2006 6160,0 84,60 1,89 2,86 10,68
2007 10821,0 73,65 1,34 2,97 22,04
2008 11994,2 60,56 2,81 0,96 35,67
2009 7949,9 65,03 1,60 19,02 14,35
2010 8045,5 59,35 1,08 29,97 9,59
2011 14333,9 52,92 1,04 0,40 45,64
2012 11480,6 63,90 1,95 8,67 25,48
2013 9562,6 72,92 0,26 13,11 13,71
2014 1 7695,9 84,98 4,47 1,8 8,74
2015 1 13813,7 97,20 0,40 0,42 1,98
2016 12 23229,5 94,86 0,77 0,10 4,27
Step 5. Creation of technological platforms as an effective mechanism combining the efforts of representatives of technological entrepreneurship, science and the state interested in conducting long-term research and development works and organizing joint activities for the development of strategic plans for research and development, as well as for their implementation [3, 4].
Step 6. Implementation of the concept of network interaction, which is an important mechanism for implementing the state policy of developing innovative goods markets based on the use of technological entrepreneurial potential.
Step 7. Improvement of development institutes as one of the most important tools of state policy that stimulate innovation processes and infrastructure development using public-private partnership mechanisms.
Step 8. Selection of priority markets for innovative products for the construction of an effective system of technological entrepreneurship. For this purpose, we formulate hypotheses for choosing new markets for innovative products:
- the priority for development are markets that will meet the needs of the population (i.e., the priority is to stimulate demand for innovative products);
- new markets should be based on a network-based approach.
Step 9. The linking of STE elements (educational-scientific and technological business structures and sci-
entific and technical infrastructure), as well as the institutional basis with priority markets for innovative products.
Thus, the formation of a technology entrepreneur-ship system based on the proposed approaches can ensure the development of innovative entrepreneurship and the internal market of goods with high added value.
References
1. Za danymy Derzhavnoji sluzhby statystyky: www.ukrstat.gov.ua. 2. Butenko A. I., Shlafman N. L., Bondarenko O. V. Koncepcija formuvannja systemy tekhnologhichnogho pidpryjemnyctva v Ukrajini // Ekonomichnyj visnyk Donbasu. 2017. # 1 (47). S. 3138.3. 3. Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) [El-ektronnyj resurs] // http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/ home_ en.html. 44. Shraer A.V. Tekhnologhycheskye plat-formbi kak ynstrument ynnovacyonnogho razvytyja // Kreatyvnaja эkonomyka. 2011. Tom 5. # 9. S. 113-118.
Бондаренко О. В. Розвиток шновацшного пщприемництва в УкраТш
У статп розглянуто питания розвитку шнова-щйного тдприемництва в Украшг Проаналiзовано сучасш тенденцп розвитку, як тдприемницького сектора в цшому, так i його шновацшно активно! ча-стини.
Виявлено, що за попередш роки гшертрофова-ний розвиток отримав спекулятивний (фшансово-
посередницький) сектор економiки, що забезпечуе непорiвнянний з реальним виробництвом рiвень до-ходiв та практично не створюе додано! вартостi. Адже фiнансово-посередницькi види дiяльностi приносять ввдносно високу прибутковiсть (торгiвля: 15,8%), при цьому вiдносно низько ризикованi, а дь яльнiсть реального сектору економiки - виробни-чого - мае зворотне ствввдношення, тобто вона ввд-носно низькодохiдна, з рентабельнiстю не вище 5%, але вiдносно ризикована. Зберiгаеться низький рь вень шноващйносп дiяльностi пiдприемницьких структур. Зберiгаеться критично високий ступiнь диспропорцiйностi щодо нерiвномiрностi та дисбалансу структури джерел фiнансування шноватйно! дiяльностi промислових тдприемств: зростае част-ка власних кошт!в пiдприемств для фiнансування шновацшно! дiяльностi та значно впала частка кош-■пв iноземних iнвесторiв, що свiдчить про кризовий стан i високий ступень ризику та нестабiльностi еко-номiки кра!ни в цiлому та iнновацiйноI тдприемни-цько! дiяльностi зокрема.
Для того, щоб здолати технолопчну вiдсталiсть внаслiдок диспропорцiй, що склалися в iнновацiй-ному тдприемництвк необхвдно побудувати систему технологiчного тдприемництва. II доцiльно будувати, використовуючи гтеращйний пiдхiд. За-пропоновано 9 кроив, ям включають: визначення прiоритетiв технолопчного розвитку кра!ни на дов-гостроковий перiод; розробку концепцл державно! пол^ики розвитку ринкiв iнновацiйних товарiв на базi використання потенцiалу технологiчного тдприемництва; створення ефективно! системи кому-ткацп органiзацiй, що здiйснюють до^дження i розробки, мiж собою i з iншими суспшьно-соталь-ними, тдприемницькими та державними шститу-тами, сполучною ланкою мiж суспiльством, державою, наукою, освгтою i пiдприемництвом; розвиток системи кооперацп науки i тдприемництва; створення технолопчних платформ; впровадження кон-цепцп мережево! взаемодп, яка е важливим мехатз-мом реалiзацiI державно! полiтики розвитку ринкiв шновацшних товарiв на базi використання потент-алу технологiчного тдприемництва; вдосконалення шститупв розвитку як одного з найважливших ш-струментгв державно! полiтики, що стимулюють ш-новацiйнi процеси та розвиток шфраструктури з ви-користанням механiзмiв державно-приватного партнерства; вибiр прiоритетних ринкiв iнновацiйноI продукцп для побудови ефективно! системи технолопчного тдприемництва; ув'язка елементгв СТП, а також шститутйного базису з прюритетними ринками iнновацiйноI продукцп.
Ключовi слова: шноватйне пiдприемництво, система технолопчного тдприемництва, гтерацш-ний пiдхiд.
Бондаренко А. В. Развитие инновационного предпринимательства в Украине
В статье рассмотрена проблема развития инновационного предпринимательства в Украине. Проанализированы современные тенденции развития, как предпринимательского сектора в целом, так и его инновационно активной части. Выявлено, что за предыдущие годы гипертрофированное развитие получил финансово-посреднический сектор экономики, который обеспечивает несравнимый с реальным производством уровень доходов и практически не создает добавленной стоимости. Ведь финансово-посреднические виды деятельности приносят относительно высокую доходность, при этом они относительно низко рискованные, а деятельность реального сектора экономики - производственного - имеет обратное соотношение, то есть она относительно низкодоходна, с рентабельностью не выше 5%, но относительно рискованная. Сохраняется критически высокая степень диспропорций по неравномерности и дисбалансу структуры источников финансирования инновационной деятельности промышленных предприятий: растет доля собственных средств предприятий для финансирования инновационной деятельности и значительно упала доля средств иностранных инвесторов, что свидетельствует о кризисном состоянии и высокой степени риска и нестабильности экономики страны в целом и инновационной предпринимательской деятельности в частности. Для того, чтобы преодолеть технологическую отсталость вследствие диспропорций, сложившихся в инновационном предпринимательстве, необходимо построить систему технологического предпринимательства. Ее целесообразно строить, используя итерационный подход. Предложено 9 шагов, которые включают: определение приоритетов технологического развития страны на долгосрочный период; разработку концепции государственной политики развития рынков инновационных товаров на базе использования потенциала технологического предпринимательства; создание эффективной системы коммуникации организаций, осуществляющих исследования и разработки, между собой и с другими общественно-социальными, предпринимательскими и государственными институтами, связующим звеном между обществом, государством, наукой, образованием и предпринимательством; развитие системы кооперации науки и предпринимательства; создание технологических платформ; внедрение концепции сетевого взаимодействия, которая является важным механизмом реализации государственной политики развития рынков инновационных товаров на базе использования потенциала технологического предпринимательства; совершенствование институтов развития как одного из важнейших инструментов государственной политики, стимулирующих инновационные
процессы и развитие инфраструктуры с использованием механизмов государственно-частного партнерства; выбор приоритетных рынков инновационной продукции для построения эффективной системы технологического предпринимательства; увязка элементов СТП, а также институционального базиса с приоритетными рынками инновационной продукции.
Ключевые слова: инновационное предпринимательство, система технологического предпринимательства, итерационный подход.
Bondarenko О. Development of innovative en-trepreneurship in Ukraine
The article considers the problem of development of innovative entrepreneurship in Ukraine. The modern tendencies of development, both business sector, and its innovatively active part have been analyzed. It was revealed that for the previous years the financial and intermediary sector of the economy, which provides an incomparable level of income incomparable with real production, has received hypertrophied development and practically does not create added value. After all, financial intermediary activities bring relatively high returns, while they are relatively low risk, and the activity of the real sector of the economy - the production sector - has the opposite ratio, that is, it is relatively low-yielding, with a profitability of no more than 5%, but relatively risky. Critically high degree of imbalance in unevenness and imbalance in the structure of sources of financing innovative activities of industrial enterprises is maintained: the share of enterprises 'own funds for financing innovative activities is growing and the share of foreign investors' funds has dropped significantly, which indi-
cates a crisis and high degree of risk and instability of the country's economy and innovative business activities. To overcome technological backwardness due to the disproportions that have developed in innovative en-trepreneurship, it is necessary to build a system of technological entrepreneurship. It is expedient to build it using an iterative approach. Proposed 9 steps, which include: determining the priorities for technological development of the country for a long-term period; development of the concept of state policy for the development of innovative goods markets based on the use of the potential of technological entrepreneurship; creation of an effective system of communication between organizations engaged in research and development, among themselves and with other socio-social, entrepreneurial and state institutions, the link between society, the state, science, education and entrepreneurship; the development of a system of cooperation between science and entrepreneurship; creation of technological platforms; introduction of the concept of network interaction, which is an important mechanism for implementing the state policy for the development of innovative goods markets based on the use of the potential of technological entrepreneurship; improvement of development institutions as one of the most important instruments of state policy, stimulating innovation processes and infrastructure development using public-private partnership mechanisms; selection of priority markets for innovative products for building an effective system of technological entrepreneurship; linking STP elements, as well as an institutional basis with priority markets for innovative products.
Keywords: innovative entrepreneurship, system of technological entrepreneurship, iterative approach.
Received by the editors: 08.11.2017
and final form 22.12.2017
