CC BY
26
https://doi.org/10.29013/EJLPS-20-3-19-24
Ma S. Nguyen Dinh Tuan Le, Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment, Vietnam
E-mail: ndtle@hunre.edu.vn
DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCE IN THE COURSE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION - MODERNIZATION
Abstract. One of the urgent needs during the period of industrialization - modernization and international integration acceleration is to build and develop human resources, especially a team of experts and managers who are capable of satisfying the growing requirements of development. Vietnam benefits from its own large population and is experiencing a period of "golden population structure", creating the abundance of human resources which is of paramount importance. Vietnam can, based thereon, achieve the success in implementing its Socio-Economic Development Strategy for the period 2011-2020. The Party and State of Vietnam have put particular emphasis on building and developing highly qualified human resources to meet the requirements of the cause of industrialization - modernization and international integration acceleration today.
Keywords: Party's policy; human resource development; industrialization and modernization.
Introduction On the other hand, there is no doubt that the
The globalization across the globe is in quick se- combination between novel scientific and techno-
quence, and knowledge-based economy becomes in the frontline in the world's socio-economy. The globalization strategies, at all times, knuckle down to building and developing the knowledge-based economy. In the early twenty-first century, knowledge-based economy was included in the development strategies of both developed and developing countries. It involves technology generation, dissemination and use of knowledge which plays the crucial role in economic development, builds a lot of wealth and improves the life quality. The economies with the highest technological expertise today are incontestably knowledge-based. Thus, the quality ofknowledge acts as a decisive factor for the quality of human resources while the latter play a decisive role in the socio-economic development of each country, entailing it formulating its own proper and reasonable strategies for training, development and making use of human resources. The perspective is the key for each country to both shape sustainably its internal strength and enhance its competitiveness in the international arena.
logical products evolved from the knowledge-based economy and the potent integration and globalization process inevitably induces the trend of technology transfer in all fields of research and application. Both developing and underdeveloped countries are certainly given the opportunities to benefit from the latest achievements of knowledge-based economy in the form of bilateral and multilateral cooperation. Taking advantage of the latest knowledge achievements favors the underdeveloped and developing countries in curtailing the industrialization and modernization period. For this reason, every country in the world buckles down to urgently building and developing its "intellectual capital" to acquire and adopt high-tech achievements.
The article aims at addressing the following tasks:
- Analyzing the theoretical factors of highly qualified human resource development in the industrialization and modernization period;
- Assessing the current situation of highly qualified human resource development in the
industrialization and modernization period, and revealing outstanding problems requiring to be tackled;
- Advancing feasible directions and actions to forward the highly qualified human resource development in the industrialization and modernization period.
Rationales
The highly qualified human resource development in the process of industrialization and modernization acceleration is one of the cores in the framework of the operation of the Party, the State, political and social organizations and workers. It is the right way, mechanism and policy which attach the great importance to the education-training development with the aim at ameliorating physical strength, intelligence and psychosocial qualities towards building highly qualified human resources and accomplishing the requirements of integration and sustainable development of Vietnam. Additionally, the highly qualified human resource development involves in the employment and proper remunerations to create motivation for and further the position, role and value of such human resources.
Credo for building the country in the transitional period to socialism passed at the 7th National Congress affirmed "promoting the human factors on the basis of ensuring fairness and equality in the rights and obligations ofcitizens; combining effectively economic growth and social progress, material and spiritual life, assurance of immediate needs and care for long-term benefits, individuals, collectives and social communities" [1].
For realization of the objectives, the Party has issued the direction on centering on making breakthroughs in core areas to dramatically change the whole socio-economic situation. Human resource development, namely involving "creating great shifts in human resource development with focus on education and training, science and technology" [4] has been included in three cores.
The 10th National Congress of the Party (April 2006) persisted in attaching importance to the human resource development. The five-year socio-economic development plan 2006-2010 specified the
relevant orientations and 8 key duties, one of which was to better the human resources. The resolution of the National Congress highlighted "robustly developing science and technology, education and training, improving the quality of human resources to meet the requirements of industrialization and modernization of our country, and developing knowledge-based economy" [5]. Also at 10th National Congress, the socio-economic development orientation, for the first time, concretized the targets for the highly qualified human resources development, namely, achieving 200 university and college students/10,000 people [6].
At the 11th National Congress of the Party (January 2011), the human resource development was highly regarded by and received the befitting attention of the Party. The 2011-2020 socio-economic development strategy identified three key strategic breakthroughs, one of which was human resource development. The resolution of the Congress emphasized "speeding up the development of human resources, especially highly qualified human resources, paying the close attention to the fundamental and comprehensive renovation of the national education, and tying resource development with the development and application of science and technology together" [7].
The Party has been comprehensively aware of human resource development in association with the science and technology development and application as human is the determinant on the result of the later. Therefore, the Party, via the orientation for improving the quality of human resources affirmed: "developing and improving the quality of human resources, especially highly qualified human resources, is not only a strategic breakthrough and decisive factor to boost the development and application of science and technology, economic restructuring and growth model transformation, but also the all-important competitive advantage to achieve the rapid, effective and sustainable development" [8].
The Resolution of the 12th National Congress of the Party (January 2016) further affirmed the impor-
tance of human resource development and unquestionably defined directions and duties of improving the quality ofhuman resources, including "organizing higher education in association with socio-economic development and planning for human resource development; developing a human resource development strategy for our country, each sector and each field; specifying synchronous solutions and centering on solutions of human resources training and retraining and so forth; placing much emphasis on improving the professionalism and practical skills" [9].
Despite the special attention paid and great achievements obtained, the training and development of human resources become urgent in the context of international integration. As judged by the World Bank (WB), the quality of human resources in Vietnam was lower than that of many countries, especially in term of shortage of skilled workers and high-grade technical workers. The quality of human resources in Vietnam received a score of 3.79 out of 10 points (ranked 11th among 12 Asian countries involved in World Bank's ranking) while scores of South Korea, India, Malaysia and Thailand was 6.91, 5.76, 5.59 and 4.94, respectively. The occupation-based labor allocation structure was also imbalanced. The proportion of workers in the engineering - technology and agro-forestry - fishery sectors was low while that in the social sciences such as law, economics, foreign languages and so on was rather high. In addition, the state of imbalance (redundancy but shortage) occurred in a lot of occupations and fields.
The roles of human resource development are concretized as follows:
Firstly, highly qualified human resources is the pioneer in building and defending the homeland, and sustaining the national cultural identity and the nature of regime of Vietnam.
Secondly, highly qualified human resources favors lessening the backwardness and furthering economic growth.
Thirdly, developing highly qualified human resources is an important prerequisite to facilitate
Vietnam's integration into the process of labor movement and global division of labor and participation in global value chains.
Fourthly, the highly qualified human resource development is the prerequisite for building a knowledge-based economy.
Fifthly, highly qualified human resources serves as the core of national competitiveness.
In brief, developing highly qualified human resources provides the favorable conditions for Vietnam's international integration, and rapid and sustainable development.
Methodoly
The methodology involving dialectical and historical materialism of Marxism-Leninism, Ho Chi Minh's thought and guidance of the Party and State of Vietnam was adopted.
The logical - historical method was adopted to give a true and fair view of the process of highly qualified human resource development in the industrialization and modernization period, at the same time, generalize such process to arrive at conclusions essential for the study process.
The comparison and collation method was used to provide more information for the assessment of highly qualified human resource development in Vietnam in comparison with the proposed contents and criteria and the highly qualified human resource development process which have been implemented in the other part of the world.
In addition, the Government's statistics of the human resource development indexes was appertain to assess the level of satisfying the needs for highly qualified human resources in the period of industrialization and modernization.
The assessment of the current situation and needs was conducted to effectively formulate measures for human resources training and development in light of the industry structure.
Resultants
The studies conducted by the author aim to supplement to Vietnam's research document system on
the development of highly qualified human resource in general and development of the same in the process of international integration in particular. Based on the analysis ofthe current status, causes and needs ofhuman resources in the industrialization and modernization period, a number of solutions to human resource development are proposed as follows:
First of all, it is of necessity to renovate the State management of human resource development, in particular, perfecting management system of the human resource development, renovating management methods, building capacity, enhancing effectiveness and efficiency of such management system. An agency in charge of collecting information and building an information system on the supply and demand of human resources in the whole country should be constituted to balance successfully the supply-demand for enhancing the socio-economic development, carry out frequent surveys and investigation on human resources and quality of the same in all sectors, levels and localities and in the whole country, ensure the supply - demand balance of human resources for socio-economic development not only nationwide but also in each sector and level, renovate policies, mechanisms and tools for human development and strengthen coordination between levels, branches and actors involved in human resource development.
Secondly, it is of necessity to renew the concepts and philosophy of education using the approach to content followed by those to capacity, and favor the development of individual factors. Reasoning from this fact, training contents and methods must be renewed in the direction of focus on the "learning to realize" target. A human resource development strategy should be set out in accordance with the socioeconomic development strategy. Training mindset should be shifted from training on what is being possessed to training on what the market requires. The close link between enterprises and training institutions is indispensable to create the linkage model between schools and businesses, which benefits significantly training activities in schools, businesses,
and of learners. The interconnection between universities and businesses contributes to building the reality-associated higher education system to better respond to the needs of society.
Thirdly, it is required to adjust the vocational training strategies, restructure the vocational training system, pay more attention to long-term vocational training with quality decentralization, and give higher priority to training on spearhead jobs to meet requirements of industrialization, modernization and international integration. Additionally, the State should set out policies to forward the enterprises' participation in vocational training.
Fourthly, the State, with the aim of turning the strengths of human resources to great advantage and taking advantage ofthe "golden population structure" in the international integration process, should coordinate with other countries in the region in adopting various forms of training to create the highly specialized workforce capable of working in the international environment. The bilateral cooperation activities among countries in the region should be realized through the relevant programs and projects.
Fifthly, the policies on salary, bonus and remuneration, talent encouragement, working environment, conditions and facilities, employment, income, insurance and social protection should be perfectly executed.
Sixthly, the contingent of intellectuals and talents are required to master the perspective of "Ensuring democracy, respecting and promoting freedom of thought in intellectual research and creativity ... Creating favorable environment and conditions for intelligence-based professional operations. Appreciating intellectuals based on the proper assessment of quality, capacity and dedication results, setting out special policies towards the country's talents", at the same time, raise their sense of civic and social responsibility for the common cause.
Seventhly, it is necessary to create a healthy competitive environment in use and training of human resources, improve employees' ability to adapt to the
innovation, favor employees in obtaining opportunities for creation in their work and changing jobs to find out the best choices for themselves, among other similar actions.
Discussion
Each country, in its process of socio-economic development, needs resources including natural resources, capital, science - technology, human resources, etc., of which the fourth is of the most importance. Highly qualified human resources is an integral part of human resources of each country which desires to gradually move forwards to the predominantly knowledge-based economy. In addition to the trend of international integration and globalization, highly qualified human resources is a determinant while developing the same increases the physical, mental, intellectual and skill values of people, and renews capacities and qualities to meet the increasing requirements of socio-economic development. Speaking generally, the highly qualified human resource development for each country involves the quantitative and qualitative changes in knowledge, skills, physical health and spirit, and serves to create and use the comprehensive human capabilities for socio-economic development and individual perfection. The Party's policies on human resource development and improvement is essential for the development of highly qualified human resources in Vietnam in the process of national industrialization and modernization acceleration, at the same time, in accordance with the trend of the times and the new requirements of international integration.
The integration process in Vietnam has been well underway since 2006 in association with the accession to international organizations such as WTO, AEC, and TPP and so on. Each change resulted from the process also posed new requirements of human resources. The perspective has been regarded in the works of Nguyen Tiep (2005), Assoc.Prof.Dr. Nguyen Thuong Lang, Ma S. Tran Duc Thang (2015), Ngoc Le (2015), Tung Lam (2015), Assoc.Prof.Dr. Nguyen Tien Dung (2015) among others.
the members of highly qualified human resources must be masterly at profession, computer skills, foreign languages, and adaptability to international culture and law. In other words, all of they should become global citizens possessing the new, more creative and effective way of thinking. In this regard, the studies of Rowan Gibson, Charles Handy, Philip Kotler, Michael Porter, Lester Thurow,.. .(2006), Mark Gerzon (2011), Dr. Ho Ba Tham, Mas. Nguyen Thi Hong Diem (2011), Assoc.Prof.Dr. Vu Van Phuc, Dr. Nguyen Duy Hung (2012). have been conducted.
In terms of the management and development of highly qualified human resources in the international integration process, many authors, such as Randall S. Schuler, Susan E. Jackson and Ibraiz Tari que (2011), Dr. Pham Thai Viet (2008), Vo Thi Kim Loan (2014), etc. have conducted profound analysis to propose the convincing solutions.
In the trend of globalization, integration and competition towards the knowledge-based economy, countries pay much attention to investment in training and development of highly qualified human resources. Vietnam, for the avoidance of lagging far behind the general level of developed countries in the region and around the world, must set out and put innovative policies for training and development of highly qualified human resources in practice following the guideline of the Party.
Thus, it is urgent to better the qualifications of human resources in building and development of Vietnam. It is required to quickly invest in developing human resources towards "knowledge-based economy", update, appreciate and advance the talent and values of highly qualified human resources to keep up with the global speed.
With the aim of turning the strengths of human resources to great advantage and taking advantage of the "golden population structure" in the international integration process, Vietnamese human resources is required to master and improve its own profession and capacity of scientific thinking and creativity in
working, promote initiatives and apply new technologies to continuously forward professional skills.
Conclusion
In the period of industrialization and modernization acceleration, highly qualified human resource development is a significant, fundamental and long-term issue, requiring the proper analysis and assess-
ment of the current situation of highly qualified human resource development in all aspects, from economy, politics, society, management and use of human resources ... to policies on employee attraction and remuneration. Developing highly qualified human resources favors Vietnam's international integration and rapid and sustainable development.
References:
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